Ms. Susan M. PojerMs. Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua, Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua,

NYNY

Ms. Susan M. PojerMs. Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua, Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua,

NYNY

Theories on prehistory and Theories on prehistory and early man constantly change early man constantly change as new evidence comes to as new evidence comes to light. light. - Louis Leakey, British - Louis Leakey, British paleoanthropologist paleoanthropologist

Theories on prehistory and Theories on prehistory and early man constantly change early man constantly change as new evidence comes to as new evidence comes to light. light. - Louis Leakey, British - Louis Leakey, British paleoanthropologist paleoanthropologist

1. 4,000,000 BCE – 1,000,000 BCE1. 4,000,000 BCE – 1,000,000 BCE1. 4,000,000 BCE – 1,000,000 BCE1. 4,000,000 BCE – 1,000,000 BCE

2. 1,500,000 BCE -- 250,000 BCE2. 1,500,000 BCE -- 250,000 BCE2. 1,500,000 BCE -- 250,000 BCE2. 1,500,000 BCE -- 250,000 BCE

3. 250,000 BCE – 30,000 BCE3. 250,000 BCE – 30,000 BCE3. 250,000 BCE – 30,000 BCE3. 250,000 BCE – 30,000 BCE

4. 30,000 BCE -- 10,000 BCE

Paleolithic AgePaleolithic Age::( Old Stone Age )( Old Stone Age )

2,500,000 BCE 2,500,000 BCE to 8,000 BCE to 8,000 BCE

Paleolithic AgePaleolithic Age::( Old Stone Age )( Old Stone Age )

2,500,000 BCE 2,500,000 BCE to 8,000 BCE to 8,000 BCE

§ ““Paleolithic”Paleolithic” --> --> “Old Stone” Age“Old Stone” Age§ ““Paleolithic”Paleolithic” --> --> “Old Stone” Age“Old Stone” Age§ 2,500,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE2,500,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE§ 2,500,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE2,500,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE

§ hunting (hunting (menmen) & gathering () & gathering (womenwomen) ) small bands of 20-30 humans small bands of 20-30 humans§ hunting (hunting (menmen) & gathering () & gathering (womenwomen) ) small bands of 20-30 humans small bands of 20-30 humans

§NOMADICNOMADIC (moving from place to place) (moving from place to place)§NOMADICNOMADIC (moving from place to place) (moving from place to place)

§ Made toolsMade tools§ Made toolsMade tools

4,000,000 BCE – 1,000,000 BCE4,000,000 BCE – 1,000,000 BCE4,000,000 BCE – 1,000,000 BCE4,000,000 BCE – 1,000,000 BCE

Hominids Hominids --> any --> any membermember of the family of two- of the family of two-legged primates that legged primates that includes all humans.includes all humans.

Hominids Hominids --> any --> any membermember of the family of two- of the family of two-legged primates that legged primates that includes all humans.includes all humans.

AustralopithecinesAustralopithecines

AustralopithecinesAustralopithecines An An Opposable Opposable Thumb Thumb

An An Opposable Opposable Thumb Thumb

§HOMO HABILISHOMO HABILIS ( “Man of Skills” )( “Man of Skills” )

§HOMO HABILISHOMO HABILIS ( “Man of Skills” )( “Man of Skills” )

§ found in East Africa.found in East Africa.§ found in East Africa.found in East Africa.

§created stone tools.created stone tools.§created stone tools.created stone tools.

Humans during this period found shelter in Humans during this period found shelter in caves.caves.

Humans during this period found shelter in Humans during this period found shelter in caves.caves. Cave paintings left behind. Cave paintings left behind. Cave paintings left behind. Cave paintings left behind.

PurposePurpose????PurposePurpose????

1,6000,000 BCE – 30,000 BCE1,6000,000 BCE – 30,000 BCE1,6000,000 BCE – 30,000 BCE1,6000,000 BCE – 30,000 BCE

§HOMO ERECTUS HOMO ERECTUS ( “Upright Human Being” )( “Upright Human Being” )

§HOMO ERECTUS HOMO ERECTUS ( “Upright Human Being” )( “Upright Human Being” )

§ Larger and more varied Larger and more varied tools --> primitive technology tools --> primitive technology

§ Larger and more varied Larger and more varied tools --> primitive technology tools --> primitive technology

§ First hominid to migrate andFirst hominid to migrate and leave Africa for Europe and leave Africa for Europe and Asia. Asia.

§ First hominid to migrate andFirst hominid to migrate and leave Africa for Europe and leave Africa for Europe and Asia. Asia.

§ First to use fire ( 500,000 BCE )First to use fire ( 500,000 BCE )§ First to use fire ( 500,000 BCE )First to use fire ( 500,000 BCE )

Ø BIPEDALISMBIPEDALISMØ BIPEDALISMBIPEDALISM

Are we all Africans “under the skin”????Are we all Africans “under the skin”????Are we all Africans “under the skin”????Are we all Africans “under the skin”????

200,000200,000BCE – 10,000 BCEBCE – 10,000 BCE200,000200,000BCE – 10,000 BCEBCE – 10,000 BCE

HOMO SAPIENSHOMO SAPIENS ( “Wise Human Being” )( “Wise Human Being” )

HOMO SAPIENSHOMO SAPIENS ( “Wise Human Being” )( “Wise Human Being” )

NeanderthalsNeanderthals( 200,000 BCE – 30,000 BCE )( 200,000 BCE – 30,000 BCE )

NeanderthalsNeanderthals( 200,000 BCE – 30,000 BCE )( 200,000 BCE – 30,000 BCE )

Cro-MagnonsCro-Magnons( 40,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE )( 40,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE )

Cro-MagnonsCro-Magnons( 40,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE )( 40,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE )

NEANDERTHALS:NEANDERTHALS:NEANDERTHALS:NEANDERTHALS:

§ Neander Valley, Neander Valley, Germany (1856) Germany (1856)

§ Neander Valley, Neander Valley, Germany (1856) Germany (1856)

§ First humans to buryFirst humans to bury their dead. their dead.

§ First humans to buryFirst humans to bury their dead. their dead.

§ Made clothes fromMade clothes from animal skins. animal skins.§ Made clothes fromMade clothes from animal skins. animal skins.

§ Lived in caves andLived in caves and tents. tents.

§ Lived in caves andLived in caves and tents. tents.

NEANDERTHALSNEANDERTHALSNEANDERTHALSNEANDERTHALS

Early Hut/TentEarly Hut/TentEarly Hut/TentEarly Hut/Tent

CRO-MAGNONs:CRO-MAGNONs:CRO-MAGNONs:CRO-MAGNONs:§ Homo sapiens sapiensHomo sapiens sapiens ( “Wise, wise human” )( “Wise, wise human” )

§ Homo sapiens sapiensHomo sapiens sapiens ( “Wise, wise human” )( “Wise, wise human” )

§ By 30,000 BCE theyBy 30,000 BCE they replaced Neanderthals replaced Neanderthals..

WHY???WHY??? WHY???WHY???

70,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE70,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE70,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE70,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE

§ ““Neolithic”Neolithic” “New Stone” Age“New Stone” Age§ ““Neolithic”Neolithic” “New Stone” Age“New Stone” Age

§ 10,000 BCE – 4,000 BCE10,000 BCE – 4,000 BCE§ 10,000 BCE – 4,000 BCE10,000 BCE – 4,000 BCE

§ Gradual shift from:Gradual shift from:§ Gradual shift from:Gradual shift from:

Nomadic lifestyleNomadic lifestyle settled, stationery lifestyle. settled, stationery lifestyle.Nomadic lifestyleNomadic lifestyle settled, stationery lifestyle. settled, stationery lifestyle.

Hunting/Gathering Hunting/Gathering agricultural production and agricultural production and domestication of animals.domestication of animals.Hunting/Gathering Hunting/Gathering agricultural production and agricultural production and domestication of animals.domestication of animals.

§ 8,000 BCE – 5,000 BCE8,000 BCE – 5,000 BCE§ 8,000 BCE – 5,000 BCE8,000 BCE – 5,000 BCE

§ Agriculture developed independently inAgriculture developed independently in different parts of the world. different parts of the world.§ Agriculture developed independently inAgriculture developed independently in different parts of the world. different parts of the world.

Ø SLASH-AND-BURN FarmingSLASH-AND-BURN FarmingØ SLASH-AND-BURN FarmingSLASH-AND-BURN Farming

Middle East India Central America China Southeast AsiaMiddle East India Central America China Southeast Asia

8,000 BCE 7,000 BCE 6,500 BCE 6,000 BCE 5,000 BCE8,000 BCE 7,000 BCE 6,500 BCE 6,000 BCE 5,000 BCE

Middle East India Central America China Southeast AsiaMiddle East India Central America China Southeast Asia

8,000 BCE 7,000 BCE 6,500 BCE 6,000 BCE 5,000 BCE8,000 BCE 7,000 BCE 6,500 BCE 6,000 BCE 5,000 BCE

Development Development

of of AgricultureAgriculture

Development Development

of of AgricultureAgriculture

?

?

?

?

Why do you think the development of

agriculture occurred around the same time in several different places?

Why do you think the development of

agriculture occurred around the same time in several different places?

Why do some archaeologists believe that women were the

first farmers?

Why do some archaeologists believe that women were the

first farmers?

§ Growing crops on a regular basis made possible Growing crops on a regular basis made possible the support of larger populations.the support of larger populations.

§ Growing crops on a regular basis made possible Growing crops on a regular basis made possible the support of larger populations.the support of larger populations.

§ More permanent, settled communities emerged.More permanent, settled communities emerged.§ More permanent, settled communities emerged.More permanent, settled communities emerged.

§ 9,000 BCE 9,000 BCE Earliest Agricultural Settlement at Earliest Agricultural Settlement at JARMOJARMO ( northern Iraq ) ( northern Iraq ) wheatwheat

§ 9,000 BCE 9,000 BCE Earliest Agricultural Settlement at Earliest Agricultural Settlement at JARMOJARMO ( northern Iraq ) ( northern Iraq ) wheatwheat

§ 8,000 BCE 8,000 BCE Largest Early Settlement at Largest Early Settlement at Çatal Çatal HHüüyükyük ( Modern Turkey ) ( Modern Turkey ) 6,000 inhabitants 6,000 inhabitants

§ 8,000 BCE 8,000 BCE Largest Early Settlement at Largest Early Settlement at Çatal Çatal HHüüyükyük ( Modern Turkey ) ( Modern Turkey ) 6,000 inhabitants 6,000 inhabitants

§ Division of laborDivision of labor§ Division of laborDivision of labor

§ Engaged in tradeEngaged in trade§ Engaged in tradeEngaged in trade

§ Organized religion§ Organized religion

§ Small militarySmall military§ Small militarySmall military

§ 12 cultivated crops12 cultivated crops§ 12 cultivated crops12 cultivated crops

An obsidian daggerAn obsidian dagger

Çatal HüyükÇatal HüyükÇatal HüyükÇatal Hüyük

What role did the food supply play in shaping

the nomadic life of hunter-gatherers and the

settled life of the farmers?

What role did the food supply play in shaping

the nomadic life of hunter-gatherers and the

settled life of the farmers?

AdvancedAdvancedCitiesCities

SpecializedSpecializedWorkersWorkers

ComplexComplexInstitutionsInstitutions

Record-Record-KeepingKeeping

AdvancedAdvancedTechnologyTechnology