Monitoring urban policies

Andres Sanabria Presentation to Conference of Cities

| 4 October 2017

Monitoring

Data at right scale

Measuring right /

indicators

International comparability

Systematic process

Clear reporting

Keystones of monitoring

Data at right scale Administrative boundaries are not the answer

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The example of China: FUAs show more

Megacities and a different “top 20”

FUAs Statutory cities

City Population (millions) City Population (millions)

Shanghai 34.0 Shanghai 22.3

Guangzhou 25.0 Beijing 18.8

Beijing 24.9 Chongqing 15.7

Shenzhen 23.3 Tianjin 11.1

Wuhan 19.0 Guangzhou 11.1

Chengdu 18.1 Shenzhen 10.4

Chongqing 17.0 Wuhan 9.8

Tianjin 15.4 Dongguan 8.2

Hangzhou 13.4 Chengdu 7.4

Xian 12.9 Foshan 7.2

Changzhou 12.4 Nanjing 7.2

Shantou 12.0 Xian 6.5

Nanjing 11.7 Shenyang 6.3

Jinan 11.0 Hangzhou 6.2

Haerbin 10.5 Haerbin 5.9

Zhengzhou 9.7 Shantou 5.3

Qingdao 9.6 Jinan 4.3

Shenyang 7.7 Zhengzhou 4.3

Wenzhou 7.6 Changchun 4.2

Nanchang 7.4 Dalian 4.1

FUAs and statutory cities, 2010 – total population

Source: OECD (2015a), OECD Urban Policy Reviews: China 2015, OECD Publishing, Paris.

FUAs and statutory cities, 2010 – total population

Measuring without commuting data: Case of Casablanca: drive-time polygon of 43

minutes (estimated from the core size)

Measuring right 281 metro areas in OECD countries and 8 in

Colombia (other no-OECD countries in progress)

Interactive maps and data on metro areas http://measuringurban.oecd.org/

OECD Metropolitan Database: a tool for policy-making

- Population (level and growth)

- Population density

- Population by age

-Total Area

-Urbanised area (share and

change)

-Concentration of population in core

areas

- Sprawl index

- Local units

- Local units in core area

- Territorial fragmentation

- GDP (level and growth)

- GDP per capita and per worker

- Disposable income per equivalent

household

- Gini index

- Entropy-based segregation index

- Patents application

- Employment (level and change)

- Employment rate

- Labour force (level and change)

- Unempl. (level and change)

- Unempl. rate

- Participation rate

- Air pollution

- CO2 emissions per capita

- CO2 emissions from transport and

energy sector

Demographic Urban form Territorial organisation

Labour market/Social Environmental Economic and innovation

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Metropolitan database

(for those FUAs above 500 000 inhabitants)

Sound and comparable metrics to localise SDGs

www.oecdregionalwellbeing.org

All 392 OECD regions can be compared in terms of 11 dimensions that matter for people lives and that include quality of life and material conditions

SDGs OECD Database Indicators

Regional Income Distribution Database Poverty rate after taxes and transfers, poverty line 60% and 50%, poverty

rate before taxes and transfers, poverty line 60% and 50%;

Regional Database

Regional Well-being Database

Key data on sub-national government

Access to health (e.g. distance to the closest hospital)

Mortality and life expectancy at birth, share of people with unmet

medical needs

Subnational expenditure for health

Regional Database

Regional Well-being Database

Key data on subnational government

Educational attainment of the labour force

Student enrolment by level of education

Share of labour force with at least secondary education

Subnational expenditure for education

Regional Database

Population by age and gender

Death by age and gender

Labour market outcomes by gender

OECD Survey on Stakeholder Engagement in Water

Governance

OECD Survey on Water in Cities

Stakeholder engagement indicators

Inclusiveness and equity; clarity of goals transparency and

accountability; capacity and information; efficiency and effectiveness;

institutionalisation, structuring and integration; adaptiveness.

Water Governance in Cities

Share of population with access to: a) safe drinking water; b) sanitation;

c) waste water treatment. Share of water loss

Per capita domestic water consumption; number of employees 1000

connections; average price of drinking water for households.

Regional Database

Regional Well-being Database

Metropolitan Database

Key data on subnational governments

Regional economy

Regional GDP; Regional GVA by industry and per worker; Regional

employment by industry; Labour utilisation rate;

Regional well-being database

Regional income per equivalised household

Key data on subnational government

Subnational expenditures for economic affairs

Metropolitan Database

Air quality (exposure to PM 2.5)

Land consumption rate to the population growth rate

Household disposable income

Gini index for income inequality

Comparable metrics to localise SDGs OECD regional and urban indicators in relation to SDGs

Measuring at the very local level Yet life expectancy in Denmark is higher than OECD

average. It is not homogeneous within cities

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Differences across municipalities within the same city-region can go up to more than 5 years (Copenhagen)

Differences of life expectancy across municipalities within the same city-region

OECD (2016), Well-being in Danish Cities, OECD Publishing, Paris

Systematically

Reviews of cities and metropolitan regions

Conducted in collaboration with local governments (cities,

regions and other sub-national authorities) and central

governments

The OECD has applied its method for territorial reviews in over

25 cities and metropolitan regions

National-level Urban Policy Reviews

Assess the role of central government in both explicit and

implicit urban policies. Provides a comprehensive

assessment of a country’s urban policies as seen through

multiple lenses, including economic, social and

environmental perspective.

• Most people live in cities. Governments that ‘get cities right’ can improve overall well-being.

• Cities are also complex dynamic systems, in which the actions of households and firms, as well as the interactions among different strands of public policy, typically have large positive or negative spill-over effects on others.

• Cities affect national economic, environment and social outcomes.

Cities provide opportunities for higher levels of government to address these in a coherent, integrated way.

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National Urban Policy Framework

Density of settlement and activity implies greater policy complexity and greater need for policy co-ordination, particularly in periods of dynamic change.

Assessing NUP in OECD countries

Figure 1.2. Urbanisation and economic development

2013

Majority of OECD countries have the NUPs in the implementation stage (40%).

Among the countries with explicit NUP, 33% are in formulation stage with a similar proportion in the implementation process.

. National Urban Policies by stage of development in 35 OECD countries

Source: OECD (2017), National Urban Policy in OECD countries, OECD Publishing, Paris.

Climate resilience receives the weakest degree

of attention by NUPs in OECD.

Economic development is the most extensively covered sector by NUP in OECD countries. It receives strong attention by almost 55% of the countries.

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Economic

Development

Spatial Structure Environmental

sustainability

Human

Development

Climate resilience

Number of countries

Source: OECD (2017), National Urban Policy in OECD countries, OECD Publishing, Paris.

Areas with extensive scope in National Urban Policies

Large majority of OECD countries have a general

national planning authority to oversee NUPs.

The majority of OECD countries chose a participatory approach to develop a NUP, which involved a wide range of stakeholders in developing a NUP.

In most of the OECD countries, the implementation mechanism of NUPs is carried out through a process of national-local level coordination.

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10

15

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25

Specialised Urban

Agency

General National

Planning Authority

Sub-National Agency Not applicable

Number of countries

Source: OECD (2017), National Urban Policy in OECD countries, OECD Publishing, Paris.

Type of urban agency in 35 OECD countries

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