THE OPTIMUM AMBIENT TEMPERATURE OF DANDARAWI LAYING HENS … · 2015. 2. 25. · Dandarawi laying...

El-Sagheer, 2007.

Egyptian Poultry Science Journal, Vol. 27, (II): 499-520.

THE OPTIMUM AMBIENT TEMPERATURE OF

DANDARAWI LAYING HENS FOR OPTIMUM

PRODUCTIVE AND REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE

By

El-Sagheer, M.,

Dept. of Anim. and Poult. Prod., Fac. of Agric., Assiut Uni., Assiut, Egypt.

Received: 19/4/2007 Accepted: 21/5/2007

Abstract: A total number of one hundred and ninety eight 32 weeks old

Dandarawi laying birds (180 hens and 18 cocks) at peak production until

44 weeks of age were used to evaluate some productive and reproductive

performance of Dandarawi laying hens under different ambient

temperatures. The birds were randomly divided into 3 groups. Each group

included sixty hens and six cocks. All birds were housed in 3 floor pens.

Each group was kept in an area of 10 square meters provided with deep

litter of wheat straw (10 cm). The first, second and third groups were raised

under 20 to 22ºC, 24 to 26ºC, and 28 to 30ºC, respectively.

The obtained results could be summarized as follows: The birds of

groups 1 and 2 were achieved higher (P≤0.01) final body weight (BW) by

about 4.5 and 6.0 % and also higher (P≤0.01) body weight change (BWC)

by about 6.6 and 9.6 %, respectively, than those in group 3, while no

significant differences (P≤0.05) were observed between groups 1 and 2 in

final BW and BWC. The birds in group 2 showed significantly (P≤0.01)

higher hen day egg production (HDP) by 4.4 and 6.7%, hen housed egg

production (HHP) by 4.4 and 8.9%, egg number (EN) by 2.2 and 3.4 eggs,

and egg mass (EM) by 4.1 and 7.7% than those in groups 1 and 3,

respectively, while no significant differences were observed in HDP and EN

between groups 1 and 3. However, HHP and EM in group 1 increased

(P≤0.01) by about 4.8 and 3.8%, respectively than those in group 3. No

deaths occurred in birds of group 2 at all age periods studied, while the

mortality rate was 1.7 and 6.7 % in groups 1 and 3, respectively. The group

1 showed significantly (P≤0.05) higher feed consumption by 3.1% as

compared with that in group 3, while the group 2 had an intermediate

value. No significant differences in cumulative feed conversion (FCR)

among the three groups were detected. However, the birds of group 2 had

insignificantly (P≤0.05) better cumulative FCR by about 4.5 and 6.8 % than

that of groups 1 and 3, respectively. There were no significant differences

among groups in egg weight, egg shape index, and egg yolk index.

Dandarawi Laying Hens, Optimum Ambient Temperature

500

However, the eggs of birds in groups 1 and 2 had significantly (P≤0.01)

higher Haugh units (HU) by 5.3 and 5.3% and shell thickness (ST) by 3.1

and 3.8%, respectively than those in group 3. The yolk percentage in groups

1 and 2 was significantly (P≤0.05) higher by about 2.8 and 3.6 %,

respectively than that in group 3, but the albumen percentage in group 3

was significantly (P≤0.01) higher by about 1.7 and 2.2% than that in

groups 1 and 2. However, no significant differences (P≤0.05) among groups

were observed in shell percentage, fertility, and hatchability of total and

fertile eggs percentages. But, the chick weight at hatch in group 2 was

significantly (P≤0.05) higher by about 1.8% than that of group 3, while the

group 1 had an intermediate value.

Economic efficiency (EE) in group 2 exceeded that of groups 1 and

3 by 17 and 29%, respectively, while the EE in group 1 exceeded that of

group 3 by 12%. The group 2 recorded the best EE percentage as compared

with the other two groups.

The recommendation of the present study is raising Dandarawi

laying hens during the period from 32 to 44 weeks of age under 24 to 26ºC

to obtain higher productive and reproductive performance.

(Keywords: Dandarawi laying hens, optimum ambient temperature)

INTODUCTION

The final aim in chicken production is to obtain the highest yield at

the lowest cost. In order to be able to perform at the highest capacity, they

should be kept under in poultry houses adequate environmental conditions.

In the poultry houses of laying hen, optimal temperature is required

up to 19- 22°C (Charles, 2002). Environmental temperature was correlated

with many measures of performance including feed and water consumption,

body weight, egg production, shell quality, feed conversion, and egg weight

(Sterling et al., 2003). The reduction of egg production under high

temperature may have been related to the altered respiratory pattern. Such

condition is one of the main causes of low productivity of chickens under

Upper Egypt conditions where the prevailed ambient temperature fluctuates

from lower than 10C in winter to higher over 40C in summer months. In

case of reduction of environmental temperature, the laying hens consume

much feed in order to maintain their body heat and also decrease egg

production, nutrient digestibility and feed conversion (Ensminger et al.,

1990; Spinu and Degen, 1993). Temperature was found to have significant

effect on body weight, fertility and hatchability percentages of chickens

(Balat, 1990; Saleh et al., 1991).


501

Intensive poultry production in Egypt depends not only on commercial

hybrids but also on local strains of chickens. Recently in Egypt, a

considerable attention has paid to improve the productive performance of

these local strains, especially Dandarawi. Although many researches have

been carried out to determine the optimal requirements of different local

strains under different locations in Egypt, the available data regarding their

requirement of optimum ambient temperatures are still insufficient.

Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate productive and reproductive

performance for Dandarawi laying hens under different ambient

temperatures to find out the more suitable one for its performance.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This research was carried out at the Poultry Researches Farm of

Animal and Poultry Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut

University, Assiut, Egypt, during the period from 1st of December 2006 to

22nd

of February 2007.

A total number of one hundred and ninety eight selected from

Dandarawi laying birds (180 females and 18 males) at 32 weeks of age

(peak production) having nearly equaled live weights were used in this

study. All birds were shank banded, weighed individually, randomly

distributed into three equal groups of 66 birds (60 females and 6 males), and

housed in 3 closed floor pens in 3 rooms. Each group was kept in an area of

10 square meters provided with deep litter of wheat straw (10 cm). The first

group raised under 20 to 22ºC, the second group raised under 24 to 26ºC,

while the third group exposed to 28 to 30ºC. Temperature of groups rooms

was controlled using separate electric heaters, and ventilation was

controlled using electric extractor fans. The photoperiod was 17 hours per

day (5 a.m. to 10 p.m.) and light intensity ranged from 20 to 25 Luxes by

using additional incandescent light while the humidity was from 60 to 70%.

Feed and water were available ad libitum. All hens were kept under similar

adequate managerial and hygienic conditions until the end experimental (44

weeks of age). The composition and calculated analysis of the experimental

diet are shown in Table 1.

Individual body weights (BW) were recorded at the beginning, every 4

weeks and the body weight changes (BWC) were calculated by subtracting

final BW from initial BW. Egg weight (BW), egg number (EN) and egg

mass (EM), egg production calculated as (hen-day and hen-housed egg

production (HDP&HHP) were recorded daily. Feed consumption (FC) and

feed conversion ratio as g feed/ g egg mass were recorded weekly. EW, EN,


502

EM, HDP, HHP, FC, and FCR were calculated periodically every 4 weeks.

Dead birds were recorded daily throughout the experimental period and

expressed as percentages.

Thirty fresh-laid eggs were taken every four weeks from each group to

measure egg quality characteristics. Egg weight was recorded to the nearest

0.1 gram on the same day of collection using special automatic balance. The

length and width of egg were determined by sliding caliper and the egg

shape index was determined according to Reddy et al., (1979). The eggs

were broken gently on glass surface. The height of thick albumen and yolk

were measured using a micrometer as described by Brant and Shrader

(1952). The diameter of yolk was measured, using sliding caliber. The yolk

was separated from the albumen then yolk was weighted. Shell with

membranes dried then weighed to the nearest 0.01gm. Individual Haugh

unit (Haugh, 1937) score was calculated using the egg weight and thick

albumen height (Doyon et al., 1986), using the following formula: Haugh

unit = 100 Log (H – 1.7X W0.37

+7.6). Where: H = the observed height of

the thick albumen in millimeters and W = Weight of egg (grams). Also, the

yolk index was calculated by dividing (yolk’s height/yolk

’s diameter) X 100.

Shell thickness of the dried shell (with membranes) was measured using

shell thickness apparatus from three different regions of shell (from equator

and each of the two ends) and the average was recorded (millimeters). The

albumen was calculated by subtracting egg weight from shell weight plus

yolk weight. The three egg components were expressed as percentage of

egg weight.

Eggs were collected daily and stored 7 days on 15-18°C and 70-75%

relative humidity before incubation. One hatch was performed every four

weeks from each group. The incubation was carried out using automatic

Paterzime setter and hatcher under the recommended temperature, humidity,

ventilation and turning of eggs. At the fourth day of setting, eggs were

examined by candling to identify clear eggs. Clear eggs were broken and

checked to detect the embryonic development. Eggs with embryonic

development were considered fertile, while the remainder eggs were

considered infertile. The fertility (F), hatchability of total (HT) and fertile

eggs (HF) were calculated. After hatching, the released chicks were

individual weighted per group to the nearest 0.1 gram.

Feed cost per bird was calculated by multiplying mean feed

consumption per bird by the cost of 1 kg of diet. The price of egg mass per

bird was calculated by multiplying mean egg mass by price of 1 Kg egg

mass. Total revenue was calculated by summing prices of egg mass and

body weight change. Net revenue was calculated by subtracting total feed


503

costs from total income of egg mass and body weight change price.

Economic efficiency (EE) was estimated by dividing net revenue by total

feed costs.

Statistical analysis: Data collected were subjected to ANOVA by applying

the General Linear Models Procedure of SAS software (SAS Institute,

Version 6.12, 1996). Duncan (1955) was used to detect differences among

means of different groups.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

1. Body weight (BW) and Body weight change (BWC):

At 32 and 36 weeks of age, no significant differences (P≤0.05) was

found in body weight (BW) among the three groups (Table 2). However, the

group 2 had significantly (P≤0.05) higher BW than those of group 3 at 40

weeks of age, but the group 1 had an intermediate value. The birds exposed

to 20-22ºC (group 1) and 24-26ºC (group 2) achieved higher (P≤0.01) final

BW by about 4.5 and 5.9 %, respectively and also higher (P≤0.01) body

weight change (BWC) by about 6.6 and 9.6 % than those exposed to 28-

30ºC (group 3), while no significant differences (P≤0.05) between groups 1

and 2 in final BW and BWC (%) were observed.

The average BW of Dandarawi laying hens (at 48 weeks of age)

were 1644g under high summer temperature (26-36°C) in Assiut

(Metwally, 2003), while it was1339g with average ambient temperature of

22°C (at 42 weeks of age) (Metwally, 2004). Similar results were reported

that by Puthpongsiriporn et al., (2001) in Hy-line hens, Abdel-Rahman,

(2000) in Sharkasi chickens and Mashaly et al., (2004) in Leghorn hens

which showed that high temperature decreased BW. Furthermore, Emeery

et al., (1984) showed that birds under temperature 26.7°C or 29.4°C lost

more BW than those at a 23.9°C. Decreased BW may be due to a reduction

in feed consumption (de Andrade et al., 1976).

2. Egg production and Eggs number (EN):

During 32-36 and 36-40 weeks of age, the birds of groups 1 and 2 had

significantly (P≤0.01 and P≤0.05, respectively) higher hen day egg

production (HDP) than those of group 3 (Table 3). During 40-44 weeks of

age, the birds of groups 2 and 3 had significantly (P≤0.01) higher HDP than

those of group 1. The overall mean of HDP in group 2 increased (P≤0.01)

by about 4.4 and 6.7%, as compared with that of groups 1 and 3,

respectively, while no significant differences were observed between groups

1 and 3.


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The hen housed egg production (HHP) had almost the same trend of

HDP in the three groups during 32-36 and 36-40 weeks of age (Table 3).

During 40-44 weeks of age, the birds of group 2 had significantly (P≤0.01)

higher HHP than those of groups 1 and 3. The overall mean of HHP in

group 2 increased (P≤0.01) by about 4.4 and 8.9% as compared with that of

groups 1 and 3, respectively, while the overall mean in group 1 increased

(P≤0.01) by 4.8% than that of group 3.

The egg number (EN) had almost the same trend as HDP in the three

groups at all age periods studied (Table 3). Also, the cumulative EN of

group 2 was significantly (P≤0.01) higher by 2.2 and 3.4 eggs than those of

groups 1 and 3, respectively, while no significant differences were observed

between groups 1 and 3.

These were results in agreement with those of El-Sagheer (2001) who

reported that no significant differences were observed in HDP between

Naked neck birds (Ethiopia) exposed to normal (20°C) and high

temperatures (30°C). The average egg laying rate (%) and egg number

(egg/hen/28 days) of Dandarawi laying hens (from 32 to 48 weeks of age)

were 47.3% and 13.24 eggs, respectively under average high ambient

temperature of 26-36°C (Metwally, 2003), while they were 61.2% and 18.1

eggs with average normal ambient temperature of 22°C (Metwally, 2004).

Also, Younis and Abd El-Ghany (2003) reported that egg number during

the first 90 days of egg production of different local chicken strains was

significantly better for hens raised under normal ambient temperature (22-

24°C) in winter (55 eggs) than those raised under high ambient temperature

(27-33°C) in summer (49.44 eggs). The depression of egg number of birds

raised under HT could be attributed to higher temperature and its effects on

the different physiological mechanisms. Mashaly et al., (2004) showed that

HDP of Leghorn hens exposed to 23.9 and 26.7°C (87.9 and 82.5%,

respectively) were higher than that of the 35°C (56.2%), but no significant

differences in HDP were observed between 23.9 and 26.7°C . Also, Peguri

and Coon (1993) reported that HDP of Dekalb hens exposed to 33.9°C

decreased (P≤0.05) by 8.2% than that exposed to23.9°C.

High temperature (HT) had an adverse effect on egg production in

Leghorn hens (Mashaly et al., 2004), White Leghorns (kirunda et al.,

2001), and in White Leghorn and Rhod Island Red breeds (Saleh et al.,

1991). The reduced egg production under HT could be attributed to the

direct and indirect effects on the physiological functions of the bird as well

as due to decreased appetite and reduced feed intake (Daniel and Balnave,

1981). HT not only reduces feed intake but has been also reported to reduce

digestibility of different components of the diet (Bonnet et al., 1997),


505

decreased plasma protein concentration (Zhou et al., 1998) and plasma

calcium concentration (Mohmoud et al., 1996), both of final traits are

required for egg formation.

3. Mortality rate:

No deaths occurred of birds in group 2 at all ages studied, while the

mortality rate was 1.7 and 6.7 % for groups 1 and 3, respectively (Table 3).

The mortality rate of Dandarawi laying hens (from 32 to 48 weeks of age)

was 15.6% under high summer temperature (26-36°C) in Assiut (Metwally,

2003), while it was 6.8% with average ambient temperature of 22°C

(Metwally, 2004). Furthermore, Mashaly et al., (2004) showed that

mortality in Leghorn hens for the 26.7°C group (6.7%) was higher than for

the 23.9°C control group (5%). This increase in mortality could be due to

inhibition of some immune response. However, El-Sagheer (2001) reported

that no significant differences were observed in mortality rate between

Naked neck birds (Ethiopia) exposed to normal (20°C) and high

temperatures (30°C).

4. Egg weight (g) and Egg mass (EM):

No significant differences (P≤0.05) were observed in egg weight

(EW) among the three groups at all age periods studied (Table 4).

The birds of groups 1 and 2 had significantly (P≤0.01) higher egg

mass (EM) than those of group 3, during 32-36 and 36-40 weeks of age

(Table 4). During 40-44 weeks of age, the birds of groups 2 and 3 had

significantly (P≤0.01) higher EM than those of group 1. The cumulative EM

of birds of group 2 was significantly (P≤0.01) higher by 4.1 and 7.7% than

those of groups 1 and 3 respectively, while the cumulative EM of birds of

group 1 was significantly (P≤0.01) higher by 3.8% than those of group 3.

However, El-Sagheer (2001) showed that egg weight in Naked neck

strain (Ethiopia) for 20°C group (49.7g) was significantly (P≤0.05) higher

that for 30°C group (45.3g). Also, Mashaly et al., (2004) observed that EW

of Leghorn hens declined significantly when ambient temperature increased.

They found that the average EW was 56.4, 53.5 and 46.9g under average

ambient temperature of 23.9, 26.7 and 35.0°C, respectively. As reported by

many workers, high temperature had adverse effect on egg weight (Emery

et al., 1984; Kirunda et al., 2001; Mashaly et al., 2004). Ahvar et al.,

(1982) reported that the reduction in egg weight ranged from 0.17 to 0.98

gram per one centigrade. This response had a curvilinear shape and was

particularly noticeable above 25°C. Also, Younis and Abd El-Ghany

(2003) reported that egg weight and egg mass during the first 90 days of egg


506

production of different local chicken strains were significantly better for

hens raised under normal temperature (22-24°C) in winter season than those

raised under high temperature (27-33°C) in summer season, similarly to

Saleh et al., (1991) in White Leghorn and Rhod Island Red breeds. Peguri

and Coon (1993) reported that EW and EM of Dekalb hens exposed to 33.9°C

decreased (P≤0.05) by 3.2 and 10.7%, respectively than that exposed to 23.9°C.

5. Feed consumption (FC) and Feed conversion ratio (FCR):

Results in Table 4 show that, no significant differences (P≤0.05)

were found in feed consumption (FC) among the three groups during 32-36

weeks of age. The birds in group 1 consumed significantly (P≤0.01) more

feed than those in groups 2 and 3 during 36-40 weeks of age, while the birds

in group 2 consumed significantly (P≤0.01) more feed than those in group

3. The birds in group 1 consumed significantly (P≤0.05) more feed than

those of birds in group 3 during 40-44 weeks of age, while the birds in

group 2 had an intermediate value. The overall mean of FC of birds in

group 1 was significantly (P≤0.05) higher by about 3.1% as compared with

that of group 3, while the birds in group 2 had an intermediate value.

No significant differences (P≤0.05) were observed in feed

conversion ratio (FCR) among the three groups during 32-36 and 36-40

weeks of age (Table 4). The birds of groups 2 and 3 had significantly

(P≤0.01) better FCR than those of group 1 during 40-44 weeks of age. It

was observed that, there were no significant (P≤0.05) differences in

cumulative FCR among the three groups. Moreover, the birds of group 2

had insignificantly (P≤0.05) better cumulative FCR by about 4.5 and 6.8 %

than those of groups 1 and 3, respectively.

Yahav et al., (1996) observed that, feed consumption and feed

efficiency were declined when ambient temperature increased from 18 to

35°C. Such decrease may be due to the decrease in appetite (Geraert et al.,

1996). El-Sagheer (2001) showed that high temperature (30°C) resulted in

a lower FC and FCR in Naked neck strain (Ethiopia) as compared to normal

temperature (20°C). Peguri and Coon (1993) reported that feed intake of

Dekalb hens exposed to 33.9°C decreased (P≤0.05) by 21.7% than that exposed

to23.9°C. Similar results were reported by Samara et al., (1995) which

found that the high temperature resulted in a lower feed consumption in

broiler breeder hens. The average feed intake (g) of Dandarawi laying hens

(from 32 to 48 weeks of age) was 79.8 g under high summer temperature

(26-36°C) in Assiut (Metwally, 2003), while it was 84.0 g with average

normal ambient temperature of 22°C (from 30 to 42 weeks of age)

(Metwally, 2004).Mashaly et al., (2004) showed that the feed consumption


507

of Leghorn hens decreased (P≤0.05) under 35 and 26.7°C by 23.4 and

52.0%, respectively than that of 23.9°C. Similarly to Younis and Abd El-

Ghany (2003) in different local chicken strains and Younis, (1996) in

broiler chickens.

6. Egg quality:

There were no significant differences (P≤0.05) in egg weight (EW)

and egg shape index (ESI) among three groups at all age periods studied

(Table 5).

Results in Table 5 show that, no significant differences (P≤0.05)

were observed in egg yolk index (YI) among the three groups at all age

periods studied except at 36 weeks of age where the differences were

significant (P≤0.05). It was observed that, there were no significant

differences (P≤0.05) in the overall mean of YI.

No significant differences (P≤0.05) were observed in Haugh units

(HU) among the three groups at 36 and 44 weeks of age (Table 5).

However, at 40 weeks of age, HU in groups 1 and 2 was significantly

(P≤0.01) higher than that in group 3. Also, the overall mean of HU in

groups 1 and 2 was significantly (P≤0.01) higher by about 5.3 and 5.3%,

respectively than that in group 3.

The egg shell thickness (ST) of groups 1 and 2 was significantly

(P≤0.05) higher than that in group 3 at 36 weeks of age (Table 5). While, no

significant differences (P≤0.05) were observed in ST among the three

groups at 40 weeks of age. However, at 44 weeks of age ST of group 2 was

significantly (P≤0.05) higher than that in group 3, while the group 1 had an

intermediate value. The overall mean of ST in group 1 and 2 was

significantly (P≤0.01) higher by about 3.1 and 3.8 % than those of group 3,

while no significant differences were observed between groups 1 and 2.

El-Sagheer (2001) showed that HU and YI of Naked neck strain

(Ethiopia) under temperature of 20°C were significantly (P≤0.05) higher

than that the birds under temperature of 30°C, while no significant

differences in ST and ESI were observed. Carmon and Huston (1965) and

Miller and Sunde (1975) showed no significant differences in egg shape

index were observed between hens exposed to normal and high

temperatures. Mashaly et al., (2004) showed no significant differences in

shell thickness of Leghorn hens were observed between the birds exposed to

23.9 and 26.7°C (34.8 and 33.9 x0.01 mm, respectively), but the shell

thickness of birds exposed to 35°C decreased significantly (28.3 x0.01 mm).


508

Many workers reported that high temperature was associated with a

decrease in Haugh units (Daniel and Balnave, 1981; Ahvar et al., 1982)

and egg shell thickness in broiler breeder hens (Samara et al., 1995),

Sharkasi chickens (Abdel-Rahman, 2000). The decrease in shell quality

may be due to a reduction in plasma calcium in layer hens (Mohmoud et

al., 1996; Mashaly et al., 2004) when the birds were exposed to high

temperature.

7. Egg components:

The egg yolk percentage (YP) in groups 1 and 2 was significantly

(P≤0.05) higher than that in group 3, at 36 and 40 weeks of age (Table 6).

At 44 weeks of age, the YP in group 2 was significantly (P≤0.05) higher

than that in group 3, while the group 1 had an intermediate value. The

overall mean of YP in groups 1 and 2 was significantly (P≤0.01) higher by

2.8 and 3.6 % than that in group 3. As reported in Table 6, the egg

albumen percentage (AP) of group 3 was significantly higher than that in

groups 1 and 2, at 36 (P≤0.05) and 40 weeks of age (P≤0.01). No significant

differences (P≤0.05) were observed in AP at 44 weeks of age among the

three groups. The overall mean of AP in group 3 was significantly (P≤0.01)

higher by about 1.7 and 2.2% than that in groups 1 and 2. No significant

differences (P≤0.05) were observed in egg shell percentage (SP) among the

three groups at all age periods studied (Table 6).

Bollengier-Lee et al., (1998) reported that, high temperature has been

shown to decrease plasma egg yolk precursor proteins, vitellogenin, and

triglycerides due to dysfunctional synthesis in hepatic cells involved in impaired

membrane structure. Lavee, (1979) stated that, there was substantial

reduction in the blood supply to the ovary under high temperature. This

caused a reduction in nutrient supply to the ovary, which might partially

explain the reduction in yolk size. Yolk formation time is also shortened,

thus resulting in smaller yolks, which provide proportionally smaller surface

area for the deposition of albumen and other components, and consequently

reduces the egg size (Carmon and Huston, 1965).

8. Fertility, Hatchability and Chick weight at hatch:

No significant differences (P≤0.05) were observed in fertility,

hatchability of total and fertile eggs percentages among the three groups

(Table 7). However, the chick weight at hatch (g) in group 2 was

significantly (P≤0.05) higher by about 1.8% than that in group 3, while the

group 1 had an intermediate value.


509

Balat, (1990) cited insignificant differences among the three seasons

for fertility of different local strains of chickens (Winter, 86.9%; Spring,

84.4%; Fall, 83.0%), while the differences of hatchability between the two

seasons (Winter, 77.5%; Summer, 74.9%) were significant. However,

Younis and Abd El-Ghany (2003) observed that the birds exposed to

normal temperature (22-24°C) in winter season recorded the highest fertility

and hatchability percentages (91.9 and 77.5%) of different local strains of

chickens than the birds exposed to high temperature (33-37°C) in summer

season (90.2 and 74.8%, respectively). Also, significant seasonal effects on

egg fertility for Fayoumi chickens were reported by El-Maghraby et al.,

(1969).

9. Economical evaluation (EE):

The birds of group 1 consumed more feed, thus it had the highest

feed cost. The birds of group 2 showed highest body weight change price

due to the higher body weight change. Also, the birds in group 2 had highest

egg mass price, total revenue and net revenue per hen than those of groups 1

and 3. Also, economical efficiency (EE) in group 2 exceeded that of groups

1 and 2 by 17 and 29 %, respectively, while the EE in group 1 exceeded

that of group 3 by 12%. The group 2 recorded the best EE percentage as

compared with the other two groups.

In conclusion, the birds raised under 24-26ºC had greater egg

production, egg number, egg mass, chick weight at hatch and exceeded EE

and also it was associated with no mortalities as compared with the other

birds raised under 20-22ºC or 28-30ºC. The recommendation of the present

study is raising Dandarawi laying hens during the period from 32 to 44

weeks of age under 24 to 26ºC to obtain productive and reproductive

performance.


510

Table 1: Composition and calculated analyses of experimental diet.

Ingredients

% Yellow corn 67.97

Soybean meal (44% CP) 17.85

Layer concentrate* (44%) 8.00

Salt 0.15

Limestone

6.0

Manganese 0.03

Total 100.00

Calculated analysis **:

ME, Kcal/ Kg 2872.00

Crude protein, %

17.34

Crude fiber, %

2.81

Ether extract, %

3.30

Lysine, %

0.93

Methionine, %

0.38

Calcium, %

2.93

Available phosphorus, % 0.46

Sodium, % 0.18

Cost/kg diet P.T.

(Local price of year 2005)

1.60

* The layer concentrate contained: Crude protein, 44%; Crude fiber, 1.02%; Crude fat,

6.23%; Methionine, 1.58%; Methionine + Cystine, 2.13%; Lysine, 3.05%; Calcium,

7.24%; Available phosphorus, 3.25%; Sodium, 1.30%; and Metabolizable energy, 2457

Kcal / Kg diet. *Layer concentrate supplied the following per kilogram of the diet: Vit. A, 10000

IU; vit. D3, 1000 IU; vit. E, 10 mg; vit. K, 1 mg; vit. B1,1 mg; vit. B2, 4 mg; Pantothenic acid, 10

mg; folic acid,1 mg; Niacin,20 mg; vit. B6, 1.5 mg; vit. B12, 0.01 mg; biotin, 0.05 mg; Choline

chloride, 500 mg; Fe, 30 mg; I, 0.3 mg; Zn, 45 mg; Mn, 40 mg; Cu, 3 mg; and Se, 0.1 mg.

** Calculated according to NRC (1994).


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Table 2: Means ± SE of body weight (g) and body weight change of

Dandarawi laying hens as affected by different ambient

temperatures.

Age Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Probability

32nd

week 1455

± 11 1438 ±14 1468

±14 NS

36th

weeks 1571

±16 1581 ±10 1565

±9 NS

40th

weeks 1580 ab

±9 1592 a

±8 1558 b

±11 *

44th

weeks 1590 a

±10 1614 a

±8 1518 b

±12 **

Body weight

change (g)

+136.2 a

±14.8

+175.3 a

±14.7

+40.6 b

±16.5

**

Body weight

change (%)

+9.8 a

±1.1

+12.8 a

±1.4

+3.2 b

±1.2

** a, b

means with different superscripts in the same row are significantly different (P≤0.05).

*P≤0.05; **P≤0.01; NS = Non-Significant

Table 3: Means ± SE of hen day and hen housed egg production (%), egg number

(egg/ hen/ 28 days) and mortality rate (%) of Dandarawi laying hens as

affected by different ambient temperatures.

Items

Group 1

Group 2

Group 3

Probability

Hen day egg production

32-36 weeks 55.2 a

±1.0 58.3 a ±1.1 49.2

b ±1.7

**

36-40 weeks 60.7 a

±0.8

61.3 a ±1.0

57.3

b ±0.8 *

40-44 weeks 54.4 b

±0.8 58.5 a

±0.8 59.6 a

±0.9 **

Overall mean 56.8 b

±0.6 59.4 a

±0.6 55.4 b

±0.8 **

Hen housed egg production

32-36 weeks 55.2 a

±1.0 58.3 a ±1.1 49.2

b ±1.7

**

36-40 weeks 60.7 a

±0.8

61.3 a ±1.0

57.0

b ±0.8 *

40-44 weeks 54.2 b

±0.8 58.4 a

±0.8 55.8 b

±0.9 **

Overall mean 56.7 b

±0.6 59.3 a

±0.6 54.0 c

±0.8 **

Eggs number

32-36 weeks 15.5 a

±0.3 16.3 a

±0.3 13.8 b

±0.5 **

36-40 weeks 17.0 a

±0.2 17.2 a

±0.3 16.0 b

±0.2 *

40-44 weeks 15.2 b±0.2 16.4

a ±0.2 16.7

a ±0.2 **

Cumulative 47.7 b

±0.3 49.9 a

±0.6 46.5 b

±0.6 **

Mortality rate 1.7 0.0 6.7

a, b, c means with different superscripts in the same row are significantly different (P≤0.05).



512

Table 4: Means ± SE of egg weight (g), egg mass (g/hen/28 days), feed

consumption (g /hen /day), and feed conversion (g feed /g egg

mass) of Dandarawi laying hens as affected by different ambient

temperatures.

Items

Group 1

Group 2

Group 3

Probability

Egg weight

32-36 weeks 47.0 ±0.2 46.6

±0.3 46.1

±0.3 NS

36-40 weeks 47.4 ±0.3 46.6

±0.3 46.6

±0.4 NS

40-44 weeks 47.8 ±0.3 48.6

±0.5 47.6

±0.4 NS

Overall mean 47.4 ±0.4 47.3

±0.3 46.8

±0.4 NS

Egg mass

32-36 weeks 728.5 a

±14.0 759.6 a

±14.6 636.2 b

±21.6 **

36-40 weeks 805.8 a

±10.6 801.5 a

±14.0 745.6 b

±10.9 **

40-44 weeks 726.6 b

±10.6 797.0 a

±10.9 794.9 a

±11.2 **

Cumulative 2261.0 b

±23.5 2358.1 a

±23.5 2176.1 c

±33.6 **

Feed consumption

32-36 weeks 109.4 ±3.3 109.3

±3.3 106.2

±2.4 NS

36-40 weeks 112.4 a

±0.3 111.7 b

±0.1 106.4 c

±0.2 **

40-44 weeks 112.1 a

±0.3 111.4 ab

±0.1 111.0 b

±0.3 *

Overall mean 111.3 a

±1.1 110.8 ab

±1.1 107.9 b

±1.0 *

Feed conversion ratio

32-36 weeks 4.22 ±0.23 4.06

±0.26 4.81

±0.48 NS

36-40 weeks 3.92 ±0.10 3.92

±0.13 4.00

±0.14 NS

40-44 weeks 4.31 a

±0.02 3.93 b

±.08 3.92 b

±0.10 **

Overall mean 4.15 ±0.09 3.97

±0.09 4.24

±0.20 NS

a, b, c means with different superscripts in the same row are significantly different (P≤0.05).



513

Table 5: Means ± SE of egg quality of Dandarawi laying hens as affected

by different ambient temperatures.

Items

Group 1

Group 2

Group 3

Probability

Egg weight (g)

36th

week 47.0 ±0.7 46.6

±0.5 46.1

±0.7 NS

40th

weeks 47.4 ±0.7 46.6

±0.5 46.6

±0.6 NS

44th

weeks 47.6 ±0.6 48.7

±0.6 47.6

±0.7 NS


±0.3 46.7

±0.4 NS

Egg shape index (%)

36th

week 78.8 ±0.7 79.6

±0.5 80.5

±0.7 NS

40th

weeks 80.5 ±0.6 79.7

±0.6 79.5

±0.7 NS

44th

weeks 78.6 ±0.9 79.5

±0.9 78.5

±0.8 NS


±0.3 79.5

±0.4 NS

Egg yolk index (%)

36th

week 57.7 a

±0.9 55.3 b

±0.5 55.9ab

±0.7 *

40th

weeks 52.6 ±0.6 53.4

±0.6 52.4

±0.7 NS

44th

weeks 54.1 ±0.8 54.5

±0.6 54.3

±0.6 NS


±0.3 54.2

±0.4 NS

Haugh unit

36th

week 87.4

±1.4 86.7 ±1.2 84.0

±1.9 NS

40th

weeks 85.6 a

±1.8 85.5 a

±0.8 78.2 b

±1.5 **

44th

weeks 81.7 ±1.9 82.5

±1.4 79.0

±2.1 NS

Overall mean 84.9 a

±1.0 84.9 a

±0.7 80.4 b

±1.1 **

Egg shell thickness (x0.01 mm)

36th

week 41.9 a

±0.5 42.1 a

±0.4 40.1 b

±0.7 *

40th

weeks 42.0 ±0.5 41.5

±0.5 40.7

±0.5 NS

44th

weeks 41.1 ab

±0.5 42.3 a

±0.5 40.4 b

±0.5 *

Overall mean 41.7 a

±0.3

42.0 a

±0.3

40.4 b

±0.3

**

a, b means with different superscripts in the same row are significantly different (P≤0.05).



514

Table 6: Means ± SE of egg components of Dandarawi laying hens as


Items Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Probability

Yolk (%)

36th

week 32.4 a

±0.4 32.4 a

±0.3 31.3 b

±0.4 *

40th

weeks 33.1 a

±0.4 33.4 a

±0.3 31.9 b

±0.3 *

44th

weeks 32.6 ab

±0.3 33.3 a

±0.4 32.3 b

±0.3 *

Overall mean 32.7 a

±0.2 33.0 a

±0.2 31.8 b

±0.2 **

Albumen (%)

36th

week 57.4 b

±0.4 57.4 b

±0.3 58.6 a

±0.5 *

40th

weeks 56.5 b

±0.4 56.0 b±0.3 57.8

a ±0.3 **

44th

weeks 57.2 ±0.4 56.6

±0.4 57.6

±0.3 NS

Overall mean 57.0 b

±0.2 56.7 b

±0.2 58.0 a

±0.2 **

Shell (%)

36th

week 10.2 ±0.1 10.2

±0.1 10.1

±0.3 NS

40th

weeks 10.5 ±0.1 10.5

±0.1 10.3

±0.1 NS

44th

weeks 10.2 ±0.2 10.2

±0.2 10.1

±0.1 NS


±0.1 10.2

±0.1 NS



Table 7: Fertility (%), hatchability (%) and chick weight at hatch (g)of

Dandarawi laying hens as affected by different ambient

temperatures.

Items

Group 1

Group 2

Group 3

Probability

Fertility 96.8 ±0.4 96.4

±0.3 96.6

±0.2

NS

Hatchability of

total eggs 82.3

±2.1 84.4

±0.5 82.5

±1.8 NS

Hatchability of

fertile eggs 85.3

±1.7 87.6

±0.8 85.3

±2.0 NS

Chick weight

at hatch 27.8

ab ±0.1 27.9

a ±0.1 27.4

b ±0.1 *


*P≤0.05; **P≤0.01; NS = Non-significant


515

Table 8: Economical evaluation of Dandarawi laying hen groups as


Items

Group 1

Group 2

Group 3

Total feed consumption (Kg/hen) 9.349 9.307 9.064

Total feed costs (LE.) 14.96 14.89 14.50

Live body weight change (kg) 0.136 0.175 0.041

Body weight change price (LE.) 1.36 1.75 0.41

Egg mass (kg/hen) 2.261 2.358 2.176

Egg mass price (L.E.) 22.61 23.58 21.76

Total revenue (L.E.) 23.97 25.33 22.17

Net revenue per hen 9.01 10.44 7.67

Economic efficiency 0.60 0.70 0.53

Relative economic efficiency (%) 100 117 88

Price of 1kg eggs were 10 L.E. at the time of experimental period.

Price of 1Kg diet was 1.60 L.E.

Price of 1 Kg live body weight was 10 L.E.

LE = Egyptian pound.

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519

الملخص العربي

أداء الدندراوي البياض للحصول علي امثل المثلي لدجاج ئيةالبي درجة الحرارة

إنتاجي وتناسلي

حسن محمد الصغير محمد

مصر –أسيوط –جامعة أسيوط -كلية الزراعة -قسم الإنتاج الحيواني والدواجن

08, دجاجة 081) أجريت هذه الدراسة على مائة وستة وتسعون من طيور الدندراوي

والتناسلي الإنتاجي الأداءلتقييم , أسبوعا 44ا واستمرت حتى عمر سبوعأ 23عند عمر ( ديك

إلي ثلاثة الطيوروقسمت . المختلفة المحيطة ي تحت تأثير درجات الحرارةولدجاجات الدندرا

كلوربيت طيور .ديوك 0, بياضة دجاجة 01و اشتملت كل مجموعه على عدد , وعاتممج

م01مساحتها عشه فيمجموعة 3

اتالمجموعربيت و .سم من التبن01لى فرشه عميقة حوالي ع

.التواليم علي ° 21-38, م° 30-34, م° 33-31 حرارةعلى درجه والثالثة الأولي والثانية

:تلخيص النتائج المتحصل عليها كالتالي أمكن

حوالي ب (P≤0.01) معنويا أكبر نهائي وزن جسم الأولي والثانية حققت طيور المجموعتان -0

علي التوالي % 6.0, 0.0بحوالي (P≤0.01)في وزن الجسم معنويا روتغير أكب, 0.1%, 4.4

الأولي بينما لم توجد اختلافات معنوية ما بين طيور المجموعتين .الثالثة المجموعة رعن طيو

.تغير في وزن الجسمال النهائي أو جسمالوزن والثانية في

(HDP)في إنتاج البيض ((P≤0.01)ارتفاعا معنويا لثانيةاطيور المجموعة أظهرت -3

بيضه 2.4, 3.3وعدد بيض بحوالي , %8.6, 4.4بحوالي HHPو ,% 0.6, 4.4بحوالي

بينما , علي التوالي الثالثة عتان الأولى والمجمو رعن طيو% 6.6, 4.0وكتله بيض بحوالي ,

. وعدد البيض , HDPوالثالثة في الأولي ر المجموعتينلم توجد اختلافات معنوية ما بين طيو

( HHP) في إنتاج البيض ((P≤0.01)ارتفاعا معنويا طيور المجموعة الأولي أظهرت بينما

.الثالثة المجموعة رعن طيو% 2.8وكتله بيض بحوالي , % 4.8بحوالي

بينما كانت نسبة , رية المدروسةعند كل الفترات العم الثانيةلم يحدث نفوق في طيور المجموعة -2

.علي التوالي% 0.6, 0.6الثالثة والأولي النفوق في طيور المجموعتان


520

عن % 2.0من الغذاء بحوالي (P≤0.05)كمية أكبر معنوياالأولي المجموعةطيور استهلكت -4

متوسطة ما بين ة بينما كانت كمية الغذاء المستهلك لطيور المجموعة الثاني, الثالثة المجموعةطيور

.الاثنين

مع , لم توجد أي اختلافات معنوية ما بين طيور المجموعات الثلاثة في كفاءة التحويل الغذائي -4

, 4.4حدث تحسن غير معنوي في كفاءة التحويل الغذائي بحوالي الثانيةأنة في طيور المجموعة

.الثالثة علي التواليوالأولي عن طيور المجموعتان% 0.8

دليل شكل , لم توجد أي اختلافات معنوية ما بين طيور المجموعات الثلاثة في وزن البيضة -0

(P≤0.01)معنويا (HU)بينما تحسنت وحدات جودة البياض . ودليل شكل الصفار, البيضة

الأولي والثانية لطيور المجموعتان% 2.8, 2.0وسمك القشرة بحوالي , % 4.2, 4.2بحوالي

.الثالثة المجموعة رعن طيوعلي التوالي

, 3.8بحوالي (P≤0.05)معنويا الأولي والثانية بيض طيور المجموعتين ارتفعت نسبة صفار -6

بيض بينما ارتفعت نسبة بياض, الثالثةالمجموعة تلك في بيض طيور عنعلي التوالي % 2.0

ض طيور المجموعتانعن تلك لبياض بي% 3.3, 0.6طيور المجموعة الثالثة معنويا بحوالي

لم توجد أي اختلافات معنوية ما بين طيور المجموعات الثلاثة في و. علي التوالي الأولي والثانية

والتفريخ علي أساس البيض الكلي أو علي أساس البيض , ونسب الخصوبة , نسبة قشرة البيضة

في وزن الكتكوت (P≤0.05)حدث ارتفاع معنوي الثانيةمع أنة في طيور المجموعة , المخصب

وزن الكتكوت عند الفقس بينما كان ,الثالثة عنة في طيور المجموعة% 0.8عند الفقس بحوالي

.ما بين الاثنين متوسط وليلطيور المجموعة الأ

عن طيور % 36, 06 حواليب الثانيةفي طيور المجموعة الاقتصادية الكفاءةتحسنت و -8

في طيور المجموعة الاقتصادية الكفاءةتحسنت بينما , التواليالثالثة علي والأولي المجموعتين

وسجلت طيور المجموعة الثانية احسن كفاءة . عن طيور المجموعة الثالثة% 03 حواليبالأولي

.اقتصادية بالمقارنة بطيور المجموعتان الأولى والثالثة

ندراوي البياض يقترح للحصول علي امثل أداء إنتاجي وتناسلي لدجاج الدعامه بصفة

تحت ظروف م° 30-34تربيتها تحت درجة الحرارة وأسبوعا ه 44 -23أثناء الفترة من عمر

.هذه التجربة

THE OPTIMUM AMBIENT TEMPERATURE OF DANDARAWI LAYING HENS … · 2015. 2. 25. · Dandarawi laying...

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