THE NUTRIENTS OF EVERY

ORGANISM

A nutrient is a chemical substance in food

that helps mantain the proper functioning

of any organism. We can divide them into

six categories.

water

59%

fat

20%

protein

13%

vitamins and

minerals

7%

carbohydrates

1%

water

fat

protein

vitamins and minerals

carbohydrates

-nutritional value is the amount of nutrients

in food products, expressed in g / 100g of

the product

-food energy- the amount of chemical

energy that animals (including humans)

can get from food in the process of cellular

respiration

1kcal=4,184kJ

GDA- Guideline Daily Amounts

it refears to the amount of kcal and nutrients

contained in one portion of the product

PROTEINS

-protein is essential for growth and repair and keeping cells healthy

-protein is made up of building blocks called amino acids;

different foods contain different amounts and different combinations of amino acids.

-animal sources contain the full range of essential amino

acids needed by the body -plant sources typically contain fewer essential amino acids -proteins consists of: C, O, N, H, S, P

SOURCES OF PROTEIN

Animal: • meat • fish • eggs • milk • cheese

Plant: • nuts • seeds • pulses, e.g. beans, lentils • soya products.

XANTOPROTEIC REACTION

• xanthoproteic reaction is a method that

can be used to determine the presence

of proteins in products, using

concentrated nitric acid (HNO3)

• the test gives a positive result in amino

acids carrying aromatic groups, especially

in the presence of tyrosine

-positive result of the reaction:

The protein tints to yellow

tyrosine

BIURET REACTION

-the biuret test is a chemical

test used for detecting the

presence of peptide bonds

(proteins). In the presence of

peptides, a hydroxide

copper(II) Cu(OH)2

ion forms mauve (purple)

colored coordination

complexes

FATS

-fat is made up of different types of fatty

acids and glycerol

-high intakes of saturated fat may raise

blood cholesterol and increase the risk of

heart disease and stroke

• Fats in many organisms undergo

hydrolisys; fats fall apart to glycerol and

fatty aicids with using water and enzymes

• Fatty acids undergo oxydation, in which

proces we get water (H2O ), carbon dioxide

(CO2) and ATP

• Fats also have an insulating function- they

protect organisms from loss of energy and

water

ACROLEIN TEST

• When you want to separate oily substance

from fat you need to do the acrolein test

• You heat both substances and the one

which produces fumes (acrolein) is fat

CARBOHYDRATES

-all types of carbohydrate are compounds of

carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

-mostly common in usage is sucrose

obtained from betroots and sugar cane

-starch occurs mainly in potatoes and grains

disaccharides undergo hydrolises

saccharose= glucose+fructose

maltose= 2x glucose

Lactose= glucose+galactose

Celobiose= 2x glucose

DETECTION OF STARCH

• We use iodine or Lugola liquid to detect

starch in products

TROMMER’S TEST

• detection of glucose

• We pour copper suflate into sodium

hydroxide (we get copper hydroxide) and

add glucose solution

• We get copper oxide (I)

TOLLEN’S TEST

• used to determine the presence

of aldehyde, aromatic aldehyde

• Tollens’ reagent oxidizes an aldehyde into

the corresponding carboxylic acid

• the reduction of silver ions in Tollens’

reagent turn into metallic silver

WATER

• the main ingredient of the body

• transport function

• Excreted in the form of sweat and urine

VITAMINS

• Unlike carbohydrates, fats and proteins,

• vitamins DO NOT provide energy(calories)

• Functions in the body:

• Help regulate the many chemical processes in the body

• There are 13 different vitamins needed for the proper functioning of the body every day.

• Food sources:

• Fruits, vegetables, milk, whole-grain breads

Fat soluble vitamins:

Vitamins A, D, E, K

Require fat for the stoach to allow them to be

carried into the blood stream for use (absorption)

Can be stored in the body for later use

Water soluble vitamins

Vitamins C and B-complex

Require water for absorption

Easily absorbed and passed through the body as waste

MINERALS

Functions in the body:

The body depends on minerals for practically every process necessary for life.

Minerals make up to 4% of the body

The body requires 16 minerals daily.

Food sources:

Meats, beans, nuts, fruits,

vegetables, dairy products and grains

MINERALS- FUNCTIONS IN THE

BODY

Calcium – bones, teeth

Phosphorus – bones, teeth, nervous system

Magnesium – healthy immune system, heart

beat , muscles

Sodium – helps maintain right balance of fluids,

helps transmit nerve impulses

Potassium – helps lower blood pressure

Iron – helps make hemoglobin in red blood cells

NUTRIENT DEFICIENCY

A nutritional deficiency occurs when your body doesn't get enough nutrients

Symptoms: At first we can experience: tiredness, difficulty

sleeping or concentrating, frequent colds, and weight loss or gains

However, if the deficiency is not corrected the symptoms may get more serious and effect the skin, eyes and bones

The best way to avoid this is to eat a well balanced diet

Thank you for your attention

Kasia Kwiatkowska

Michał Smith