“The only thing that interferes with my learning is my education.”
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Transcript of “The only thing that interferes with my learning is my education.”
“The only thing that interferes with my learning is my education.”
Albert Einstein
How does learning take place?• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZgJc0zmWHL8• http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=endscree
n&v=H8oQBYw6xxc&NR=1
What is learning?• “A relatively permanent change in an
organism’s behaviour due to experience”.
How do you learn?• Three different types:
i. Classical conditioningii. Operant conditioningiii. Social learning/Observational
learning
Classical conditioning• Experiment - Who would like
to get wet…? • Ivan Pavlov (1849 – 1936)• Originally studied how much
dogs salivated during digestion• Noticed that dogs started
salivating at the sight of food…• …so he started varying the
stimuli before feeding
Pavlov’s Dogs
Little Albert• John B. Watson (1878
– 1958)• Little Albert
experiment– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v
=Xt0ucxOrPQE
Little Albert• Before conditioning:
UCSUCR
(Fear)
Little Albert• Before conditioning:
Neutral stimulus No fear
Little Albert• During conditioning:
UCSNeutral stimulus UCR (Fear)
Little Albert• After conditioning:
CS CR (Fear)
Classical conditioning• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
WfZfMIHwSkU
Classical conditioning• What is an example of classical
conditioning? • For each example, name the
following: – US – unconditioned stimulus– UR – unconditioned response–Neutral stimulus– CS – conditioned stimulus– CR – conditioned response
Classical conditioning• Initial learning of the stimulus-
response relationship - Acquisition• How much time should elapse
between presenting the neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus?
Acquisition
Weak CR
Strong CR• The CR grows stronger as the CS and US are repeatedly paired
(CS + US)
Acquisition (CS + US)
Time
Classical conditioning• What happens if the CS occurs
repeatedly without the US?
Response diminishes when the CS no longer signals the US –
Extinction
Extinction
Weak CR
Strong CR
(CS + US)
Extinction (CS alone):CR weakens as the CS is presented alone
Acquisition: (CS + US)
Time
Classical conditioning• After a pause in time, the CS is
sounded again with the US. What happens?
-The CR reappears – Spontaneous recovery
-Extinction suppressed the CR, but did not eliminate it
Spontaneous Recovery
Weak CR
Strong CR
(CS + US)
2. Extinction (CS alone)
Time Pause
1. Acquisition: (CS + US)
3. Spontaneous recovery of CR 4. Extinction
(CS alone)
Classical conditioning• What do you think happened when
Pavlov used a slightly different sounding tone than the original CS? (i.e., a metronome vs. a buzzer)
Dogs still responded to the stimuli – Generalization
Generalization• Applications for generalization?– Human health and well-being – former
drug users– Toddlers fearing vehicles