The Olympic Games Origins of the Modern Olympic Movement Olympic-like Festivals Baron Pierre de...
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Transcript of The Olympic Games Origins of the Modern Olympic Movement Olympic-like Festivals Baron Pierre de...
The Olympic GamesThe Olympic Games
Origins of the Modern Origins of the Modern Olympic MovementOlympic Movement
Olympic-like FestivalsOlympic-like Festivals
Baron Pierre de CoubertinBaron Pierre de Coubertin
Olympic-like Festivals Olympic-like Festivals and Referencesand References
1. Olympic festivals in England, Scandinavia, 1. Olympic festivals in England, Scandinavia, Yugoslavia – W.P. BrooksYugoslavia – W.P. Brooks2. World’s Fairs2. World’s Fairs3. Montreal Olympic Festival – 18443. Montreal Olympic Festival – 18444. Scottish Highland Games4. Scottish Highland Games5. German and German American 5. German and German American TurnfestsTurnfests6. 196. 19thth Century Greek Olympics (Zappas) Century Greek Olympics (Zappas)7. World Fairs and Expositions7. World Fairs and Expositions8. Helmuth College Olympics – London, 8. Helmuth College Olympics – London, OntarioOntario
CoubertinCoubertinOtto von BismarkOtto von Bismark
EducationEducation
Travel – Britain, US, CanadaTravel – Britain, US, Canada
Thomas Hughes, Thomas Hughes, Tom Brown’s SchooldaysTom Brown’s Schooldays
Muscular ChristianityMuscular Christianity
““Whoever learns not to shrink from a football Whoever learns not to shrink from a football scrimmage will not retreat from the mouth of a scrimmage will not retreat from the mouth of a Prussian cannon.”Prussian cannon.”
Coubertin cont’dCoubertin cont’d
1894 Paris International Athletic 1894 Paris International Athletic CongressCongress
The Sorbonne, University of The Sorbonne, University of ParisParis
The Premise: Amateur SportThe Premise: Amateur Sport
Demetrius Demetrius VikelasVikelas
Athens, 1896Athens, 1896
Georges AveroffGeorges Averoff
Paris, 1900Paris, 1900Paris International ExpositionParis International Exposition
The Sabbath questionThe Sabbath question
George Orton: 2500m steeplechaseGeorge Orton: 2500m steeplechase
Alex and Dick Grant: St. Mary’s (Penn and Alex and Dick Grant: St. Mary’s (Penn and Harvard)Harvard)
Charlotte B. CooperCharlotte B. Cooper
St. Louis, 1904St. Louis, 1904Louisiana Purchase ExpositionLouisiana Purchase Exposition
Etienne DesmarteauEtienne Desmarteau
George S. LyonGeorge S. Lyon
Felix CarvajalFelix Carvajal
Fred Lorz - Thomas HicksFred Lorz - Thomas Hicks
The Interim Games - Athens The Interim Games - Athens 19061906
London 1908London 1908
Stockholm 1912Stockholm 1912
Antwerp 1920Antwerp 1920
Paris 1924Paris 1924
Winter and SummerWinter and Summer
Amsterdam 1928Amsterdam 1928
Women’s Participation at the Women’s Participation at the Olympic GamesOlympic Games
BackgroundBackground
Athletics – Track &FieldAthletics – Track &Field
Sigfrid EdstromSigfrid Edstrom
1914 IAAF1914 IAAF
Olympics as World Olympics as World championshipschampionships
On Women’s ParticipationOn Women’s Participation
Hosts and organizing committeesHosts and organizing committees
19121912
Women and the Olympic Women and the Olympic GamesGames
1. Men’s attitudes about women 1. Men’s attitudes about women and exercise: and exercise:
Medical; social; religious; Medical; social; religious; sexuality and fashionsexuality and fashion
2. IOC attitudes about women’s 2. IOC attitudes about women’s participationparticipation
Pierre de Coubertin 1912 ““We feel that the Olympic Games must We feel that the Olympic Games must
be reserved for men…We must continue be reserved for men…We must continue to try to achieve the following to try to achieve the following definition: the solemn and periodic definition: the solemn and periodic exaltation of male athleticism with exaltation of male athleticism with internationalism as its base, loyalty as a internationalism as its base, loyalty as a means art for its setting, and female means art for its setting, and female applause as reward.”applause as reward.”
Women as ritual ornaments –displays and ceremonies
Coubertin
Woman’s glory:
“through the number and quality of children she produced”
“encourage her sons to excel rather than to seek records for herself”
Sigfrid Edstrom – IAAFSigfrid Edstrom – IAAF
Alice Milliat
Federation Sportive Feminine Federation Sportive Feminine Internationale 1921Internationale 1921
Women’s Olympics – 1922Women’s Olympics – 1922
Control over women’s sport – Control over women’s sport – athleticsathletics
““Olympic”Olympic”
fashionfashion
Female Athletes:1. Looks2. Behaviour3. performance
Maxwell Stiles - Los Angeles Examiner(1932)“The Canadian girls are undoubtedly the prettiest and most wholesome looking group of girls who have arrived for the competition. They constitute a denial of the general idea that a woman athlete must be built like a baby grand piano and have a face like a hatchet. Their ages range from 16 to 21, and they are here to show the world that Canada has some splendid young women who are good-looking and who know how to conduct themselves.”
19281928
5 Track and Field Events5 Track and Field Events
Boycott – Britain – womenBoycott – Britain – women
The 800mThe 800m
Attempts in 1930 and 1931 to Attempts in 1930 and 1931 to expel women from the Olympicsexpel women from the Olympics
L-R: Bell, Cook, Smith,Rosenfeld
The Feminizing ProcessThe Feminizing Process
Control over women’s sport – Control over women’s sport – incorporationincorporation
Channeling Channeling
Appropriately feminine – grace, Appropriately feminine – grace, rhythm rhythm
Gender polaritiesGender polarities
Avery Brundage:
“I think women’s events should be confined to those appropriate for women - swimming, tennis, figure skating, and fencing, but certainly not shot-putting.”
Against the GrainAgainst the Grain
Edmonton Commercial Graduates Edmonton Commercial Graduates Basketball TeamBasketball Team
1915-19401915-1940
Coach, manager, promoter Coach, manager, promoter Percy PagePercy Page
Feeder system – juniors, boysFeeder system – juniors, boys
Regional, national, internationalRegional, national, international
A traveling women’s team?A traveling women’s team?
SingleSingle
No smokingNo smoking
No drinkingNo drinking
Fair playFair play
ChaperonesChaperones
dressdress
With the GrainWith the Grain
Feminized sportFeminized sport
Darlings, pixies, mermaidsDarlings, pixies, mermaids
Barbara Ann ScottWorld ChampionOlympic Champion