The numismatic history of late medieval North Africa / by Harry W. Hazard
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CH I STO R Y
E V A NO R TH A R I CA
A R D
D I E S
NNU M SMAT CSO C E T
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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8/12/2019 The numismatic history of late medieval North Africa / by Harry W. Hazard
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NT NTS
: L ateMedieva lNorthA f rica9
nSpain11
ns3&
entation45
ages( withChronologicalL istsandGenealogicalCharts :
ca50
rica52
nA lgeria5&
ca57
8
asternA lgeria6 9
lgeria75
4
5
ca86
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ateMedievalNorthAfrica
9 7
39143
59
2 1 2
1 9 3
7 0 2 29
231
- 8 7 2 3 4
trum8 8 8 -105 23
1 2 3
272
273
75
5 2 0
-11 02 1
9 2 2
1712 3
42 4
y:
yw ithK ey toA bbrev iations2 6
y :
rs325
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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thets3 0
ns3 5
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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asusedinthis study signifiestheregionboundedonthenorth
onthew estby theA tlanticOcean onthesouthby theSahara
by thedesertandbaywhichseparateCyrenaicafromTripolitania.
deofthis regionasinglegeographicandhistoricalunit are
apter.P ortionsofSpainruledby NorthAfricanMoslemsarealso
onofsuchrule.
ommencesinthemiddleof theeleventhChristiancentury
aendarof theMoslems w hentheZ 1ridsofTunisiabegantoestablish
atim idsofE gypt aneventw hich w iththeconse uentsecond
dthe simultaneousriseoftheMurabitsin Morocco marksa
historyof NorthAfrica.Theperiodterminatesatdifferenttimes
turyw iththedef initiveOttomancon uesto fA lgeria Tunisia and
arifianvictoryovertheW attasidsinMorocco.
thisareaduringthosefive centuriesonehasfourtypesof
chistoriansandgeographers inscriptionsonbuildingsand
ndotherarchiva lmaterial andco ins. I have overaperiodofsevera l
cessiblesourcesineachof thesecategories theyare listedinthe
wthecorpusofcoins.
pectsofnumismatichistory havechosentostressthepolit ical
isnow somewhatoutoffashion butwhichmustestablishthe
hichmoreelaborateandspeciali edhistoriesmaybebased.The
esocia lhistorian thehistoriansofartandof re ligion mayeach
thatI havenottreatedhisspecia laspecte haustive ly I canonly
rspacenorcompetencetodoso butthatI haveprov idedfull
mtoattackhis favoriteproblemwithaminimumofpreliminary
redtoaccomplishistocompilea definitivecorpusofthe coins
rrelatethemwithevidencesuppliedby theArabicchroniclersand
nddocuments.O neresultofthis approachistheestablishment
edattheheadof eachchapteronthecoinageof individualdynasties
reaccurate andbetterdocumentedthananynowavailable.I
heticalmethodofindicating thesourceofeachnameand date I
cumbersomeormoreattractivewayofsupplyinge uivalent
thatonlyarelativelysmallproportionof thecoinsstruckin
alusiabyAfricanrulers duringthelatemedievalperiodhave
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ateMedievalNorthAfrica
tvicissitudes.R elativelyfewofthesurvivingcoinscan have
manyoncepublishedhavesincebeen dispersedorbecomeinaccessible
ctionsatMadrid J ena andL eningrad. F orassistance incom-
ofpublishedcoins I gratefullyacknowledgemydebttothe
otesandproofsfortherev isededit ionofD r. L eoA . Mayer s
ctionstopublishedsourcesI e pressmythankstoD r. GeorgGalster
C openhagen toD r. J . G. Milneof theA shmoleanMuseumin
F a r ru g ia d e Ca n di a o f Tu n is t o D r . J o h n W a lk er o f t he B r i t i sh M u se u m
ganiero fL isbon andtoDr. GeorgeC. Milesof theA merican
emendationsoncoinsintheB iblio the ueNationa le . F or
edco insI amdeeply indebtedtoMr. Milne M. F arrugiadeC andia
d D r . M il e s ( f o r c o in a t Y a l e , a n d to P r o f. D r . P a u l B a l og o f C ai r o t o
andespecia lly toMr. Phil ipThorburnofC ranle ighinSurrey . I a lso
andforpermissiontodescribetwocoins intheMetropolitanMuseum
shedsources andtotheunpublishedonesj ustnoted I have
ollections ofwhichtherelevantcoinsare herepublishedforthe
ectionof theH ispanicSocietyofAmerica formedbyMr.Archer
ndepositatthe AmericanNumismaticSociety hasproved
nd Muwahhidissues.ThecollectionoftheAmericanNumis-
theUniversity ( o fP ennsy lvania Museum a lsocurrentlyatthe
havelikewisebeenofgreatinterest.F ortheresearchfellowship
thesethree collectionsunderoneroofoveran e tendedperiod
kstotheAmericanNumismaticSociety somanyofwhoseofficers
enerouslyassistedme.
dgethecontributionmadebyMr. D eV ereB ak er photographer
ticSociety inmakingthephotographiccopyfortheplates
yneof the J . J . A ugustinprintingplantindraf t ingthemapof
udy w ithoutcorpusorindices w asacceptedbyPrinceton
mentofthe re uirementsforthedoctoraldegreeinO riental
tures.Thepresentvolumehasbeendrasticallyrevisedandcom-
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
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B AC G R O U N D :
A NO R TH A R I CA
fricais ageographicunitwhosenaturalisolationby
rshasledtoan unusuallypersistenthistoricalisolation.The
uthhaveprovenfarmoreeffectivedeterrentstomilitaryand
antheseatothe north theoceanonthewest wasnotopenedas
uguesee pansionof thesi teenthcentury .
slamintheseventhcenturythis regionwasdividedbetween
mpire w hichhadretak enthefortif iedcoasta lcit iesf romtheV andals
ohe ldthe interior. TheA rabcon uesto fNorthA f ricaw asslow and
pidsuccessesinE gyptandSy ria butby theendof theseventh
mplete . Duringthene tf ivedecadesundertheUmayyad
ereligionof I slamandtheA rabiclanguagespreaduncheck ed and
gentsofthe' Abbasidswasnotdifficult.
mayyadscion theunrestoftheB erbers andthedistance
rthAfricaatroublesomeprovince.Moroccobrokeawayin7 9
sids w hile in8ooTunisiaandad acentlandsbecamesemi- independent
rnorshipoftheAghlabids.All easternbondswereseveredin909
midsse i edpow er the ircon uesto fEgyptin9 9andthetransfero f
leftNorthAfricaa powervacuum.
047 whenthelatemedievalperiodcoveredinthis studymay
ence MoroccowasdisputedamongB erberchieftains withsome
oslems thoughonlyCeutaremainedunderAndalusiancontrol
sternAlgeriawasalsodominatedbyB erberleaders whileeastern
dsince1014by theH ammadiddynastyofSanha ahB erbersand
aF atimiddependencyundertheirloyalZ iridgovernors.
deCeutahade pelleditsH ammudidmastersandcomeunder
rberrule therestofMoroccowas rapidlybeingbroughtunderthe
sect theMurabits w hose leadersw ereveiledL amtunahB erbers
ahadrebelledagainsttheF atimidsandbecomeindependentand
Z irids andhadbeenpunishedbya devastatinginvasionof
t theB anu-Hila landtheB anii-Sulaym.
arly acentury.TheMurabitscon ueredallofMoroccoas
thew esternSahara andA ndalusia rulinguntil1147. TheHamma-
battack he ldmostofeasternA lgeriauntil1152. TheZ irids penned
ports turnedtocommerceandpiracy whenNormansfrom
chyieldedthemcontrolof severalportsuntil11 0.
urabits H ammadids andSicilians aswellasoverthe
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ateMedievalNorthAfrica
pettyprincelingsof AndalusiaandTunisia weretheMuwahhids
umiyahB erbersf romtheH ighA tlas w hoestablishedanempire
atotheAtlantic andincludingallofMoslemSpain.Their sway
ury andendedin12 9w iththefallo fMarrak esh the irempire
amongsmallerbutmoreenduringsuccessordynastiesofless
ndependenceundertherivalH iididandNasridfamilies each
rolledthepartof NorthAfricaaroundCeuta.P ressureofChristian
ucedtheMoslemholdings andfinallyeliminatedthemwiththe
92.
f thecon uerorsof theMuwahhids theMariniddynastyof
w how erereplacedin14 5by theZ anatahWattasids w ho inturnlost
heP ortugueseandthe' AlidSharifs.TheSharifianvictoryin
stmarkedthebeginningof themodernperiodinMorocco.
heZ iyanids anotherZ anatahB erberfamily w horuledat
sandotherinterruptionsuntiltheO ttomancon uestn155 .
nisia andTripo litania formedthedomainof theMasmiidahB erber
efulandprosperousstatesurv ivedF rench Spanish andI ta lian
invasions butfe ll in1574totheOttomanTurk s.
fO ttomanhegemonyoverAlgeriaandTunisiathemodern
orycommenced sothatthelate medievalperiodcoveredby
s independentSunniteB erberepoch betweentheearlymedieval
d F a t im i ds A r ab s a n d fo r ei g ne r s ( U m a yy a ds ' A b ba s id s S p an i sh
iidids andEgyptianF attim ids , ontheonehand andthemodern
coandtheO ttomanTurksontheother. Stil l later o fcourse
minatedthewholeofNorthAfrica withF rencheffortsbeingmost
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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A R I CA AND I N S A N
themintsdiscussedinthischapterarediv idedbycontinents.
rst listedinstrictArabic alphabeticalorder sothatnames
ticleal- aregroupedtogetherbetweenAghmatandB i ayah.
larlylistedinstrict Arabicalphabeticalorder commencewith
followedbynotesonco insw ithil legiblemints m intlessco ins and
townsare indicatedonthemap.
tcameinto prominence bothasatownand asamint ata
romonelate Muwahhiddoubledinar( 514 andoneearly
9 — ne itherof thembeyondq uestion— itsappearance islim itedtoa
turyMarinidgold noteworthychieflyforvariantspellingsof the
a l -Z a m w ar A a m wa r a n d A a m mu .
ancenterbetweenmountainanddesertappearse clusively
se istfora lmosteveryyearf rom4 6 to540e ceptthedecade51
523isk now n. Thesignif icance if any o f thishiatusisnotref lected
* ) l
e finitearticleonlyonas uareMuw ahhiddirhem( 1091 .
is m i nt s e e J a a i r .
* S
ebeen struckatthiswesternTunisianoasis isaH afsid
discoveredanddiscussedbyF arrugiadeC andia .
nis w astheZ iridcapita lbeforethee leventh-centuryA rab
onal-Mu i z ' sSunnitego ld( 3-11 betw een441and44 w iththe
C ityof thepowerof I slam .
a irouan theZ 1rida l-Mu i z f ledtothestrongly fort ifiedTunisian
unnitedinars( 12a 13 hada lreadybeenstruck forhim in44 and
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ateMedievalNorthAfrica
mimmintedSh1 itedinarsthere(15-23 between449and459. See
eforB ougieissaidby I bn- halduntooccuras themint
ck by the lastHammadidrulerin543 nosurv iv ingspecimensofw hich
tportineasternA lgeria appearsinitsusua lformonearly
w ahhidorHafsidsilver( 10 5 , onmuchH afsidgold— ref lecting
usasaprov incialcapital andonMarinidgo ld( 759 7 9 77 )
asions.
lA lgeria appearsonlyonasingleHafsiddoubledinar( 6 11 ,
edonbyF arrugiadeCandia.
t ^ .
nametoacentralMoroccanmarkettownwhichserved asa
1 3 ( 1 8 ) .
yanduringhisrebe llionagainsttheMuw ahhidsin559issa idby
vecoinedgold( 499 inthisnorthMoroccanfortresstow n butit is
nameappearedonthecoin nospecimensofwhichare knownto
ilmasahinsouthernMoroccoissaid toappearonasingle
butthismustbeconsideredunlik ely . Thetransliteratedform
ah isanincorrectrendit ionof theunpointedA rabic.
isreportedasthemint forasingleMariniddouble dinar( 8 1 )
snotspecifytheArabic spellingandwhosereadingsmustalwaysbe
astiesastheirchiefmint inwesternAlgeria:Murabits
andMarinids( thetw olast-namedduringrecurrentcon uests , asw ell
secapitalitwasandalmost allofwhosescarcecoins werestruckthere
hreecenturies.
s foundonasingleH afsiddoubledinar( 6 40 andona
.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
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nSpain
fTo eur likeitsneighborsal-H ammahandB iskra is
dgo ldpiece( 6 2 ) reportedbyF arrugiadeCandia.
rsasminton afewMuwahhidandMarinidcoinsand several
silver andcopper inaddition itw asa lmostcerta inly theunnamed
afsidgold.
-
ofI bn-Tumart sMuwahhidsectissaid byB eltoappearas
ahal onafew specimensofas uareMuw ahhiddirhem( 10 9 , but
estion.
his pirates havenofftheTunisiancoastis as uare
hem( 1090 .
f in i te a r ti c le w a s an o u tl y in g m in t f or H a f s i d ( 5 4 9 6 3 7 6 3 ) ,
a nd M ar i ni d ( 7 3 g ol d. S ee a ls o al - a a i r.
ccoasto fnorthernMorocco w asasubsidiaryMuw ahhidmint
lv e r ( 1 0 7 , 1 0 9 2 .
a ltar changedhandsf re uentlyduringthe latemedievalperiod
mmudidsilverandcopper Murabitgo ldandsilver Muw ahhid
silver Hafsidgo ld Marinidgo ldandsilver andNasridgo ld.
themanycoinsstruckat Ceutabyrebelsandindependent
e B a r g ha w at a h Sa a u t an d h is s o n ( 8 8 0 - 8 6 , 1 1 57 - 11 0 , t h e la s t
a l-Sahraw i( 443 , Muw ahhidpartisans( 1057-10 1 andrebels
H u d i d a ge n ts ( 5 4 0 1 1 1 7 -1 1 20 , l o ca l s ha y kh s ( 5 4 1 1 1 2 1 , a H a f s i d go v er n or
i nt r ud e rs ( 8 6 8 1 1 53 m an y o f th e se d o n ot b e ar t h e mi n t na m e.
- .
cancitywasthe strongholdoftheearlyMurabitsanda
entsunderlaterdynasties.Analmost completesetofMurabit
edMuwahhidgoldandsilver anoddMuwahhid-styledinar( 554
iasaH afsidvassa l andaconsiderablequantityofMarinidgo ldand
t isaZ iridmintontw oe ceptiona ldinarsreportedbyF arrugia
.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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fL ateMedievalNorthAfrica
innorthernMorocco isfoundonone Murabitdinar( 1 3 ,
454 455 , andoneMariniddoubledinar( 7 9 , suggestingaslight
mportance.
timidnameal-MansuriyahtotheoriginalSabrahwasthefirst
ngoftheZ iridrevolt furnishingthearbitrarystartingdatefor
thisTunisiansuburbofKa irouanonlyondinars( 1 2 dated439
dardF atimidmint Sy rianratherthanL ibyanTripo liw as
sosuchco insaree cluded. TheonlyNorthA fricanco insstruck
eahandfulofH afsidgoldpieces.Nocoinsare knownforthe
eencompletelyovershadowedbyCeuta occurringonlyon
4 .
drisidtimesoneof themostimportantcit iesofMorocco andthis
s useasminton anearlycompleteseriesofMurabitdinars
era lMuwahhidcoinsofgo ld silver andcopper anda largeq uantity
onalsilver.Manymintless MuwahhidandMarinidcoinswere
.
outhTunisianport w asidentif iedonasingle J ami iddinar
ivesandconfirmedonaclearerspecimeninthisstudy .
asternAlgeria appearsasaprovincialcapitalona small
dinars includingoneofanindependentprinceling( 6 01 .
ernTunisia occursintermittentlyasaperiphera lHafsidmint
5 6 1 9 6 2 0 .
j >
e thesupremacyofMorocco andconse uently isfoundon
nars severa lMuwahhidgoldandsilverpieces andaq uantityof
mustbeaddedthe bulkofmintlessMuwahhidandMarinidgold.
w asovershadow edby itsne ighbor be ingreportedonscattered
9 0 7 a n d M uw a hh i d go l d ( 4 4 4 5 a n d si l ve r ( 1 0 99 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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nSpain
finitearticleis reportedonasingleH afsiddinar( 6 21 by
al-Mahd1yah.
adiNuninsouthernMoroccoappearsin thisformbetween
nars.
by addingtheclan-nameofthelocal B erbers occurring
oftheMurabits toananonymousdinar( 444 dated542.
amemayoccuronMuw ahhidgo ld(490 andsilver( 1100 , butit
r.
eamofMurabitdinarsf rom4 9to541e ceptforthedecades
withoccasionalsilver.TheearliestMuwahhidsmintedgoldand
tbefore itsrecon uestbyCastileadoubledinar( 555 w asstruck forthe
iscousinandrepresentativethere .
asusedinstead ofGharnatahonaq uantityofMurabit
pper struckbetween504and527 andondinarsdated540
w henitw asoneof thefew Spanishtow nsstil lunderMurabitcontro1.
l
dinars( 230-233 f rom507to509.
i
o fY iisuf dated49 , isascribedbyColsontoA lcantara w ith
ecified.
st prolificMurabitmintsinSpain beingrepresentedin492
rom50 to539byarichseriesofdinars w ithsevera lvarietiesper
nyspecimensine cellentconditionoftypicalissues.
a lenciastruck Murabitdinars andadirhem( 947 in503 no
tothisminte ceptas uareMuw ahhiddirhem( 1107 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ryofL ateMedievalNorthA f rica
inardated497f romB ae a( 10 ) , anotherw iseunrecorded
lverforMurabitsand earlyMuwahhids andasingleMu-
Murabitdinarsf rom495to504 andonas uareMuw ahhid
tonlyonavery few Murabitdirhems( 94 , 949 11 2 ,
ateandlostearly.
ego ld( 10 ) andsilver( 900 901 fortheMurabitY iisuf ibn-
itdinarsstruck betw een4 9and5oo.
e r e : M u ra b it ( 9 5 0 a n d Mu w ah h id ( 1 1 10 .
-
orGranada thoughlesspopularwiththeMurabitsthan
ngo ld silver andcopper includingapost-downfa lldinar( 445 o f
545.Thisspellingalsoappearson s uareMuwahhiddirhemsand
) struck by I bn-a l-A hmarasaH afsidvassa l.
bitgo ldandsilverf rom4 to507. I n540and541the
mmadstruck Murabitgo ld( 441 442 andsilver( 103 , 1052 there
name thenfo llow edI bn-Ghaniyah s542dinar(44 ) . C ordova
sbrief lyasamintforgo ld( 472 andsilver( 1112 .
J aZ
aramayoccuron thedinar( 115 reportedbyColson
asingleMurabitdirhem( 9 6 ) dated50 .
no n a M ur a bi t d in a r ( 2 5 d a te d 5 11 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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nSpain
ew Murabitdinarsbetw een494and50 aMurabitq irat
meMuw ahhidsilver. Muw ahhidgo ldreportedforMalagabyP rietoyV ives
lybyas uareMuw ahhiddirhem( 1114 .
wasstruckatMurciafrom 501to512 andbothMurabit
eworthyareanonymousdirhems(9 8 , 9 9 dated502and503
m( 1074 inthenameof ' A bd-al-Mu min thoughMurciaw asnot
ntilnineyearsafter hisdeath.
y
ca o c cu r s on l y on a s u a re M u wa h hi d d ir h em ( 1 1 1 ) .
havemintnameswhichareillegibleeitherby clipping by
ar orbyobscurereproduction. Theseco insare listedinthe inde ,
structedofthe mintnameisgivenundereach suchcoin s
avenomintinscription andonlyrarelyhasan effortbeen
efinitetowns.The bulkofMurabitsilveris mintless probably
ousmints chieflyinSpain.Mostof themintlessMuwahhidand
struckatMarrakushand F as buttheplentifulmintlesssilver
includingE uropeanimitators.H afsidmintlessgoldandsilver
eflyat Tunis andH udidNorthAfricanissuesat Sabtah.No
whichthemintw asnamedoromitted e ceptthatitw asa lmost
bitgold.
s
pteronconventionalinscriptionsfor al-mahrusah hadr
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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oins underconsiderationtranscendthepurelyhumanand
ordivinelyinspiredleaders secondonlytoMuhammad( and' Ali
htit lesincludek ha lif a tA llah imamal-ummah andimamuna.
ly totheMahdi Muhammadibn-T iimart by theMuwahhids
flyonthe irgo ld.
y:appliedtotheMahdi bytheMuwahhidsandtheH afsids
dtothe ' A bbasidca liphonH udidgo ld( 541 .
heMahdiby theMuwahhidsandtheHafsids chie flyonthe ir
sdca liphonH udidsilver( 1117-1120 , andtohimselfbyMuw ahhid10
-imam andamiral-mu mininwerestrictlylimitedtorulers
wereoftenusedconsecutivelyto stressvariousaspectsofthe
dbytheMuwahhidsfortheirfirst ruler ' Abd-al-Mu min
M 1 ; a p pl i ed t o t he ' A b ba s id c a li p h by t h e H u d id s ( 5 4 0 5 4 1 1 1 21 .
atimidMa addbyhisZ iridvassals tothe' Abbasidsby
ammadid Murabit andHudidvassa ls to themselvesby theHammu-
su era inby the irB arghaw attahgovernors to ' A bd-al-Mu minby
ditionalMuw ahhidsonthemedal( M1 andtounspecif iedpersonsby
4 4 a 1 0 5 - 1 0 1 .
oc. ^ ll
ers:appliede actlyasal-imam andusuallytogetherwithit
hhids mostof theH afsids— including15B , w hohadnorightto
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ar in id s 12 ( a l w ay s , 2 4 ( r a re ly : 8 3 9 8 5 3 , a nd 2 ( o nc e: 8 6 7 ; a tt ri bu te d
t o Z i y a ni d 5 ( 6 4 6 4 9 a p pl i ed t o t he O t t o m an s b y th e ir Z i y a n id
1 .
ayn al-khalifataynal-rashidayn andamirayal-mu minin
indicatedescentfrom twocaliphs.
i
donly tothefirsttwo Muwahhids.
idayniX -uQ locii^
aliphs:misappliedtothefirstthree Muwahhidsonahybrid
0 ll ^ I
hebelievers: appliedonly tothef irsttw oMuwahhids( 511 .
ormsweresimilarlyusedafteribn- toindicatedescentfrom
of tenuntruthfully .
yononeco in( 512 inreferencetothreeandtofourMuw ahhids.
dina->^ l
s:usedcorrectlybytheearly Muwahhidsinreferencetothree
incorrectlyby10inreferencetoonly tw o. F re uentlymisused
raseisalso foundontwocoinsdubiouslyascribedto Z iyanid5
a n d on o n e H u d id d o ub l e di n ar ( 5 4 0 i n r ef e re n ce t o t he ' A b ba s id s .
nin00. ^ ll. ly
ndersof thebelievers: usedcorrectlyonafew co insinreferenceto
ds.
asbeenappropriatelydesignatedsub-caliphalbyvan
studyof occidentaltitles noothertitlefallsinto thiscategory.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ateMedievalNorthAfrica
A ll
ms:usedbythelaterMurabitsbut neverbyY flsuf despite
theMurabitpartisanY ahyaal-Sahraw i( 443 , bymostof theZ iya-
nidse cept12 andsevera lo f theWattasids. Noteworthyarea
assigningthistitle toY usuf andaMariniddoubledinar(793 w here it
hohadnovalidclaimto it.
eredroyalinclude al-malik sultanoral-suhSan andal-
afsid21( 6 37 6 3 ) andMarinid13( 7 7 .
ateH afsid27onhissilver( 1130 1132 .
me lateH afsidonhissilver( 1124-1129 andbyhispredeces-
) a n d 2 ( 6 4 4 o n th ei r go ld .
V | ^ V l
usedbyMuwahhids1Aand2 asheirs andby2before
it ion usedbyHafsids1and4ineschew ingca liphship andby2
vingcaliphalrank.
ndicate non-royalancestors heirs orindependentprinces
derule thesemaybetermedprince ly andincludea l-amir a l-
a l- sayy id andsayy idina .
alltheearly Murabitse clusivelyandbythelaterones for
nlim itedspace. Usedw hilehe irbyHammudid9( 8 72- 74 and
t at i ve a s i nd e pe n de n t pr i nc e b y Z i r id 8 A ( 2 4 a , H a m m ad i d 9 ( 2 5 ,
1 0 7 7 , H a f si d 6 A ( 5 74 -5 7 ) , H a fs id 1 2 ( 5 9 4 , a nd N as ri d 8 ( 8 6 8 ) ; f or
5 3 ) a n d H a f si d s ( 5 5 7 - 5 1 6 0 3 6 0 9 .
l
nder:usedonlybyMuwahhid12 inreferencetoanon-royal
M 1 .
donlybyMuw ahhid13inreferencetonon- roya lancestors( 537 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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inid 20Aasindependentprince( 8 31 8 32 .
yMuw ahhids12(M1 and13( 53 ) inreferencetonon- roya l
andsayyidaynawereusedfollowingibn-toindicate
» V l
appliedonlytothe firsttwoMuwahhidsasacontractionof
5 0 3 .
edonly tothef irsttw oMuwahhids( M1 .
ra l
andal-umara al-rashidinwerelikewiseusedafteribn-to
ethantwoprinces.
pliedonly tothef irst3Muwahhids( 1075: tentative .
i di n J . - U l l . l
manders: usedof thef irst3Muw ahhids( 107 , 1077 , andcon-
walial- ahd wali' ahdihi andal-ha ib— wasreserved
edheirs.
l J )
id i d 9 ( 8 7 5 - 7 9 , M u ra b it 4 ( 1 0 17 , a n d Mu wa h hi d 4 ( 1 0 75 :
c J }
a bi t s 3 3 A 4 a n d 5.
ammudids9B and 9C( 8 8 7 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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S
ropernamesastheyappearon thecoinscanbe groupedinto
rsona lnames( A rabicsingularism manyof themKoranic
names othersordinaryArabicsubstantives.Therearesuchnames
erof seldomindicatingactualrelationship.Therearebothsuch
sonof indicatingdirectsonshipandarbitrarilydifferentiatedin
indicatingmoreremotek inship a formw hichneverappears
n-andabu- arebothtermedkunyahinArabic.And there
usua lly inthenisbahformal- A bbasiorthe I bn- ( plural
groupistreatedbrie f ly inA rabica lphabetica lorder w ithnames
redandotherslettered.
5 H afsids4 1 . Notonco ins( hereaf terabbrev iatedto
a f s i d 12 B ; M a ri n id 1 4 .
Murabit1 H afsid10. D espite itscomposit ionthisisapersona l
f irstca liph. N.o . c.: H afsid9 Marinid4.
7 27 Z iyanid/ 9 Marinid20 Waf tasid4. N.o . c.: H udid1A
e , 1 4 Z i y an id s 24 2 .
Muw ahhid8. N. o . c. : Muw ahhid13.
rid8 .O cc rsoncoinsas epithet.
A.O ccursalsoasepithet.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ofL ateMedievalNorthAfrica
A ND A D D E N D A
d
rtical
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-numismatic-history-of-late-medieval-north-africa-by-harry-w-hazard 26/482 C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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U S I N D E X
s45and47
ptionon ofe ceptmintmark:
ntaloneonof:
1 01 2 1 01 3 1 02 4- 10 2 , 1 02 , 1 04 9 1 05 o a ls o 1Q 6 4 ( M uw ah hi d
:
9 9 34 9 3 , 9 37 9 44 -9 4 . 9 9 .9 9o .9 95 .1 01 0 1 0 13 1 01 , 1 01 b 1 03 1
ng:
2 47 49 54 6 3 72 94 97 129 170 217 219 221 230 25 , 2 73 340
4 3 , 4 9 .4 90 .5 o , 5 13 5 1 , 5 30 6 0 9 6 1 3 6 3 , 6 6 7 7 15
11 8 17 8 2 , H 3 H 4
:
, 6 22 6 2 3 6 2 4 6 2 9 6 3 0 6 3 4 6 4 2 704-70 , 7 09 740 8 0 4 H 1-H 1 4
1 1 57 - 11 7 1
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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1
ds7 10.
d1 .O ccursoncoinsas epithet.
9B .
mmadid8 .
4( assumedname , 15.
madid2.
c:Zirid 4.
. l l
N.o.c.:' Abbasid3 ; H ammadid6 .O ccursoncoinsas epithet.
mmadid5.
.
4.
nid15.
9
.c: H afsid1 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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fL ateMedievalNorthAfrica
N. o. c. : Hafsid24.
ameintiny letters( 904 1017 .
g C.
o n Z i y an i ds 2 2 7 : 6 7 0 6 7 1 . N .o . c: M a ri n id 9 .
nid8.
J * ) l j ^ c
d2 .N.o.c:Marinid/.
i j u c
N.o.c.:Marinid1 .
an o > - J \ j ^
afsid15A Z iyanids5 9 15 Marinid20A . N.o . c:
- lc
a f sid19 Marinids1 , 24. N. o. c: Hafsid5.
u c
ds13 2 ; Marinid25. N.o . c: ' A bbasid37 Muw ahhids7 7A .
s epithet.
y \ j u >
Muwahhid1( on1-13 H afsid1 ; Marinid17A . N.o . c:
u l l f a- c
ahhid10( on10 11 ; Z iyanid17. N. o. c: Muwahhid6;
2 1 M ar i ni d s 10 2 . N . o. c : Z i y an i ds 2 6 ; M a ri n id 2 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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H afsid20A W attasid3. N. o. c. : Z irid7 Muw ahhid11
13. N. o. c: Marinids5 10A .
erormint-master( 933 .
ammadid3.
mu di d 9 M uw ah hi ds 1 A 4 ( o n 4 5 8 , 9 ; H a f si ds 2 7 1 2 1 5B ,
y an id s 12 1 4 2 0 2 7 M a r in id s 13 1 7 1 9 2 2 N a s ri d 8 ; W a t ta si ds 1 2 .
M uw ah hi d o H u d i d1 H a f si ds 1 2A 2 ; Z i y an id s 3 8 A 1 , 2 2 2 3
2 7 N a sr i d / W a t t as i d 5.
y
o n Z i r i ds 4 5 : 1 5- 2 3 .
; Marinid21. N. o. c. : Z iyanid25.
t6 C.
e( 21 -221 339-343 .
M u ra b it 6 A M u wa h hi d 9 H a f s i ds 1 3 . N .o . c: Z i r i d 6 ; M u ra b it
2 2.
n 3- 5 8 , 9 ; M ar in id 6 .
l _/ u _
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ryofL ateMedievalNorthA f rica
u w ah h id s 2 ( o n 2 -5 8 , 9 1 2 1 3 H a f s i d 1 , 5 . N . o .c . : Z i y an i d 11
N. o. c. ( ismunknow n : Murabit6 D .
uggestedbythisformis usuallyarbitrary certaincombin-
antly asindicated regardlessof theactualnamesofaman s
lessness.Theseweresoinvariablethatlatehistoriansfre uently
ts w hodidnotusethem w hiletheZ iyanidrulersactua lly
ypeforthe irOttomansu era in.
: N.o . c.: ' A bbasid37. With' A bd-Allah.
f si d s 4 1 . N .o . c. : H a f s id 1 2 B . W i t h I b r ah i m.
y
Hafsid8. N. o .c. : Hafsid1 . WithK ha lid. No instanceof the
apersona lnameoccursinthisstudy.
^ l J l y
. o. c. : Z iyanid11. WithY usuf . A l-Ha j a doesnotoccurasa
y.
: Muw ahhid/ / H afsid20^1. N. o . c.: Marinid11 Wattasid3.
J \ ? }
e: erroneouslyappliedtoOttoman10byZ iyanids2 , 27( 6 70
9. WithSulayman. A l-R abi doesnotoccurasapersona lnameinthis
l l l j , )
a fs i ds 4 A ( a s su m ed n a me , 1 5 1 7 2 7 Z i y a n id 1 9 M a ri n id 2 0 .
a f sid14 Marinid20 Wattasid4. WithA hmadora l- ad1. A l- A bbas
nalnameinthis study.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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Mu w ah h id s 8 , ( o n 8 , 1 0 1 1 , 1 3 . W i th I d r is . A l- U l a d o e s no t
inthisstudy.
l y
N. o . c.: Z irid7. With' A li. A l- uti ihdoesnotoccurasa
y.
i l y
e: N. o . c. : Hudid3A . WithI brahim. A l-Qasimdoesnotoccur
study.
i l
: Z iyanids5 9 15 21. W ith' A bd-al-R ahman.
tm id 8 ( o n Z i r i ds 4 5 : w it h M a a d d. N .o . c: Z i r i d 4 : wi t h al -
.c : Z i y a ni d s 7 1 0 ( a l - Z a l m M a ri n id 8 ( ' A m ir . T h ab i t do e s
meinthisstudy.
basid3 ( onHudid1A : 1121 . Witha l-Mansur( usedasproper
. J a fardoesnotoccurasapersonalnameinthisstudy.
wahhid12 H afsids6 , 13. N. o . c: Marinid5. With' Umar.
personalnameinthis study.
y
o .c. : Z iyanids4 8 , 25. W ithMusa. Sometimesspe lt l^ y \ in
y
Muw ahhid9 H afsids/ 3 6 A . N. o .c. : Hafsid22. WithY ahya.
. c. : Z i y a ni d s 3 8 A 1 2 2 4 2 ; M ar i ni d s 12 A 1 7 1 9 2 2 2 3 .
mad.Z iyandoesnotoccuras apersonalnameinthis study.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ryofL ateMedievalNorthA f rica
sid15A . N.o . c.: Marinid20A . With' A bd-al-R ahman. Z ayd
nalnameinthis study.
d14. WithI brah1m. Sa limdoesnotoccurasapersona lnamein
d 10 . N .o .c : Z i y a ni d s 2 6 M a ri n id s 2 2 . W i t h ' U t h m a n.
sapersona lnameinthisstudy .
j A
. c: Z irid6 . WithY ahya. Tahirdoesnotoccurasapersona l
j i l
N. o . c: Marinid25. With' A bd-Allah.
T j - c
rv a nt o f G od : ' A b ba s id 3 1 ( o n H a m ma d id 9 : 2 5 M u wa h hi d 4 ( o n
fs id s 2 7 1 2 1 5 B , 2 0 2 5 2 ; Z i ya ni ds 1 , 2 0 2 7 M a r in id 1 3. N .o .c : H u di d
2 ; Z i y an id s 14 2 2 2 3 M ar in id 2 7 N as ri ds 1 8 ; W a t ta si ds / 2 5 . W it h
arinid10A . With' U mar.
\
c.: Marinid15. WithTashfin.
1. With' Uthman. ' A mrdoesnotoccurasapersonalnamein
Marinid12. WithF aris. ' I nandoesnotoccurasapersonal
sid19 Marinid21( w ithMiisa . N. o . c: H afsid5 Marinids1 ,
i e c e pt a s n ot e d.
17A : w ith' A bd-al-Mu min. N.o . c.: Z iyanid17: w ith' A bd-al-
sstudy asapersonalnameonlyfor anengraverormintmaster.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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: M uw ah h id s 1 ( ' A b d- a l- M u m i n o n 1 -1 3 H a f s i d 7 1 0
Z i y a n id s 1 3 ( ' A b d- A ll a h , 2 9 ( H a s a n . N .o . c. : M uw ah h id s 6 ( ' A b d- a l-
bd -A ll ah , 7 A ( ' A bd -A ll ah ; H a f si ds 1 2C ( ' A bd -a l- W a hi d , 2 3 ( ' A bd -a l-
d 2 ( ' A bd -A ll ah ; M a ri ni ds 1 ( ' A bd -a l- H a q ) , 1 ( ' A bd -a l- H a li m , 2
. U s u a l ly w i th n a me i n ' A b d- .
j , \
: Marinid3. WithMuhammad. Ma rufdoesnotoccurasa
y.
hhid9A . With' I mran.
s id s 1 0 ( A b u -B a k r , 1 1 ( Z a k a r iy a ) . N .o . c. : Z i r i ds 5 ( T a m1 m ,
a f si ds 9 ( A b i i- B a kr , 2 4 ( Z a ka ri ya ) ; Z i y an id 1 ( Y a gh mu ra sa n ; M ar in id 4
- iy
ahhids2( on2-13 Hafsid1 , 5. N.o . c.: Marinid7. WithY usuf.
u w a hh i d 3 ( o n 3 - 5 8 - 1 1 . N . o . c. : Ma r in i d 6 . W i t h Y a q i i b.
k u n ya h u nk n ow n : Z i y a n id 1 .
analogues— titlesandepithetsprecededbyibn occur
indicatedirectdescent whichisoftenveryusefulfor the
lpurposewouldbe servedbyananalysisofthem similarto
andreferencetothe inde o fpropernamesw illserveto locateany
ofthischapter anarbitrarydistinctionhasbeenmade
gsonship andI bn- indicatingmoreremotedescent a formw hich
.This distinctionisnotderivedfromthe coins onwhichJ
nterchangeably to indicatesonship.
inthisstudyaref re uently referredtobynamesinI bn- they
a h ( H a f si d 4 A r e al n a me , I b n -a l -A h ma r ( N a s r id / , I b n -G h an i ya h
a n dI b n- H i i d( H u d id 1 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ateMedievalNorthAfrica
rallyhasanisbahending in-i indicatingtribeorbirthplace
.Theonlyoneof theseoccurringonthecoins isal- Abbasi
d Murabit andHudidgo ldandHudidsilver. Natura lly a llthe
udy possessedanameornamesofthis type buttheonlyones
hose ofrebelsandgovernorsnotbelongingto themaindynasties.
A H a m m u di d s 9A 9 B , 9 C.
A.
n : Murabit6 A .
2A .
.
C .
.
ccurringon thecoinsbelongstothis generalgroup:B an1-
1053-105 ) asaninclusivetermfor alltheMurabitscommencingwith2
wnfallofthedynasty.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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roughoutI slamhasbeentheuseofepithets( A rabicsingular
ctionw ithpropernamesandtitlesorassubstitutesforthem. Thoseused
cacan bestbesubdividedbygrammaticalform participial
ses ad ectiva lnouns ad ectiva lphrases andothertypes. O nly
s arediscussed.
id8 ( on8 , 10 11 .Alsooccurswith ibn-onMuwahhids10
hid8 ; H afsid12.
12.
afsid15B ; Marinid20.
9A.
A
ammadid9 H ammudid9A.Alsooccurswithibn- on
referringto3. Occursa lsoaspersonalname thoughnotonco ins.
onmostMuwahhidandH afsidcoins .
ds10 12.
) l
.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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fL ateMedievalNorthAfrica
s
1 ^ U l
mudid6 .
Al l ah < U l ^ L ^ ' l i l
ommandmentofGod:' Abbasid3 ( onH udid1 ; Muwahhid1
2 ; H a f si d 11 .
- A l la h * ± i j a c ^ ' l a l
ruthofGod:H afsid4A( theimpostor .
b i- a l a - di n- al -h a q J » ) l a ^ \ < J J f ^ H
the nobilityof( the faithofthetruth:Maraud6 .
A ll a h < J j l c f y ll
afsids10 15 17 19 20A 21 25 27 Z iyanids5 15 17 1 ,
2 1 3 1 7 2 0A 2 1.
a- A ll a h- wa h di h i < l l J c j i ^ l l
e:H afsid21.
r ab b -a l - ' a l a m in O j l u T v J c J ^ > ^
masteroftheworlds:Z iyanids4 8 , 9 12-14 Marinid12
i- Al l ah < I ) I
pathofGod:Muwahhid10( on10 11 ; H afsids4 19 21.
ah < L ) I ^ . V ^ J .
commandmentofGod:Muwahhid12.O ccursonhismedalin
tada-li-amrihi.
< i l a y l l
rinid 14.
D j ^ x A
od:' Abbasid3 ( onH udid1A ; F atimid5( onZ Trids4 5 ;
1 5B , 1 , 2 0 M a ri ni ds 10 2 0 2 4 -2 .
yGod:H afsid15A.
h ^ X j l ^ ^ u o ll
d:Z iyanid19.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
![Page 39: The numismatic history of late medieval North Africa / by Harry W. Hazard](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022021312/577ccfbb1a28ab9e78906c36/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
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h < J J l j u ^ u l l
od:Muwahhid11.
lah< i lj a il
commandmentofGod:' Abbasid31onH ammadid9.
a - d 1n - Al l ah J . » U - V w d 1
lof( the faithofGod:H afsid6 A.
L ) I .
Marinid22.
a h J j l J J » i
( the honorofGod:H afsids2 4A 7 8 , I I , 13 15A 15B ,
rk u l - na b i ^ J j | < i T ^ j ^ i l ^ a l
panytheprophet:Murabit6 A.
< J J l ^ ' J i
ahhid12.
h J j l - ^ l l
Muwahhid9A.
l -A l l ah « i l J ^ i y l
e honorofGod:H afsid3.
s- Al l ah « J J l j T ^ l l
e victoryofGod:H afsids6 , 10 15 15B , 17 19-21.
j I j . j j d
faithofGod:H afsids8 , 13.
O J l f l l l
hhid13 H afsids3 21 Z iyanid14.
1.
l
.Alsooccurswithibn- onH afsid27 referringto2 .O ccurs
thoughnotonco ins.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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fL ateMedievalNorthAfrica
d10( on10 n ; Marinid13.O ccursalsoaspersonalname.
17 19 Wattasid 1.O ccursalsoaspersonalname thoughnot
2A.
as e s
j l J ~ - ~ j \
uwahhid10.
ah < D l < j . _ J l
rsonlywith ibn-onH ammadid9 referringtoH ammadid8 .
) l
anid12 Nasrid8 .
uslim inuu il. l j * \
commandersof theMoslems: Murabits6 B , 6 C re ferringto
nu-Tashf in.
h ^ I j j J l . 1
ammiidid9A.ThistypicallyorientalMoslemepithetis almost
ah ^ j a T U .
: Hammudids9B , 9C . Thisistheonlyothersuchepithetfound
T - c
commonepithet usedinreferencetothe ' A bbasidsby
Murabits appliedtothemselvesbyH ammudids9A 9B ; H afsids15B ,
iyanidsandMarinids Nasrid8 ; W at^asids1-4. Occursa lsoon
ndaspersonalname.
J l
uwahhidpartisansilver. E pithetsin-Dm lik ethose in
ntalf lavor.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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Marinids20 24. A re lative lymodernepithet.
abits3- Marinid6 . A typica llyorienta lepithet.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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I N SC R I P T O N S
onventionalinscriptionsonthe coinsarereligious.O fthese
mecalldownblessingsonMuhammadandhisfamilyand companions
eMahdi someintercedeonbehalfo f therulerorthemint someintro -
ik ingof theco in andothersaregenera le pressionsofpiety . They
iven beinglistedalphabeticallywithineachgroup andare
tions.
to G o d 1 : 1.
toGod mastero f thew orlds
o G od 1 0 : 6 .
nt a s a p re s er v er a n d he ( i s t he
cful 12: 4.
r 7 : 7 4 2 :1 4 .
en d( o f ; 2 :2 5 , 3 : 1 4 5: 1 .
30: 4.
D I ) < J J I
observantwiththeservants
sthe j usticeandthe
f ( the ow nersof
theimmoralityandthe
ustice 1 : 92.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ns37
ne d f or t h ee a m a ni f es t o pe n - J j j f ^ ' j j ^ J ( U i £ s S 3 Q c i U
dntheeforw hathas-" - -
andw hatcamelater SZ l' ) ■ li L
euponthee andmay
ath andthatGodgtA c. (forK oranic< i^ )
swithanhonorable
- ^ „ j U » l ^ t ^ j y j
of G od p as si m. < L ) I J l
o f G od — t h e me r ci f ul t h e co m - > ^ 1 f t -
o ( h a s i n h is h a nd t h e J & » . A — "
overevery thingpow er-o_ « ,
2 7: 4 . J C
Go d 1 1 :5 9 . ^ * < J c
G o d 9 : 1 30 3 9 :3 9 . « D I l S r-
G o d a n d ho w e c e ll e nt i s t he < ^ I ( f 0 r K o r a ni c u — » ) ^ — ►
. .. „
u dg e be tw ee n us a nd o ur p eo pl e as ^ I J J * 1 k ^ j * c rr . .> " 2
artthe besto f the
G od 2 2: 41 4 1: 30 4 : 12 . ^ j f
t h ee w e ha v e re l ie d a nd u n to , & ^ \ j S J c j
nduntothee( is the ,
l to h i m 6 : 1 ( A l la h < i T < I » 3
3 : 9 4 : 27 . < L T J I ^
e li e d 9 : 13 0 e tc . l iS J T < S i
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ryofL ateMedievalNorthA f rica
re l ie d a nd u n to h i m I r e tu r n > . J j j - ^
ng b e fa l ls u s e c e pt w h at G o d ^ 1 Q i i T ~ - f U S f l l T ~ v [ j j
i s o u r ma s te r a n d on „ '
s re ly s ay d oy ou o y > J l J ^ > ^ J c L ; V ^
„ ,
od e c ep t Go d p a s si m. ^ j j j * / l V
d e c e pt h i m 2 : 15 . ' A S 7 l V
od e c ep t hi m — th e me rc if ul t he i n \ r l 0 0 l y l < J l ^
.
t ne r u nt o h im 6 : 1 3 . i
ng th e c ep t in G od 1 : 37 . . J * ^ 1
m es se ng er o f Go d 4 : 29 . < D l O y - * * *
m es s en g er o f G od h e h as a . 3 } i S - \ < A l
ceand( the fa ithof
ay p ro cl ai m it a bo ve ) ^ i < » < j ' . . , , J c » ^ a J J * ) l
p o ly t he i st s d is l ik e ( i t ; . , u u + ,
ur w o rd s p ar a ph r as e d . ^ > - r 1 l v
u rs e t o Go d t h en h e h as J J ^ [ » . . . ■ 1 c r (
straightpath 3: 9 . _„ ,
m Go d 6 1 : 13 . < . l l J ^ . ^
m Go d an d co n u es t ( i s n ea r ^ . J ^ i < D l j *
mv ictorious 9: 40. aD l• ^
G od ( i s n e ar 2 : 21 0 . r: ^ ( f o r K o r an i c
rs t a nd t h e la s t an d t he e v id e nt a n d -r 1 ^ l ^ * ' l > *
s i n ev er y th in g om - o ' , , _ » . » ,
H * )
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
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ns39
hichyouw illbebrought^ < I MJ l
ymanwillbepa idotj s
nd t he y wi ll n ot b e * ) c -± J T U < _ r L ; J 5 J y
af ai r t o Go d 4 0 : 4 7. < D l J l j , y \ }
me v er h e w is h es o n a l l _ ^ - J l » L £ - . ^ i S -y j
24: 45.
a s in gl e Go d 2 :1 5 . j u l a l
goodnew stothebelievers O opT
th o se a m on g y ou w ho h a ve l > L _ £ j | J C ^ . J . J l < J J l j l c
edgoodw orksthat' B ~ m B .
ss or s on t he e ar th a s u j ^ l £ f t . » j * i < - i - ^ U J L a l
ededthemsuccessors « , „ . u, .
^ J l « - * * - l 3
ewritteninthepsa lms . y^ u J j
a tmyservants— thee
t th e ea rt h 2 1: 10 5. 0 > * ) U l & } * \ t j . , j 3 o 1
o_ __ __
o t t he v i ct o ry e c e pt f r om b e si d e < J J | x c ^ V l i .
t t h e vi c to r y e c e p t f ro m < i l ^ V l ^ l U >
g thew ise 3: 122.
u n to y o u of a p l ea s an t ( k i nd , < D l ^ ^ ^ ^ U j
1 : 55 .
un l es s G od h a s wi l le d 0 0 < D l o l < U l > l o ^ " U j
w i se 7 : 3 0. [ j ^ . C l e
o t my s u cc e ss e c e pt w i th G o d * U l * j
t a ny g o d e c e p t G od 5 : 77 < U l > l ^ l ^ U j
j )
.« - ° S< * " —
o th e r th a n I s l a m as a f a it h ^ ( 5 - ' ^ =
df romhim 3: 79.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ateMedievalNorthAfrica
o th e r th a n I s l a m as a f a it h , o - f l ' r . r ^ o . : - -
df romhim and- -15i-^ ^
d am on g th e pe ri sh in g ^ ^ J j j T < ^ j J * j
d hewillestablishaway
w illprov ideforhim
re 6 5: 2. ' : ^ y
p on G o d t h en h e ( i s h i s ^ • , ^ £ v ^
is atta ininghiscom-" ' '
. 1 k ~
up on G od t he n he ( i s h is < U l o v - . « • ^ J T - :1 :
i s a t ta i ni n g hi s c om - „ , „ , , » » o . « v > -
odhasappo intedfor^ J ^ <L ) I
6 5: 3.
te r of t he m ig ht y th ro ne 9 :1 30 . r * - < ^ v J I j * j
ie v ed e n du r e an d b e pa t ie n t 1 - T 1 ^ 1 ^ -
o d t h e n p er h ap s y ou , , T . , , ' , < ' —
K o ran 1c I ^ W i > j )
ev e d o be y G od a n d ob e y l j J » l < l l L ^ l L
e ho ldersofcommand„, uc: u-1
> y- V l J j l J ^ . I
_ r
w eh av e se nt t he e as a wi tn es s l- t L i l iS L i - l L I , ^ J l L ^ . L
sandaw arneranda* - , ■ „
44 -4 5. a l J I ^ 1 J J j I ^ * j
p as si m. J . J l
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ns41
Muhammad
eservedby adetailedanalysiswithindividualtranslations
entionalinscriptionswhichringchangesonthe singletheme:the
urchiefMuhammadanduponhisfamilyand companions.An
ionalnotesfollows.
< u
^ »
. 41ll ^ » »
l
U |
o f th e p ro p he t s — i s K o r a n ic 3 3 :4 0
« i ll ^
< J l J c J -
* J c < u l
J l J c J * < U l J * .
J c j u j c < ul J * .
ul J -
A e< u l
he m es s en g er o f G od a n d hi s » j u c > « u l
o u r me s se n ge r . U . u *
h i s me s se n ge r a nd h i s se r va n t. . - l > J ^ - - u
he s e rv a nt o f G od a n d hi s j U > l - V s
hisservantandhismessenger. iy i
4 1i l
o u r pr o ph e t. L a - ' J U s c
i te
os t di st in gu is he d of t he a ge nt s an d t> L - l j » j . j j u - ^ y l J - i l ^ ( j )
to f themessengers.
ie n d of G o d. < u l U J e
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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fL ateMedievalNorthAfrica
r of G o d w h o de l iv e re d t he g o od o i l J j - < . j l .
e l i g1 o us
h o w e c e l l en t i s th e h el p er . u l l ^ o i l o -
derhimvictorious. » j ^ , j
enderhimv ictoriousbygracec- r<c j <u
God. <ulc^ ce
G od . < u l c ^ A
ndmentandrenderstrong« j * . j cl <ulo .
e a l t e d — ■ h e lp h i m. J L r < u l . - U
a l te d — h e lp h i m an d r en d er • J L < a
nderhimv ictorious. j m l. o I
G od a l on e . * x * j < u l
s G o d al o ne . < u l ^ r -
ous. .. <ul^
i n G od . o il L " ^
G o d. o i l J j
od. < ulo^ - .
o ( t h e c o m p ac t o f Go d . ( C o m - « u l j - , | „ ■ - ~
g1ous
e a l t ed — p r es er ve i t fo r th e oy J i J L " < d L I * I
1
e a l te d — p r o t ec t i t. J L « u l 1 ^ 1
e e a l te d — p ro t ec t i t by h i s of o : J L " « u l 1 ^ 1
l ^ . ^
sgrace. cco il l^ . ^ * .
e a l t e d — g ua r d it . J L o i l \ - -
e a l te d — g u a r d it b y h is < t J L < u l
e a l t ed — g u ar d it b y hi s o f « J L < u L - ^
e a l te d — g u a r d it a n d pr o te c t } J L < u l L - ^
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ns
e lig1ous
ptionsarevariationsorabridgmentsoftheformula:in the
riful thecompassionate— thisdinar( ordirhem w asstruck at. . .
m i i d : 2 4 a
l < u | * ~ .
J l < ■ l ( --.
l ^ J l < ul ^
J l < • > l ^
lidST c { j r \ « x \
o) \ < u
j A < U l
o O il
< ul | « —
nscr1pt1ons
ment( is untoGod.
ndment( is untoGodalone.
uponGod.
pr e se r ve r .
ntoGodalone.
rength( are inGod.
s untoGod.
untoGod.
ourleader.
e proofo fGod.
t he w o rd o f G od .
everhasreliedupon him.
ctoriouswhoeverhasrelied
dofw hoeverhasre lieduponhim
swhoevere ecutes
untoGod.
untoGodalone.
ntoGod.
d.
ndmentofGod.
s s it .
l ( j )
^ J l ( j )
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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fL ateMedievalNorthAfrica
d e c e pt G o d al o ne . < u l V I J l V
mi gh t an d no s tr en gt h e c e p t in G od . « u l V l i i V j J _ p- V ( j )
on u e ro r e c e pt G o d. ( N a sr i d
fe V ( j )
ni ty o ft he e te rn al G od . j u ^ I I o - > J
he s uc c or o f Go d. ( E a rl y Z i ya ni d * u 1 g ^ J \ U
shed. < ulb. U
t h e po w er f ul ( i s G o d. < u l j j l i ll ^
ep ( i s u n to G o d. « u l i U L - > l
in g ( i s u n to G o d fo r h is g r ac e . < u " J c < u _ £ d l
i s u nt o Go d. h i S> o I j
i s f r om G o d. < u l y i l o l
e c u la r
becomeillustrious. • j * i
n d of . . . y j e
c u l ar
liedtoB i ayahandSabtah .
o f . . .
o f . . . :
f . . . o o <
w er o f I s l am a nd ( o f .. . j ^ L . V l j c
secular
uc k .
k at. . .
uc k i n . . . ^ j »
n s tr u ck . ^ j j l i ^ ,
ne d a t . . .
scr1ptions
nar.
st d a y of S h a b a n ( t h e ei g ht h m on t h .
ea r.
( t he e ig ht h mo nt h .
on t h of t h e sp r in g ( t h e th i rd o r f ou r th
m on th o f Sh a b an ( t he e ig ht h mo nt h .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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A ND O R N AM NT AT O N
nalin thecaliphalcoinage roundfieldssurroundedby
ufi arecharacteristicofall thecoinsatthe openingofthis
continuedtobebasedonF atim idmodels theHammudidsilver
hat struckbytheSpanishU mayyads theMurabitscombined
simplestyleoftheirownwhich wasamodelofclarity.A few
esarefoundamongtheirsilver butK uf1greatlypredominated.
angedby theMuwahhids probablytofulfilltheprophecy
edbyaleaderwhowould alterthecurrencyonthe occasionofa
anets.Thestylethen introduced whichlastedwithminorchanges
a lanceof the latemedieva lperiod includeds uaresilver chie fly in
androundgo ldw ithf ie ldinscriptionsinas uare inscribedina
fwhicha lsohe ldlegends a ll inNaskh1scripte ceptforsomeorna-
bycertainearlyH afsidsandMarinids.
hescript erroneouslytermedQ armatic( karmathic by
ughithasnoconnectionwhateverwiththe Q armat1heretical
teddespitecompleterefutationby F raehnintheJ ournal
Thescript w hichhadaw idebutshort-l ivedpopularity inthe lastha lf
centuryandthe firstdecadeofthefourteenth wasprobably
aby refugeesfromAndalusiaafterthefallof Seville.
f theinscriptionsabound.Abu-andab1-are usedinter-
ds masculineandfemininedates by theMurabitts. A lif sare
msuchw ordsasibn- rahman ta a la anddinaraccordingtothe
acriticalmarksareusuallyentirelyabsent whenpresenttheyare
ansignificant.
punchesw ereusedby theengraverto incisestra ightlinesandcircles
dcoins.Thegeneralpractice however wastoengravethedesign
elikethe onedescribedbyMarcais.Thisinevitablyledto such
nor duplicationoflettersandevenof wholewords butthese
minimumbycareful supervision andfaultydieswerefre uently
Aninde ofcoinswithengravingerrorsis suppliedfortheuseof
this lineofin uiryfurther.
esigned: tw ow iththenameSa dintiny letters possiblyone
stinguishedf romlettering ise tremely lim ited. Noneof the
vce andonlyafew piecesofsilver separate ly inde ed havea
icaldesign.I ndividuallettersandblankspacesareoftenenhanc-
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ateMedievalNorthAfrica
inorscrollsandflourishes thoughtheefforttodecodeany
onveyedhasbeenfruitless.O therwiseitislimitedto lineand
dingfieldinscriptions andoccasionallengtheningofletterstofill
sfyingmanner.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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N Q U E
ngthe latemedievalNorthAfricancoinagearenowhere
aneasilybe deducedfromthemoneyitselfandfromthe coindie
obversew asengravedononetool thereverseonabase aco ld
si ew asinserted ablow w asstruck andthef inishedco inw as
vebeenfound.
sedsothatobverseandreverse appearedinthedesired
hiswassub ecttogreatre la ation. O ccasiona lco inssurv ive and
neousinde w itherrorsinstrik ing includingthecombiningof
o fa f lanof thew rongsi e andsuchmistakes. Misstruck anddouble-
ever arenotspecia llynoted.
t-mastersappearonthesecoins. Yashir Ma lik andI bn- auk ab
ters othersmaybeindicatedbythe relativelyfre uentmint-
eormore lettersofthealphabet.
semint-markshasbeenattempted.Theyarefre uently
recordingcoins sothatthee istingdataarenecessarilyin-
eparatelyinde edforreadyreference.
ereofcertain Murabitsilveronwhichoneside hasbeen
ivesascribesthisto asystemofindicatingdenominations though
ntohistable. Thesecoinsare listedinthemisce llaneousinde as
amentononesideinsteadof alegend.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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thecoinsundere aminationweremadeofgold.TheZ irid
dpresumably theHammadid w asdesignedtoweighabout4. 2grams
sandeveneighthsweighingcorrectfractionsof thatfigure.The
survivingspecimensaverage4.11gramsandareknownas heavyas
etersindiameter theMurabit averaging4. 05gramsandnever
ll imetersacross. Ha lfdinarsw ere15-1 mill imeters q uarters13-15
pparentlyfairlyuniforminsi eandweight andthegold
tcameacrosstheSaharaf romthenegroes regions insuf ficient
andvariegatedcoinage.
wahhidstheq ualityandq uantityofthegoldusedapparently
estandardofw eightandsi ew aspermanentlya ltered. A w ide thin
ed averaging4.55grams 27-32millimetersindiameter.The
rams w as19-22mill imeters theha lf a t1. 15grams 14-1 mill i-
a t. 55 about13mill imeters. Successordynastiesfo llowedthese
lterations someH afsiddoubledinarswereslightlysmaller
der mostdinarssomewhatbroader afewZ iyanidandMarinid
er butingeneraltheplan wasadheredtowithoutsignificant
wahhidperiodthenumberofspecimensdiminishessharply
asidgolddefinitelyscarce.Theq ualitywasneverseriouslydi-
ngpowerremainedhigh thoughdefiniteanalysesbelongratherto
atichistory.Apparentlyfarmoreneedof fractionalgolde isted
hanunderthe Murabits whosedinarsaccountforover99%
ariousdynasticcoinagesvariedgreatly.F ortheH ammudids
readilyconsideredcopperwas struck whereastheZ iridsfollowed
usingsilver. TheMurabitsstruck largeq uantit iesofsilver both
earancewithdatesandmintsand 1-gramq iratsandfractions
change.
vefor theMurabits butnodatais availableindicating
pose.
bythe MuwahhidsandH afsidsisplentifulandfound
yacceptance— beingcounterfeitede tensivelyamongthe
rance.Thes uaredirhemsaveragedabout1.5gramandwere
e.Theysurviveingreatnumbers makingmoreunaccountablethe
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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nidsilverandtherelativescarcity ofsilverattributabletothe
ds.
nedlocallyinMoroccoand Spain.I tsvaluerelativetogold
morethanonetenthand seldomlessthanonetwentiethbyweight.
osufferedfluctuations beingdepreciatedandrestoredonseveral
ogni edasaprecious metalsuitableforcoinage.D inarsand
mswereoccasionallyimitatedincopper orstruckinsilver sobase
ywith difficultyfromit butthefewattemptstocoin copper
pularopposition.O nlyattheveryend ofH afsidrulewerea
shadowingmoderntokencurrency butthisdevelopmentwas
stofthelatemedievalperiodin NorthAfrica.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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SAND TH E I R CO I NAG S
erthecoinageofeach dynastyasaseparateunit.B efore
chronologicallistofrulers withacondensedgenealogicaltreefor
mids theH udids andtheOttomans w hichhavebutonerulerapiece
umismatichistoryforthe latemedievalperiod.Theinformation
enderivedfrommedievalinscriptionsand documentsandfrom
fmedieva lA rabichistories chronicles geographies biographies
beencorrectedor confirmedfromevidencefoundonthecoins
actualcoinshavebeenconsultedwheneverpossible theother
the bestmodernpublishedversions aslistedinthe bibliographies.
fict themoreprobablehasbeendeterminedandutil i ed w hen
haustiveresearch havef il ledthemfrommodernsourcesorf rom
he mostlikelyofpossiblealternatives.
tiontherehas beenplaced withinparentheses ashort
s o ur c es i n t hi s o rd e r: g o ld ( g e l ec t ru m ( e s i lv e r ( s a n d co p pe r
B andanumber re ferringtothehistorica lre ferencebibliography partB ) ;
mber ; medievalA rabicw ork s( A andanumber . F a il ingthese
ndanumber ormyow nconclusions( H ) supply thedata. A lthough
dyand unattractive nobetterwayofsupplyingthis essential
senteditself itishopedthat familiaritywillrenderitless ob-
hesesfollowingChristiandatesindicatethesourcefromwhichthe
wasderived enablingmetospecifythecorrect oneofthetwo
Afr1ca
a n uH - A b bd s o f B a g hd a d a. H . 1 3 2 - 5 ( a . D . 7 49 - 12 5 ) :
urabrtgo ld2 -90 92-44 .
h ( g A 3 5h a b u- A b d- A ll a h ( g A 3 5h M u ha mm a d ( A 3 5 h i b n-
a .H . 5 3 0 ( A 3 5h - 55 5 ( A 3 5h a .d . 11 3 ( n o al te rn at iv e - 11 0
onZ 1ridgo ld24aandMurabrfcgo ld( seeabove , specif iedon
h ( s A 3 5h a b u- a f a r ( s A 3 5h a l -M a ns u r ( A 2 o a i b n- M uh a mm a d
2 3 ( A 3 5h - 4 0 ( A 2 oa a .d . 12 2 ( n o al te rn at iv e - 12 42 ( A 2o a :
d540andsilver1117-1120 specif iedonHudidsilver1121.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ages
h( A 35h , abu-A hmad( A 35h ' A bd-Allah( A 35h ibn-al-Mansur
6 4 0 ( A 3 5h - 5 ( A 35 h a .d . 12 42 ( A 35 h - 12 5 ( A 35 h : g en er ic al ly o n
aghdadhadoncecontrolledallNorth Africa buttheirsway
mentofindependencebythe AghlabidsandtheI drisidsabout
hadprev iouslybeenterminatedinSpainby theestablishmentof the
attimidcon uestsinthetenthcenturyhadcloseda llA f ricato
clearthattheappearanceof ' A bbasidnamesandtit lesonlate
nsinno respectrepresentedarevivaloftheirtemporalpower.
spiritualsubmissiontothetheory ofasingleorthodo Sunnite
en intheMurabitgoldcoinage.W ithasingleune plained
verypieceofMurabitgoldaccordstheepithet' A bd-Allahandtheca lipha l
mu minintothisdistantandshadow ysu era in w how asnever
ughoccasionallygenericallycalledal- Abbasionthelaterdinars.
abitsadoptedthelessertitles al-amirandamiral-muslimin never
k.The silver notrestrictedbyMoslempoliticaltheoryto the
edeferentialformulas.
ftheMurabits ina.h.541 twooftheirneighborsrendered
magetothe ' A bbasids. Yahya the9thHammadid specif ieda l-
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ateMedievalNorthAfrica
ed 5 4 3 ( 2 5 r e po r te d b y I b n - h a ld u n w hi l e th e J a mi i d R a s h id o f
itfo rmula inhis551dinar(24a . B othof theseco insindicate
similartothatmotivatingthegreatZ iridrevo lt inw hich'A bbasid
substitutedforF atimid thoughforsomereasonthe ' A bbasid
nedontheSunniteZ iridco insofa l-Mu i z .
shidfe ll l ik etheMurabits beforethepowerfulMuw ahhidmilitary
bbasidsdisappearedfromNorthAfricancoinsfor nearlyeightyyears.
collateraldescendantsoftheMurabitts invadedTunisiafromtheir
andreferredtothe ' A bbasidsassu era insinthe irF ridayprayers
butnocoinse istfortheirdecadesof banditryontheMuwahhid
rlocated theymaybee pectedtobear' A bbasidformulas.
o llapseaftera . h. 624I bn-Hudmadegoodhisindependence in
insin nominalallegiancetothedistant' Abbasidcaliph asan
wahhids.TheonlyH udidcoinsconsideredinthis studyarethose
a duringthethreemonthsofa . h. 630thatI bn-Hudcontrolled
andsilver( 1117-1120 w ereapparently struck there w ithpro-
cingthenormalMuwahhidones.
by theshaykha l- anashti w hogovernedCeutaforthene t
vrinthenameof the3 th' A bbasid a l-Mustansir dated 35( 1121 .
struckin NorthAfrica( 541 , althoughmintlessanddateless
edtotheamira l- A af ia tC eutabetweena. h. 6 47andthetermin-
a liphate in65 by theMongolHulagu.
ate propercametheendofnumismaticrecognitionin
ppet-caliphsmaintainedbytheMamliiksatCairoseemto have
anceoveroccidentalloyaltiesas theirlegitimatepredecessorshad
r1ca
anu- atimahofC a iroa .h. 297-5 7( a . d. 909-1171 .
g A 3 5e a b u- T am i m ( g A 4 1a M a a d d ( g A 3 5e i b n- A l i ( 7 A 3 5e
- 4 7 ( A 1 b a .d . 10 3 ( A 1 b - 10 94 ( A 1 b : s pe ci fi ed o n Z i ri d go ld 1
atimidimamshadrisentopow erinTunisia they reso lvedin
seatofgovernmenttonewly -con ueredEgypt leavingNorthA f rica
hispostw aschosentheableSanha ahB erbergeneralB ulukk in
sof loya ltyweredutifully fulf i lledbyhim byhissona l-Mansur and
dis. B y thefourthgeneration how ever thebondshadgreatly
mbinedmotivesofpersona lambition Sunniteprocliv it ies and
prisa lledtotheZ iridrevo lto fa l-Mu i ibn-B adis.
yof datesforthevariousstepsin thisrevolt thecoins
gy.ThestandardF atimiddinarsmintedatal-Mahdiyahandal-
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ages
43 representtheoldorder bothmintcit iesw erenamedfor
rstsignof aversionappearedin439 whentheoldnameSabrahwas
yah thoughF atimidformulaswereretainedandal-Mustansir
n nofurtherchangeoccurredin440.
therevo ltbecameune uivoca l. Thedinarsof thatandsubse uent
ncetoal-Mustansir substitutedSunniteforShi iteformulas
tK airouan.AsfarasArabic historiansdisclose therevoltwas
istshavelongknownoflatercoins namingal-Mustansirandstruck
Candiawasthefirst tomaketheobviousdeductionthatthe
a reconciliationwiththeirvindictiveformeroverlord whohad
dtheB anu-SulaymtoravageTunisia.Whetherthis tardyremorse
nsircannotnowbedetermined butsincethenewseries con-
maybesupposedto havemetwithsomemeasureofsuccess.
atimidpointofviewmaybebriefly recapitulated.U ntil43 ,
nd440 normaldinars( 1 2 e ceptfortheominouschangein
o449 rebe ll ion. F rom449to454 resumptionofnormaldinars
rom454to459 continuationofnormaldinarsunderTamim. A fter459
o inreportedfor4 0butre ectedasunbelievable .
atimidcoinageinNorthAfricacame toitsfinalclose in459
dicate.Thelastq uarter-century analysedhere wasperhapsthe
ngasitdoesa vitaldiplomaticdevelopmentofwhichnowritten
ved.
eraintyovertheH ammadidsofeasternAlgeriaprobably
utdoesnotseemto havebeenreflectedoncoins fortheonly
asty ( 25 issa idby I bn- ha lduntohavebeenstruck onthe
ofF atimidsupremacy.
rso f theB anu-Z irio fTunisiaa . H. 3 2-543(a . d. 972-114 ) .
A 27 b a l- Mu i z ( B 1 1 A 35 e i bn -B a d is ( 3 B 1 1 A 35 e a . h. 4 0 ( A 35 e
( A 41 a - 10 2 ( A 3 c :
m id 8 ) a . h . 43 9 ( g - 4 40 ( g A 3 5e g o ld 1 2 .
ndent a . h. 441( g A 41a -449( g anonymousgo ld3-14
mid8 ) a.h.449( g -454( A35e gold15-17.
ibn-Malil( A 35e independentB arghaw atahB erbergovernorofSfa
( A 3 5e a .d . 1 05 9 ( H ) - 1 09 9 ( D 9 a n on y mo u s go l d 24 .
T am im ( B n A 35 e i b n -a l- Mu i z ( 4 B n A 35 e a . h. 4 54 ( g A 35 e
2 ( A 3 c - 11 0 ( A 3 c :
i mi d 8 ) a .H . 4 5 4 ( g A 35 e - 45 9 ( g g ol d 1 - 23 .
ndent a . h. 459( H) -501( A 35e noco ins.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ateMedievalNorthAfrica
Y a h ya ( A 3 5e i b n- T am 1 m ( 5 A 3 5e a . h. 5 0 1 ( A 3 5 e - 5 0 9 ( A 3 5 e
1 11 ( A 4 1a n o c oi n s.
5e ' A li ( A 35 e i bn - a hy a ( 6 ; A 35 e a .h . 50 9 ( A 3 5e - 51 5 ( A 3 5e a .d .
1 ( A 4 1a n o c oi n s.
c a l- H a sa n ( A 3 5e i bn - A li ( 7 A 35 e a .h . 51 5 ( A 3 5e - 54 3 ( A 3 5e
14 ( A 4 1a n o c oi n s.
n- R a s h id ( g A 3 5e i n de p en d en t J a m i i d A r a b g ov e rn o r of G a be s a .h .
A 4 e a .d . 11 5 ( ? ) - 11 59 ( H ) g ol d ( f o r ' A b ba si d 31 n ot i de nt if ie d 2 4a .
ahB erberdynastyknownastheZ iridsissuccessivelyoneof
andredirection. F roma. h. 372 theef fectivedateofB uluk k 1n s
the irnumismatichistory isthato fprov incia lF atim idmints.
ththefirststirrings ofrevolt thesubstitutiononotherwise
of theancientnameSabrahforthe at im ida l-Mansuriyah. A l-Mu i z
thistypethrough440 anonymousSunniteco insf rom441to449
449tohisdeathin454 thesewerecontinuedthrough459byhis
furthercoinswerestruck bymembersofthemainZ iriddynasty.
tmanyq uestions towhichonlythemosttentativeanswers
ivesfortherevo ltarew ellk now n: al-Mu i z ' sambitionand
misplacedfeelingofsecurity.Apparentlyno oneeventwasthe
butratherageneralsense thatthetimewasripe.
angesmadein441werenotfar-reaching.Theshape weight
rddinarwere retained q uartersandeighthswereoccasionally
hscantysilver j ustasundertheF atim ids. Only the inscriptions
wasdonethoroughly . TheShi itepra iseof ' A liw ase lim inatedf rom
eF atimidnamesandtitlesonthe reversefacewassubstituteda
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ages
anotherreplacedtheprev iousobversemargin eventhemintinscription
altered.
airouanthrough44 , withasimilarcoinfrom Sfa ascribed
Mu i z f ledtothefortifiedporto fal-Mahdiyah leavingtheresto f
heArabinvaders.H iscoinsfrom449 tohisdeathin 454were
wherehissonTamimas governorhadalreadycoinedSunnite
d447.
atthe finalgroupisShi iteineveryrespect.' Aliisvenerated
accordedcaliphaltitles theconcentricstyleisrevived.There
astothesignificanceof allthis:anattemptat reconciliationwith
ablyignoredorsuppressedinmedievalArabic histories.
ontinuedbyTamimthrough459 itsduration andthevariety
suggestacceptancebyCairoasaF atim idmintingoodstandingf rom
h sidesareeasytounderstand:the Z iridsseekinganyally
edevastatingTunisiaandvainlyhopingthat al-Mustansircould
adloosed theF atimiddelightedwithhisrevengeandwelcoming
satestimonyto hisfirmwaywithdissenters.
cil iancon uesto fa l-Mahdiyahin543 theZ irids rulingchie f ly
hinterland capitali edonadversitybyturningseaward.A
commerceandcorsairshippartiallyrestoredtheirpowerand
son then didtheynotresumeco iningmoney
soughtin thecuttingbynomadArabsof theirsourceof
viouslyshippedacrosstheSaharabycamelcaravan.W hatgold
ra idw asa lreadyminted andade uatetothe irneeds. Silverhad
eveninAghlabidtimes.Andfinally ifanycoinswerestruckby
wereprobablylootedbytheSicilian Normansandeventuallymelted
gZ iridcoinsarechiefly golddinarsweighingabout4.05
ofabout23mill imeters neatly struck inK uf1script. The inscrip-
riesare identica lw ithstandardF atim idlegends theSunniteones
remark ableonly intheunusualmintingphrase" struck in( the city
slamandal-Qay raw an , ironicinv iew of thefactthatKa irouanwould
iridtype( 24 is becauseof itsmintanddate ascribedby
heindependentB arghaw atahB erbergovernorofSfa H ammu
k onal-Mahdiyahw asdefeatedbyTam1m. I tsdate 4 1 isthe latest
heSiciliancon uest.
bit- styledinar( 24a isreportedbyPrietoyV ivesasstruck
ashidibn-R af i . Sincehisil lustrationise ecrable andsincethea l-
rsdiedin543andw asnotthesonordescendantofR af i , I a tf irst
sco in until I locatedtheSchulmanspecimen theclearphotograph
ciptiontoQadis( C adi for552. P ro longedscrutiny ledmetothe
shidibn-R ashid suggestingoneof thetwosonsofP rieto sa l-R ashid
eathandtheMuw ahhidcon uesto fGabesin554 w ithSicil ian
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ryofL ateMedievalNorthA f rica
a ldiingivesthe irnamesasMuhammadandMudaf i the latter
probablyanick-name soitseemsareasonableassumption
by the lastJ ami idunderhisrea lnameal-R ashid.
tionwouldhaveeithertoidentifyanotherpersonnamedal-
ruledGabesin551ortoe pla inwhy thef irsta l-R ashidw asnot
a lduncallshim asw ellasthediscrepancy indates. P erhapsmy
ntenableassumptionsthanitscompetitors.
theotherlocalArab andB erberrulersofcitiesor tribesin
oreasternAlgeriaduringthis turbulentperiod thoughsomefewof
ttlegold.
rso f theB anu-H ammddofeasternA lgeriaa . h. 405-547(a . d.
i bn -H a m ma d ( j ; A 35 e a .h . 41 9 ( A 3 5e - 44 ( A 35 e a .d . 10 2 ( A 41 a
ns.
-a l -Q a i d ( 2 A 3 5e a . h. 4 4 ( A 3 5e - 4 47 ( A 3 5e a .d . 1 05 5 ( A 4 1a
ns.
b n- M uh a mm a d ib n -H a m m ad ( j ; A 3 5e a . H . 4 4 7 ( A 3 5 e - 4 54 ( A 3 5e
0 2 ( A 4 1a n o c oi n s.
i b n- A l an n as i b n- H a m ma d ( j ; A 3 5 e a . H . 4 5 4 ( A 3 5 e - 4 1 ( A 3 5e
10 8 ( A 41 a n o co in s.
i bn -a l- Na si r ( 5 A 35 e a .h . 4 1 ( A 35 e - 49 ( A 35 e a .d . 10 8 ( A 41 a
n o co in s.
-a l- Ma ns ur ( 6 ; A 35 e a .h . 49 ( A 35 e - 49 ( A 41 a a .d . 11 04 ( D 9 D 1 4
ns.
asternAlger1a
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ages57
35 e i bn -a l- Ma ns ur ( 6 ; A 35 e a .h . 49 ( A 41 a - 51 5 ( A 3 5e a .d . 11 05 ( A 41 a
o in s .
i b n -a l- A i ( 8 ; g .A tf e a . H . 5 15 ( A 35 e - 5 47 ( A 35 e a . d. 1 12 1 ( A 0 b
f o r ' A b b a si d 3 1 2 5 .
theH ammadiddynastymustbebasedohsomewhat
forthesadfactisthatnocoinsurv ivesw hichhasbeensoundly
ahB erbercousinsandrivalso f theZ irids.
sdeclarationof independence ina .h. 405andal-Mansur saccession
nted accordingto I bn- ha ldun butbetw een4 1andtheMuw ahhid
lcoinsmusthavebeenstruck w ek now only the543dinar( 25
ldun o fw hichnosurv iv ingspecimenisrecorded. M. deB ey lie w ho
am-Hammad providedinanappendi tohisvo lumeagroupof
purportingtorepresentthisand otherH ammadidcoins fortunately
ubtsoftheirreliability.H ealsoincludeda photographofacoinhe
a l-Mansur the6thH ammadid onunascerta inablegrounds. I t
atimiddinarofindeterminablemintanddate theoriginal
othe ueNationa le cannotbe located.
heH ammadidsweretocountertheirkinsmen theZ irids.
e ' A bbasidsw ouldf inditsneighborintheF atimids camp. E ach
rdes andtheSicil ianNormans aga insttheother. B eforethe
military riva ls a f terw ards piratica1. Whenthe lastZ iridw as
hef ledforre fugetothe lastHammadid w hoputhim inprison.
thAfrica
eB anu-HammudofMalagaa. h. 407-449( a . d. 101 -1057 .
A 4 a i bn - a hy aI ( 3 A 4 a a.h .43 4( A b -4 4 ( s A b a. d. 104 3( A 4 a
:
A b - 4 3 9 ( H ) a . d .1 0 43 ( A 4 a - 1 0 4 7 ( H ) t o o e ar l y.
9 s A 27 c a . h .4 39 ( s - 44 ( s A b a .D . 1 0 47 ( H ) - 10 55
v er 8 7 2 - 7 9 .
dofdynastyproperandindependenceof9A a. h. 449( D 9 -453
D 9 - 10 1 ( H ) .
ibn-Muhammad( H ) B arghaw atahB erbergovernorofC eutaa.H .
A 90 a .d .1 0 1 ( H ) - 10 7 ( H ) :
( 9 B ; s c A 27 c s il ve r 8 8 0 - 8 6 , c o pp er 1 15 7- 11 0 .
s A 2 7c i b n- S a a u t ( 9 A A 3 5e B a r g h aw at t ah B e r b e r go v er n or o f C eu t a a. h .
A 35 e a . d. 10 7 ( H ) - 10 3 ( A 3 5e :
C s s il ve r 8 8 7 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ryofL ateMedievalNorthA f rica
pettykingswhodividedupU mayyadSpainintheearly
atf irst theHammudidsofMalaga butbya. h. 439 w henthisstudy
noutmatchedby the ' A bbadidsofSevil le andevenw ithinthe irt iny
strengthin internecinewarfare.Abranchofthefamilyheld
aindynastyalsoruledCeutainAfrica bringingthemwithinthe
nastyproperto coinatCeutaafter439was the th I drisI I ,
asheir. He struck onlysilvero fpoora lloy l ik ea llhisfamily o f
I d r is I I I , a n d al - Q a s im I I w e re a t wa r w it h h im a ft e r 43 . I t w a s fo r
tenforcedtotakerefugeatCeuta wherehissupportwascentered
time inprisonthere.
thoseofthelaterSpanishU mayyadsandtheotherpetty
eassumedcaliphaltitlesandepithetsbut didnotmentionhis
ndegenerateK uf1.
ynastyin449 Ceutawasheldbyasuccession ofnon-royal
ntheB arghaw atahB erberSa autandhisposterity . Hisco ins
1scriptonsilversobase it isusua lly termedcopper arenone-
resaidbyV ivestodatef rom455to4 7 butde lR ivero w ho is
lengesa lldatespriorto4 4. 4 2doese ist fo r455and45 , doubt
mes titles andepithets.Sa autisal-Mansur al-Ma an
e orsomepersonunk now n isa l- imam ' A bd-Allah amira l-mu min1n.
h a i b t h e ch a nc e ll o r.
-slavewhoassumedthiswelterofnomenclaturediedinbattle
f ibn-Tashf in leavinga l-T tocontinuethedefenseofC euta.
redible fiveadditionalyearsbeforebeingcaptured byinsolence
k ill inghimuntortured. Hisembattledtenure— 471-47 — is
llybyamintless datelessbasesilverdirhemwith thefield
s.
nownandunspecif iedperson isa l- imam ' A bd-Allah am1ra l-
a - a l- D a u l ah w hi c h is l i ke h i s fa t he r s B a h a - a l- D a u l ah a n e pi t he t
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ages
foundelsewhere inthisstudy . Anda l-ha ibisSa aut Diya -a l-
la tterisgenera llypresumedtobea l-T z ' sfather noe planation
angein epithetsorforhis appearanceaschancellorfollowinghis
conclusionisthata thirdgenerationisinvolved withthe
ohisfathera l-T andsharingthesameepithet. He isnot
rulersof Morocconocoinssurvivedatedaftera.h.439
ussmallgo ldco insascribedbyB rethestotheB anu- ha riino f
. A snotedinthecorpus thesecoinsarenotava ilable forstudy nor
andplatesade uate thereareprobablymanysuchcoinsto be
stsandethnologistsinMoroccoforthe useoflatergenerationsof
ersof theMurdbituna.h. 44 -541( a . d. 105 -1147 .
c A 35 e i bn - U m ar ( g s c A 35 e a .h .4 4 ( A 4 e - 4 0 ( g A 35 e a .d .1 05
A 4 d g o ld ( f or ' A bb as id s 2 a n d 27 n ot i de nt if ie d 2 - 52 s il ve r 8 8 8 - 9 0
( ? ) g ov er no r of S i i l m as ah a bo ut a .h . 45 9 ( H ) a .d . 10 7 ( H ) g ol d ( f o r
d e nt i fi e d 5 3 .
bn -A bi -B a k r ( 1 g g ov er no r of S i i l m as ah a .H . 4 2 ( g - 4 7 ( g a .D . 1 0 70
g o l d ( f o r ' A b ba s id 2 , n o t i d en t if i ed 5 4 -5 7 .
A 35 e i bn -T as hf in ( c ou si n of 1 g s B n A 35 e a .h . 4 0 ( g A 35 e - 5o o
0 7 ( A 4d -110 ( A 3 c :
g A 35 e - 4 9 ( A 4 d a . d. 1 0 7 ( A 4 d - 1 10 3 ( A 4 d g ol d
d 2 , n o t id e nt i fi e d 5 - 1 20 s i lv e r 8 9 1 -9 0 1.
g s A 35 e a . h. 49 ( A 4 d - 5 oo ( g A 3 c a .d .1 10 3( A 4 d - 1 10
r ' A b b a si d 2 , n o t id e nt i fi e d 1 2 1- 1 51 s i lv e r 90 2 -9 0 4.
c A 35 e i bn - u s uf ( 2 g e s c A 35 e a .h .5 oo ( A 3 c - 5 37 ( g A 35 e a .d .1 10
3 c :
A 3 c - 5 22 ( g a . d. 1 1 0 ( A 3 c - 1 12 ( n o a lt e rn a ti v e g o l d
a n d 29 n o t id e nt i fi e d 1 5 2- 2 91 e l ec t ru m 9 39 s i lv e r 90 5 -9 3 ,
a n on y mo u s si l ve r 9 8 , 9 9 c o pp e r 11 2 - 11 9 .
e s A 51 b a .h . 52 2 ( g - 53 3 ( g a .d . 11 2 ( n o al te rn at iv e - 11 39
b b a si d s 29 - 31 n o t id e nt i fi e d 2 9 2- 3 1 e l ec t ru m 99 1 9 9 2
994.
g s A 35 e a .h . 53 3 ( g A 4 d - 53 7 ( g A 35 e a .d . 11 39 ( H ) - 11 43
r ' A b b a si d 3 1 n o t id e nt i fi e d 3 2 - 40 3 s i lv e r 99 5 -1 0 17 .
e i bn - A li ( 3 g s A 35 e a .h . 53 7 ( g A 35 e - 54 0 ( g . As 1c a .d . 11 43
5 1c :
g A 35 e ~ 5 3 ( A 91 a .d . 11 43 ( A 4 e - 11 44 ( A 91 g ol d ( f o r
ntif ied 404-421 silver101 -1033.
g s A 35 e a .H . 5 3 ( g .A 91 - 54 0 ( g . As 1c a .D . 1 1 44 ( A 9 1
f o r ' A b b a si d 3 1 n o t id e nt i fi e d 4 2 2- 4 32 s i lv e r 10 3 4- 1 03 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ateMedievalNorthAfrica
b n - Ta s hf i n ( 4 A t fe a . H . 5 4 0 ( A 5 1 c - 5 4 0 ( H ) a . d . 1 14 5 ( A 5 1 c - 1 14 5
A 35 e i b n- A li ( 3 g s A 35 e a . H . 54 0( g - 54 1( g A 35 e a . d. 11 45 ( H ) - 11 47
A bbasid31 notidentif ied 433-442 silver1039-1052.
5e i b n - Ab 1 -B a k r i b n- A H ( 3 g A 3 5e , c a l le d a l- S ah r aw i ( A 3 5e , r e b el a t
a .H . 5 4 2 ( A 3 5e - 5 43 ( g A 4 e a . d . 1 14 7 ( H ) - 1 14 ( H ) g o ld
n o t id e nt i fi e d 4 4 3.
A 3 5 e i b n - A l i ( C 1 1 A 3 5 e , c a l l ed I b n -G h an i ya h ( A 3 5 e , M a s su f ah B e r b e r
5 4 1 ( A 5 1 c - 5 43 ( C 1 1 A 3 5 e a . d. 1 1 47 ( A 5 1c - 1 14 ( C n
1 n o t id e nt i fi e d a n d th e B a n u -T a sh f in 4 4 s i lv e r ( f o r t he B a n u -
bn-B adr( C odera L amtunahB erbergovernorofC ordovauntila . h.
54 ( H ) g o ld ( f o r ' A b b a si d 3 1 n o t id e nt i fi e d a n d th e B a n u -T a sh f in
rnorofNulL amtahabouta .h. 542( g a . d. 1147( H ) anonymous
1 notidentified 444.
theirpredecessorsandcontemporaries theMurabits
t.H erewehaveavailablearich andbountifulseriesgenerousin
mints anddates.
pectedofthepuritanicalsect establishedbythereformer
namongtheveiled( mulaththimun tribesmenof theSahara . A f ter
a instnegroesofGhanatothesouth o f thefounderandofhissk il led
mar a l- amtum Y ahya sbrotherA bu-B ak rassumedcommandof
army andisgenera lly consideredtohavebeenthef irsttemporal
underofthe rulingdynasty.
mportantcity tak enby theMurabits fe ll ina . h. 44 ; A bu-B ak r
hisf irstsurv iv ingdinarwasstruck there in450. Y etthepattern
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ages
nduncultureddesert chieftaininthisremoteMoroccanstronghold
ortantalterationbyhisveiledsuccessorsrulingnot onlyMorocco
andw asfullyw orthyof thatprosperousandciv il i edland.
the golddinar withaweightofabout4.2 gramsandan
limeters.O ver15oospecimensarereported withover4oohaving
ng4.05grams.Muchofthiswasstruck inSpain throughtheraw
edfromthenegroessouthof theSahara andwasthusthefirst
uckin westernE uropesinceR omantimes.SpanishChristiangold
hatof theirMoslemfoes.
disk nown: tw ohalfdinars( 52 210 andasingleq uarter
e interestarethefew electrumcoinsreported(939 991 992 , theonly
heuseof thisa lloy havenotdiscoveredthenameappliedto
ir relativevalue.
greatvarietyof Murabitsilvere ists.D enominations
m thesi eofadinarbutvary inginw eight andthenew q irat
iameterandaveraging. 95gram w ithhalves q uarters e ighths
ereof . Mintsareof tennamed butmoreof tennot thegreatassort-
despreadmintingwithconsiderablelocalautonomy.
ewimitationdinarsanddirhemswhichmayhavebeen
wereprobablycontemporaryforgeries.
coinsincluded inthissurveyareMurabit andnearlyhalf
ensrecorded.Thisprolific mintingwithinlessthana century
dinaryprosperity whichhadtheusualeffectof softeningupthe
atthey fe lleasyprey tothene tw aveofhardyB erberinvaders
erpiecesinNask hi orK iif iandNask hi theMurabitco insare
somewhatcoarseatthestartbut usuallyclearandelegant.The
ationprecedesthenameand titleoftheruler andofhisheir if
ed.
ydevotedto the' Abbasidcaliph:al-imam ' Abd-Allah
metimesal- A bbasi. TheobversemarginisKoranic thereverse
ptionwithmintand date anestimablecustomfromthe
w . B ecauseof this there islitt lediff iculty inattributingMurabitgo ld
uallystraightforward.
t lea l-amir struck dinarsatSi i lmasahf rom450to4 0. The450
ucceedingyeare ceptthreesmallclusters: 452-453 459-4 0 and
aslightlydif ferentpatternw astried butsoondiscarded. Thesecondgap
hedinar( 53 dated45 , the lastdigitbe ingpunchedout struck
therw isecomplete lyunidentif ied theassumptionisthathew asa
commandwhileAbu-Bakr ledamilitarye peditionsouthward.
countforthe dinars( 54-57 dated4 2to4 6 or4 7andstruck
Abi-B ak r obv iouslyasonlef t intemporarycommand thoughhe
chistorians.
453 Abu-B akrturnedMoroccoovertohis cousinand
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ateMedievalNorthAfrica
shf in devotingtheremainderofhislife tospreadingI slamby
henegroesoftheSenegalregion.Y usuf s27-yeartenureas
ak r sdeathinbattle in4 0 le f tnoslightestnumismatictraces— in
eralArabicchroniclers — thoughduringthisperiodhefounded
edF e andC euta inMorocco took T lemceninA lgeria anddefeated
allaca.
nceof theArabichistorians whenY usufdidassumepower
thetit leamira l-muslim in fora llhiscoinslim itthemselvessimply
masaha lone Y iisuf slow lyaddedothermints: C euta(4 4 ,
gh ma t( 4 6 ) , C or do va ( 4 6 ) , S ev il le ( 4 9 , J a ti va ( 4 9 , M ar ra ke sh ( 4 9 0 , S an
m er ia ( 4 92 , G ra na da ( 4 93 , T le mc en ( 4 94 , N ul ( 4 94 , M al ag a ( 4 9 4 ,
ca n ta r a ( 4 9 ) , a n d B a e a ( 4 9 7 . N ot a l l of t h es e s tr u ck a n nu a ll y b u t th e y
mberof standardi eddinarsanda handfulofsilver.
nsfoundonY usuf sdinarsaremint-marks( o f tenonce j , )
hesubstitutionof J e foritssynonym<i_, year( 112 . B othof
comeverycommononlater Murabn gold.
hsson' A liprocla imedheirapparent andthiseventw asref lected
uesof497 whileby499all themintsthenstrikinghadredesigned
r.Apparentlyeachmintwasfree todothiswhenand howit
thevarietyofso lutionscontrived evenmintsusingthemark K,
ateac ommonmint-master followednocommoncourse.A
2 outdiditse lfby imply ingthat' A lira therthanYusufw asruling a
curredin5oo onthef irstdayofw hichY usufdiedatavery
5oo( 132 140 14 , 147 arepresumablyposthumousissues
dies forconveniencetheyaregroupedwithhis regularcoins.
y' Alimightbecharacteri edthus mostlygold ofhigh
wellengravedandwellstruckatalmostevery importantcityof
withconsiderableautonomyateachmintasregards selectionand
nbothgoldandsilver. D uringhistran uilreignof37 yearsit
dabundantly.Chronologicalsubdivisionsareprovidedbythe
rentofhis sonS1rin522 andofhisson Tashfinin533after
0wereA ghmat Si i lmasah andMarrak esh tow hichw ere
N ul ( 5 01 , T le mc en ( 5 05 , S al a ( 5 0 ) , B a n 1- Ta wa da ( 5 13 , a nd C eu ta a nd
. Si i lmasah w hichhadrecogni edhimpremature ly continuedto
title al-amiruntil520 buttheothersusedthe sub-caliphal
.
w ereSev il le ( f rom510 w hereaslightrearrangementof the
andwhereamint-masternamedY ashiraddedhisnameto the
n ci a ( 5 o o- 5 12 , A l ge c ir a s ( 5 0 7 -5 0 9 , D e n i a ( 5 o o - 50 4 , J a t iv a ( 5 o o o n ly ,
w hereanew reversemarginw asintroducedin519andin520a
dinthefo llowingparagraph C ordova( 503only , L o a( 511only ,
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ages
Murcia( 501-512 , w hereoddlyanonymousdirhemsw erea lsostruck
0 ) . I t isnoteworthy thatonlySev il le Granada andA lmeriaw ere in
ded.
of520w asthe insertionof thew ords" w a nuq adimu , former
rcircle.This implicationofadeficiencymadegoodwill notbear
narsstruckbetween501and520average3.97-grams while12
e3.94+ ; apparentlythiswasmerelybureaucracyatwork twelfth
sa lsostruck silver asdidSaragossa J ere , andC uenca.
isalsoprobablyattributabletoSpain itisvariedand well-
o tre uiredeta iledcomment.
Sir washeir 522-533 foundhisnameaddedbyeachmint
A ghmat Si i lmasah F e , Marrak esh andNulLamtahcontinued
nts w ithC eutaandTangiercoiningsilver. Sev il le w ithYashir
ada andA lmeriastruck dinarsinSpa in Murciacontinueddirhems.
withTashfinasheir usedthesamefiveMoroccandinar
nwesternA lgeria w hileC eutastil lco inedsilver. A l- A bbas w as
field andminorvarietiesproliferated.O nlySevilleandAlmeria
ere insurrectionthreatened w ithsilverf romJaen.
ionof' Ali sreignthecoinageremainedfairly stablein
andlegends butthemintsgradua lly closedandthosew hichstayed
gment changingstylesrapidlyandovercrowdingfieldsandmargins
trapiousphraseaffordedmorein spiritualmeritthanitcost in
at hadservedTashfinasheirof ' Alicontinuedtoservehim
especia lly thoseonw hichhissonI brahimappearsashe ir tendto
dmargin andtheirstylewaschangedmorefre uentlythan
sk il lf uluseof the540T lemcendinar( 40 torefutetheA rabic
edassertionthatTashfin sdeathoccurredatO raninR amadanof539.
esse ceptforaCordovancoinwhich musthavebeenstruckby
bn-Muhammad.
ahim sbrie f reignin540.
beenresponsible fortw o( 441 442 o f thefew dinarsbearing
heyw eremintedatC ordova in540and541. Granadaw asrev ivedasa
e forAlmeriahadfallentoChristianassailants.Similarly
ow ere lim itedtoA ghmat Marrak esh andNulLamtah andthe
sharplyunderheavyMuwahhidpressure thoughagooddealof
ecutionofI sha in541broughtthemain dynastytoits
risonsheldoutinsevera lstrongholds. Thedinar( 443 struck bya l-
es hisgenealogy hissub-caliphalande traordinaryspiritual
ruedateofhissurrender o f tensetat542. Thedinars( 445 44 ) and
the B anii-TashfinmarkthecontinuedresistanceofCordova
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ateMedievalNorthAfrica
musthaveheldoutfora few months astheanonymousdinar(444
dsurvivesofthegovernorresponsible.
struck coinsinSpaineither likeH amdin j ustpriorto541
uwahhidrule falloutsidethescopeof thisstudy.I tshould
tothistransitiona lperiodthattheuni ue J ami id( 24a
dinarsbe long asw ellasthepartisanMuwahhidgoldandsilver
.
heMurabit coinageashistoricaldocumentationisevident
e e tremepaucityoftheirepigraphicanddocumentaryremains
arymeagernessofthehistoricalsourcesconcerningtheirsupre-
fore ample devotesaboutone-f if thasmuchspacetotheMurabits
ndhiscolleaguesdolikewise sothatmuchoftheinformation
sonthegold fillsavacuumleftby thehistorians.
so f theMuw ahhiduna.h. 524- 6 8 ( a . d. 1130-12 9 .
A 3 5e M u ha m ma d ( A 3 5e i b n- T ii m ar t ( A 3 5e s p ir i tu a l le a de r a .h . 5 15
5e a . d. 1 1 21 ( A 5 c - 1 12 ( n o a lt e rn a ti v e n o c o i ns m en t io n ed
wahhidandH afsidcoins.
athofoandproclamationof1a. h. 522( A 35e -524( A 35e
ti v e - 1 13 0 ( A 1 5 .
s B 1 A 51 b ' A bd -a l- Mu m in ( g s B 1 A 35 e i bn - A l i ( g s B 1 A 35 e
( A 35 e a .d . 11 30 ( A 15 - 11 3 ( A 35 e :
A 3 5e - 5 51 ( C 1 1 a . d. 1 1 30 ( A 1 5 - 1 15 ( C 1 1 a n on y mo u s
o ld447-472 anonymouspartisansilver1057-10 1
4 silver10 5-1074.
la h ( g A 3 5e M u ha m ma d ( 1 A g A 3 5e a . h. 5 5 1 ( C 1 1 - 5 5
C 11 - 11 3 ( A 4 d g o ld 4 73 -4 0 .
u b ( g A 35 e Y u s uf ( 2 g A 35 e a .h .5 5 ( A 3 5e - 55 ( A 3 5e
- 11 3 ( A 3 5 e g ol d ( s e e 2a s ru le r .
B 1 C 2 A 3 5e Y u su fI ( g C 2 A 3 5e i b n- A bd -a l- Mu m in ( j ; g B 1 A 35 e
0 ( A 3 5e a .d .1 1 3 ( A 4 d - 1 1 4 ( A 51 c :
.h . 55 ( A 35 e - 5 3 ( A 35 e a . d .1 1 3 ( A 3 5 e - 1 1 8 ( A 4 d
a l- mu m im n a. h. 5 3 ( A 35 e - 5 0 ( A 35 e a .d . 11 8 ( A 4 d
49 3- 49 .
A 4 d i bn -H a y ya n ( A 5 1c S an ha a h B e rb er r eb el a t Ta a a .h . 55 9 ( A 4 d
1 4 ( H ) - 11 4 ( A 4 d g ol d4 99 .
35 e Y a q u b ( g A 35 e i bn - u s uf I ( 2 A 35 e a .h .5 0 ( A 3 5e - 59 5( A 35 e
-1 19 9 ( A 3 5e :
A 35 e - 5 7 ( A 35 e a .d . 11 4 ( A 4 d - 11 91 ( H ) g ol d 50 0- 50 3.
la h ( s A 5 ic M u ha m ma d ( 4 A t fe a .h . 5 7 ( A 3 5e - 5 95
) - 1 19 9 ( A 3 5e s i lv er 1 0 75 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ages
A 51 c M uh am ma d ( g A 35 e i bn - a q u b ( 3 A 35 e a .H . 5 9 5 ( A 3 5e
19 9 ( A 3 5 e - 1 2 1 3 ( A 5 1 c g o l d 5 04 - 50 .
A 5 c Y u su fI I ( g A 35 e i b n- Mu ha mm ad ( 4 A ^ e a .H . 6 1 0 ( A 3 5e - 2 0
A 5 1c - 1 22 4 ( A 3 5 e g o ld 5 0 7- 5 09 .
3 5e ' A b d- a l- W a h id I ( A 3 5e i b n- u s uf I ( 2 A 3 5e a . h. 6 2 0 ( A 3 5e
2 24 ( A 3 5e - 1 22 4 ( A 3 5e ( o p po s ed d u ri n g 6 2 1 b y 7 n o c oi n s.
A 35 e ' A bd -A ll ah ( B 1 C 2 A 3 5 e i b n- a q u b ( 3 A ^ $ e a .H . 6 2 1
1 A 35 e a . d. 1 22 4 ( A 4 d - 1 22 7 ( B 1 A 35 e ( o pp os ed d ur in g 6 2 1 by 6 a nd
510.
35e ' A bd-A llah( A 35i ibn-Muhammadibn- U maribn- A bd-al-
e r e be l at B a e a a .h . 6 2 1 ( A 3 5e - 2 ( A 35 e a . d. 1 22 4 ( H ) - 1 22 9 ( H ) n o
A 35 e I d ri sI ( g A 35 e i bn - a q u b( 3 g A 35 e a .h .6 2 4 ( A 35 e - 2 9
A 4 e - 12 32 ( A 4 d ( o pp os ed 6 2 4- 2 9b y9 :
Ma h di a . h. 6 2 4 ( A 3 5 e - 2 7 ( A 4 e a . d . 12 2 7 ( A 4 e - 1 2 30
t al - Ma h di a . h. 6 2 7 ( A 4 e - 2 9 ( A 4 d a . d .1 2 30 ( A 4 e
o in s .
A 4 d Y a h y a( g A 35 e i bn -M uh am ma d ( 4 A tf e a .h . 6 2 4 ( A 3 5e - 3 3
A 4 d - 1 2 3 ( A 4 d ( o pp os ed d ur in g 6 2 4 by 7 6 2 4 - 2 9 by 8 , a nd
ld 5 1 2.
e ' I m ra n ( s A 4 d i b n - a q u b ( j ; A 3 5 e r e be l am ir a t Ce ut a a. H . 6 2 9
A 3 5e a .d . 12 32 ( H ) - 1 2 32 ( D 1 5 s il ve r 10 7 , 1 0 7 7.
A 5 c ' A bd -a l- W a hi d I I ( g A 35 e i b n- d ri s I ( 8 ; g A 35 e a . h. 6 3 0
5e a .d . 12 32 ( A 35 e - 1 2 42 ( A 4 d ( o pp os ed 6 3 0 - 3 3 by 9 :
l -M a hd i a .h . 6 3 0 ( A 3 5e - 3 1 ( H ) a . d. 1 2 32 ( A 3 5e - 1 23 4 ( H )
- 1 0 4 .
Ma h di a . h. 6 3 1 ( H ) - 4 0 ( A 3 5e a .D . 1 2 3 4 ( H ) - 1 24 2 ( A 4 d
ad
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ateMedievalNorthAfrica
A 35 e ' A li ( A 3 5e i bn - d r is I ( 8 ; g A 35 e a .h .6 4 0 ( A 3 5e - 4 ( A 3 5e
12 4 ( A 35 e g ol d 51 - 52 1.
35 e ' U m ar ( B 2 3 C 1 9 A 3 5e i bn - s h a i bn - u s uf I ( 2 g C 19 A 35 e a .h .
5 ( A 35 e a .d .1 24 ( A 35 e - 12 6 ( A 4 e ( o pp os ed du ri ng 6 6 5 by 13
medalM1.
A 35 e I d ri s I I ( A 35 e i bn -M uh am ma d ib n- U m a r ib n- A bd -a l- Mu m in
.h .6 6 5 ( A 3 5e - 6 8 ( A 35 e a .d .1 2 6 ( A 4 d - 12 9 ( A 3 c ( o pp os ed du ri ng
7- 5 39 .
moussilver10 5-111 , anonymouscopper1170 1171.
abitandMuwahhidhistoryarestriking.E achwasafanatic-
ya religiousreformerinaremotesectionof Morocco drawing
reviouslyunimportantgroupoftribes sweepingirresistably
dcities andfinallycon ueringallofMoslemSpain.Muhammad
ahdi played' A bd-Allahibn- aSin sro lew ithaconsiderable
warrior-missionarylikehisprototypebut asubtletheologianwho
nti-anthropomorphicdoctrine.H erecruitedsupportersamong
of thehighA tlas w hile thef irstMurabrfcshadbeenLamtahand
Sanha ahstock fromtheedgeof theSahara . Hisoppositionw as
rgani edthanhadbeenthecase intheprecedingcentury and
eralsstruckeastwardrather thansouthward.
stwascompleteandspectacular.TheMurabitgoldhad
tstandardfrom alongMoslemtraditionascendingtothe
amascus thiswasdeliberatelyrepudiatedbytheMuwahhids
dinarhada diameterof19-22millimetersandastandardweightof
edspecimensaverage2. 27. Themeta lremainede ce llent asdidthe
minting.
aced thetraditionalK ufl.Thefieldinscriptionwasplaced
acircle w iththefoursegmentsava ilable foraddit iona llegends
emargin.The newstyle withonlyslightmodifications was
nastiesconsideredinthisstudy sothata.h.540maybe con-
atershed.D oubledinarsaswellas fractionsweresoonintroduced
the largeco insservedadmirably tohousethee tendedgenealogica l
nwhichthe Muwahhidslaidsomuchimportance.Therangeof
limeters 275weighedspecimensaverage4.55grams.
underwentane uallydrasticrevision.TheMahdi s
otheusualre ligiousdogmas w hile ' A bd-al-Mu minandhis
es t it les epithets andgenea logiesgradua lly crow dedallo ther
tesw erenevernoted andmintsonlyoccasiona lly sothatthe
offsetbytheselosses.
andonewhichhasneverheretoforebeenade uately
tiousprecisionin terminology.Alargeproportionoftheperfectly
edinarshavebeenbadlymisreadby competentscholarswho
alstopluralsormadecomparableerrors. Lane- oo le L avo i ,
ndothersanaly edtheseco insandcorrectedindiv idua lmisreadingsw hile
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ages
usetheydidnotapprehendthisunderlyingprinciple whichmay
thecoinsor theplates.
o ldspectacularchangesw ere introducedby ' A bd-al-Mu min.
j e tt isonedthetraditiona lsty le infavorofs uaresilverina
sheirsdevelopedthisintothe anonymouss uaredirbemwhich
oughoutNorthAfrica andAndalusiainenormousq uantities
tensivelybytheChristians.
tionstheremainingsilverconsideredinthis study bywhatever
ss uarewithlegendsderivedfromtheMuwahhidpattern.Thus
smaticreformsintroducedbyonemananddevelopedbyhis heirs
nturies.
its theMuwahhidsle f tnocopperco inse ceptafew debased
Marrakushinotedthatgildedcopperdinarswereminted to
sa ibn- A bd-al-Mu minf romhisA rabcaptors butnonehassurvived
pocryphal.
oddlyinscribedgold( 44 a andsilver( 1057-10 4 , soongave
oinagewithavarietyof AfricanandAndalusianmints.The
hidswerepromptlyreflectedontheir dinars possiblyasadeliberate
possiblybyopeningmintstocoin thecapturedgoldandsilverfor
teZ iridandH ammadidcoinsmayhavebeenlosttoposterityin
ullassortmentof la teMurabn co inssurv ived.
theca lipha lt it leamira l-mu mininonbothgo ldandsilver.
rksoccurinvariouspositionsonhis gold mostofwhichwas
deranceofhissilver asidefromthemintlessvariety camefrom
cludingMurcia notcaptureduntilnineyears afterhisdeath.
nabu- A bd-AllahMuhammadhishe irandaddedhisnameto
miral-a all.Thoughbothoftheseeventsare recordedby
eresultingseriesofdinars hasusuallybeenascribedtothe 4th
name SilvestredeSacy scorrectattributionhav ingbeendis-
55 ' A bd-al-Mu minchoseanotherson Y usuf ashe irinstead
d.I tisimpossibletodistinguish anydinarsonwhichY usufmay
mthoseof theearlypartofhis ownreign duringwhichhe
titleal-amiral-a all.Sevilleishis onlySpanishmint both
onasamira l-mu mininin5 3.
snameorthato fmostofhissuccessors foritw asatthis
ss uaredirhemswereintroduced.I tisalmostimpossibleto
ividua lrulers oreventodynasties astheHafsidscontinuedto
minateperiod.B lancard sstudyonthe E uropeanimitations
edwithcomparativeeasebytheirconfusedengraving while
andiahavemadevaluablestudiesof theseco ins bute ceptfor
namentedK uf iasdefinitelyH afsid it issti l lnecessary to
plainK ufiasbelongingtoanyof anumberofMuwahhidsor
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ateMedievalNorthAfrica
u s uf s r e ig n M a d a ra i b n- H a y ya n r eb e ll e d at T a a s t ru c k
menhasbeenreportedin moderncollections— , andwassup-
irstof thesplendidseriesofdoubledinars w ithhisfatherand
reversefieldandhimselfon thereversesegments.Somenumis-
ledinars asdinars butthecorrectvalueis establishedbythe
nominationspecif iedoncoin44 a w eighing. 55gram aboutoneeighth
hedoubledinars. A nodds uaresilverpiece( 1075 mayreferto
butthisattributionisq uestionable.
struckdoubledinarsq uiteunliketheseriesof dinarsoften
m. Hiscon uesto f theB alearesisre f lectedintheappearanceof
mints foranonymoussilver.
continuedtoaddhisnametothoseofhisancestorsonthego ld but
hisgreat-uncle ' A bd-al-WahidI forw homnoco insarek nown.
dsuccessfulopponent' Abd-Allahisassignedanundescribeddinar.
ucknocoinswhichhavesurvived.Coinsof anyofthisgroupmay
vations.
historianstohavedeleteda l-Mahdi snamef romthego ldin627
ubledinar( 511 musthaveprecededthatevent asit isorthodo
inesinsteadof f ive ineachf ie ld. Hisnephew andopponentYahya
w ndoubledinar w hile I dris brotherTmran w homadehimself
apparentlyco inedonlysilver( 107 , 1077 w iththetit lea l-amir.
inheritedhisfather santi-Mahd1coinageanddevelopedit inboth
ygoldpra isedtheKoraninsteadof theMahdi hisearly silverw as
wnepithetal-R ashidfortheMahdias imamuna.Suggestions
ofthissilver butclearerspecimensmustbefoundto determine
efortherestorationofa l-Mahdi sname 6 31 isconf irmedor
Thelater goldcoinsshowthatthis restorationactuallydid
rsanunidentif iedmintmisreadbyP rietoasMala ah( Malaga .
ck afew normaldoubledinars hew assucceededbyadistant
w homintedavarietyofgold. ' U mar smintsincludedC euta Si i l-
t if iedcity a lsomisreadbyPrietoasMala ah. A ninterestinggo ld
bedbyB rethes.
otherdistantcousinnamedI drisI I , struckafewmoregold
mismatichistoryofthisdistinguisheddynasty sincenocoinsare
wahhidpretenderswhoaroseafterthe Marinidvictoryin6 6 8 .
ca
uH u d o f M ur c ia a . h. 6 2 5 - 6 8 ( a . d. 1 2 2 - 1 2 9 .
t es t o A 4 e M u h am ma d I ( A 3 5e i b n - u s uf ( A 3 5e a . h . 6 2 5 ( A 2 )
12 2 ( A 4 a - 12 3 ( A 4 a a no ny mo us g ol d ( f o r ' A b ba si d 3 , n ot
nymoussilver( for' A bbasid3 , notidentif ied 1117-1120.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ages
A 2 ) A hm ad ( A 35 e i bn - ( ? ) , c al le d al - a na sh ti ( A 35 e , i nd ep en de nt
A 2 ) - 3 5 ( s A 35 e a .d . 12 33 ( A 4 e - 12 3 ( A 4 e s il ve r ( f o r
1.
3 5e I b r ah i m ( n o t es t o A o b i b n -a b i l - A b ba s ( A 7 o b , c a l le d a l-
i n de p en d en t a mi r o f Ce u ta a .h . 6 4 7 ( A 3 5e - 7 7 ( H ) a . d. 1 2 49 ( H ) - 1 27
n on y mo u s go l d ( f o r ' A b ba s id 3 7 n o t id e nt i fi e d 5 4 1.
the pettydynastiesofMoslemSpainwhicharoseonthe ruinsof
aree cludedf romthisstudye ceptforthe irNorthA f ricanissues.
mranhaddeclaredhimselfindependentat Ceutaina.h.
lfunabletoho ldout so in6 30hee changedthetownforasinecure
oreta inedC eutaforthreemonthsunderthegovernorshipofonea l-
maybeascribedadoubledinar( 540 andsevera ls uaredirhems
hreferencestotheMahdi andtheMuwahhidswerereplacedby
the ' A bbasidca liph neverindiv idua lly specified. Theappro imate
rminedbythestyle analogoustocontemporaryMuwahhid
attributionfo llow sbecauseIbn-H udistheonly rulerduringthisperiod
nterritoryandacknowledged' Abbasidsu erainty.
ud sgovernorw ase pelledby the inhabitants w hogavethe
adal- anashti.Thisamirkeptpowerforfiveyears including
noese whomheboughtofffora largeransom.Tohimmustbe
mdated6 35( 1121 w hichw asstruck inthenameof the ' A bbasid
a l-Mustansir-bi-A llah.
wahhidcontroluntil6 43 andintoH afsidvassaldomuntil
tthreedecadesitw asaga inindependentunderthe loca lamirabu l-
w hostruck adoubledinar( 541 o fHafsidtypewithpro- A bbasidlegends
w henthe last' A bbasidca liphw ask il ledbyHulaguduringthe
teisestablishedbythe dateoftheH afsidcoinsfromwhichit
butionrestsonthe eliminationofotherpossibilitiesforthisdate
on.
ndE asternAlgeria
sof theB anu-HafsofTunisiaandeasternA lgeriaa . H. 6 27-9 2
C 1 , A 35 e Y a h ya I ( g B 1 3 A 35 e i bn - A bd -a l- W ah id ( g B 1 3 C 1 , A 35 e
4 7 ( A 3 5e a . d. 1 23 0 ( A 4 e - 12 49 ( A 35 e :
hd n am e a .h . 6 2 7 ( A 4 e - 3 4 ( A 3 5e a . d. 1 2 30 ( A 4 e - 1 2 3
.
hd a nd H a f s i d na m es a . h. 6 3 4 ( A 3 5e - 4 0 ( A 5 c a .d . 1 23
5 c g ol d5 45 5 4 .
amea.h.6 40( A 5c - 47( A35e a.D .1242( A 5c -1249
2 partisango ld553-55 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ateMedievalNorthAfrica
C 17 A 35 e M u ha mm ad I ( g C 15 A 35 e i b n- a hy a I ( 1 g C 1 , A 35 e
7 5 ( A 3 5e a .d . 12 49 ( A 35 e - 12 77 ( A 3 5 e :
.h . 6 4 7 ( A 3 5e - 5 0 ( A 5 c a .d . 12 49 ( A 35 e - 12 53 ( A 5 c
a l -m u m i ni n a .h . 6 5 0 ( A 5 c - 7 5 ( A 3 5 e a . d . 12 5 3 ( A 5 c
2 - 5 6 , c o p p er 1 1 72 .
122 1123.
C 12 A 5 c Y a hy a I I ( g A 35 e i b n -M uh am ma d I ( 2 A 35 e a . h. 6 7 5
A 35 e a .d .1 27 7( A 35 e - 12 79 ( A 3 5e ( o pp os ed 6 7 7- 7 b y4 g ol d5 7 5 8 .
A 35 e I b ra hi mI ( g A 35 h i bn - a h ya I ( 1 g A 35 e a .h .6 7 7 ( A 5 c - 8 1
A 5 c - 12 3 ( A 3 5 e ( o pp os ed 6 7 7 - 7 b y 3 an d du ri ng 6 8 1 b y4 A
b n- M ar u ( A 3 5e , c a ll e d I b n - a bi - U m a r a h ( A 3 5 e , i m po s to r p re t en d -
as ( g a l- a dl ( g A 35 e i bn - a h ya I I ( 3 A tf e a .h .6 8 1 ( A 3 5e - 8 3
A 5 - 12 4 ( A 3 5e ( o p po se dd ur in g6 8 1 by 4 6 8 1 - 8 2 by 5 a nd
g o ld 5 7 0.
' A bd -a l- A i I ( A 35 e i bn - b r ah im I ( 4 A 35 e a .h .6 8 1 ( A 3 5e - 8 2
A 35 e - 12 3 ( A 35 e ( o pp os ed 6 8 1 - 8 2 b y 4 A n o co in s.
n C 12 A 35 e ' U m ar I ( g A 35 h i b n- a hy aI ( 1 a .h .6 8 3 ( A 3 5e
12 4 ( A 5 - 12 95 ( A 35 e ( o pp os ed d ur in g 6 8 3 b y4 A an d 6 8 3 - 9 4 by
g C 12 A 35 e Y a h ya ( A 35 e i bn - b ra hi m I ( 4 A tf e a mi r at B o u gi e
- 7o o( D 4 a .d .1 2 4 ( D 4 D 1 4 - 13 01 ( D 4 ( o p po se d6 8 3 - 9 4 by 6 a nd
7 4- 5 7 .
C 12 A 35 e M u ha mm ad I I ( g C 12 A 35 e i b n - a h ya I I ( 3 C 12 A 35 e
09 ( A 3 5e a .d . 1 29 5 ( A 3 5e - 1 30 9 ( A 3 5 e ( o p po s ed 6 9 4 -7 o o by 6 A a n d
77-579.
g A 35 e K h al id I ( g C 12 A 35 e i b n- a hy a( 6 A C 12 A 35 e a . h. 7o o( D 4
01 ( D 4 - 1 31 1 ( A 5 c ( o p po s ed 7 o o- 7 09 b y 7 d u ri n g 70 9 b y 9
ing711by11 :
a t B o u gi e a .h . 7 oo ( D 4 - 7 09 ( A 3 5e a .d . 1 30 1 ( D 4 - 1 30 9
ra l-mu minina .h. 709( A 35e -711( A 35e a . d. 1309( A 35e
5 0 .
A b u- B a k r I ( A 3 5e i b n- A b d- a l- R a h m an i bn - Ab i -B a k r i b n- a h ya I
0 9 ( A 3 5 e - 7 0 9 ( A 3 5e a . d. 1 3 09 ( A 3 5e - 1 30 9 ( A 3 5e ( o p po s ed d u ri n g
C 14 A 35 e A b u- B a kr I T ( g C 14 A 35 e i b n- a hy a ( 6 A C 12 A 35 e a . h. 7 10
5e a . d. 1 3 10 ( A 1 b - 1 34 ( A 3 5e ( o p po s ed 7 1 0- 7 11 b y 8 , 7 1 1- 7 17 b y
21-730by12A 724-725by12B , and729-732by12C :
a t B o u gi e a nd C o ns t an t in e a .H . 7 1 0 ( A 3 5e - 7 1 ( A 5 c a . D .
( A 5 c g ol d5 1 -5 3 .
a l- mu m in in a .H . 7 1 ( A 5 c - 74 7 ( A 3 5e a .D . 1 3 1 ( A 5 c
5 4 - 59 1 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ages
2 A 3 5e Z a k a r iy a I ( g C 2 A 3 5e i b n- A hm a d ib n -M u ha m ma d ( b r o t he r
h .7 11 ( A 3 5 e - 7 1 7( A 35 e a . d .1 31 1 ( A 5 - 13 1 ( A 5 c ( o pp os ed
-717by10 go ld592 593.
A 35 e M uh am ma d I I I ( g A 35 e i bn -Z a k ar iy a I ( 1 1 A 35 e a .H . 7 1 7
5e a . d. 1 3 17 ( A 3 5e - 1 32 3 ( n o a lt e rn a ti v e ( o p po s ed 7 1 7- 7 23 b y 1 0 an d
594.
A 35e Muhammad( A 35e ibn-A bi-B ak ribn-Musa( cousinof1
2 1 ( A 3 5 e - 7 30 ( A 3 5e a . d. 1 3 21 ( A 3 5e - 1 33 0 ( A 3 5 e ( o p po s ed
3by12 724-725by12B , and729-730by12C noco ins.
A 3 5e I b r ah i m ( A 3 5 e i b n - Ab i -B a k r I ( 9 A 3 5e p r et e nd e r a. h .7 2 4 ( D 1 4
24 ( D 1 4 - 1 32 5 ( A 3 5e ( o p po s ed 7 2 4- 7 25 b y 1 0 an d 1 2A n o c oi n s.
) ' A b d- a l- W a h id ( A 3 5e i b n- Z a k ar i ya I ( 1 1 A ^ e p r et e nd e r a. h .
A 3 5e a . d. 1 3 29 ( H ) - 1 33 2 ( A 3 5e ( o p po s ed 7 2 9- 7 32 b y 1 0 an d
ins.
5 e ' U m a r I I ( g A 35 e i b n -A bi -B a k r I I ( 1 0 g A 35 e a . h. 7 47 ( A 35 e
1 3 4 ( A 35 e - 13 47 ( A 5 c ( o pp os ed d ur in g 74 7 by 1 4 g ol d 59 5 5 9 .
A 35 e A hm ad I ( A 35 e i bn -A bi -B a k r I I ( 1 0 A tf e a .H . 7 4 7 ( A 3 5e - 74 7
A 3 5e - 1 34 ( A 3 5e ( o p po s ed d u ri n g 74 7 b y 13 n o c oi n s.
d11betweendeathof13 andindependenceof15a.h.74 ( A35e
7( A 5 c - 13 4 ( D 4 D 1 4 .
g A 35 e a l - a dl ( g A 35 e i b n -A bi -B a k r I I ( 1 0 g A 35 e a . H . 7 49 ( A 35 e
( D 4 D 1 4 - 1 35 0 ( A 3 5 e ( o p po s ed 7 4 9~ 7 5 1 b y 15 A a nd 1 5 B ) :
gi e a .h . 7 49 ( A 3 5e - 7 49 ( A 3 5e a .d . 1 34 ( D 4 D 1 4 - 1 34 9
5 9 .
s a. h .7 5 0 ( A 3 5 e - 7 51 ( A 3 5e a .d . 1 35 0 ( A 5 c - 1 35 0 ( A 3 5e
3 5e ' A b d- a l- R a h m an ( g A 3 5e i b n- M uh a mm ad i b n- A bi - B a k r I I ( 1 0
tn e a. h . 74 9 ( A 3 5 e - 7 55 ( A 3 5e a . d. 1 3 4 ( D 4 D 1 4 - 1 35 5
7 4 9- 7 51 b y 1 5 an d 7 51 - 75 5 b y 1 ) g o ld 6 0 1 .
g A 3 5e M u ha mm a d ( g A 3 5e i b n- a h ya i b n- A bi - B a k r I I ( 1 0
u gi e a. h. 7 49 ( A 3 5 e - 75 3 ( A 3 5e , 7 1 ( A 3 5 e - 7 7 ( A 3 5 e a .d . 13 4
4 , 1 3 0 ( D 1 4 - 1 3 6 ( A 1 b ( o pp os ed 7 49 -7 51 b y1 5 an d 7 1 - 7 7 b y
e g o ld 6 0 2 .
nf luence( seeabove go ld603.
C 5 A 3 5e I b ra hi mI I ( g C 5 A 3 5e i bn -A bi -B a kr I I ( 1 0 g C 5 A 3 5e a .h .7 51
e a .d . 13 50 ( A 35 e - 13 9 ( A 5 ( o pp os ed 7 51 -7 55 b y1 5A 7 1 -7 7 b y
7 1 - 77 0 b y 17 g o l d 6 0 4 - 0 7 .
g B 2 o C 2 A 35 e A hm ad I I ( g B 2 0 C 14 A 35 e i bn -M uh am ma d ib n- Ab i-
C 14 A 35 e a .h .7 55 ( A 3 5e - 75 ( A 35 e , 7 1 ( A 3 5e - 79 ( A 35 e a .d .1 35 4
4 D 1 4 , 1 3 0 ( A 5 c - 13 94 ( A 3 5e ( o pp os ed 7 1 -7 7 by 15 B , 7 55 -7 5 ,
d 7 70 -7 72 b y1 ) :
e g o l d 6 0 .
nf luence( seeabove go ld609.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ateMedievalNorthAfrica
( A 35 e K h a li dI I ( A 35 e i bn - b r ah im I I ( 1 ; A 35 e a .h .7 70 ( A 3 5e - 77 2
9 ( A 5 - 13 70 ( A 5 c ( o pp os ed 7 70 -7 72 b y 77 n o co in s.
2 A 3 5e * A bd -a l- A i I I ( g C 2 A 5 c i bn -A hm ad I I ( 7 7 g C 2 A 3 5e
3 7 ( A 5 c a . d .1 39 4 ( A 3 5e - 14 34 ( A 5 c g o l d6 1 0 - 2 5.
A 5 c M uh am ma d I V ( g A 5 c i bn -M uh am ma d ib n- A bd -a l- A i I I
3 7( A 5 c - 39 ( A 5 c a. d. 143 4( A 5c - 143 5( A 5c go ld 6 2 .
A 5 c ' A li ( g A 5 c i bn - A b d- al - A i I I ( 7 9 g A 5 c a mi r at B o ug ie
5 ( A 5 c a .D . 1 43 5( A 32 - 14 52 ( D 4 ( o pp os ed 3 9- 5 b y2 1 g o ld 6 2 7.
12 A 5 c ' U t hm an ( g C 2 A 5 c i bn -M uh am ma di bn - A b d- al - A i I I
a .h. 8 39 ( A 5 c - 9 3( A 9 a .d .14 35 ( A 5 c - 14 8 ( A 9 ( o ppo sed
:
st y le : g ol d 6 2 - 3 .
dsty lew ith4- linereversefie ld: gold6 37 6 3 .
lewith4-linefields:gold 6 39 6 40.
A 5 c Y a hy a I I I ( A 5 c i b n -M uh am ma d ib n- U t h ma n ( 2 7 A 9 a .h .
4( A 9 a .d .1 4 8 ( A 9 - 14 9 ( A 9 ( o pp os ed du ri ng 8 9 4 by 23 n oc oi ns .
' A bd -a l- Mu m in ( A 9 i bn - b ra hi m ib n- U t h ma n ( 2 1 A 9 a .h .
5 ( D 4 a . d. 1 4 9 ( A 9 - 1 49 0 ( D 4 ( o pp os ed d ur in g 8 9 4 by 2 2 n o co in s.
Z a kar iya I I ( A 9 i bn - a hy aI I I ( 2 2 A 9 a .h .8 9 5 ( D 4 - 99 ( A 1 a
14 94 ( A 1 a n o co in s.
A 1 a M u ha m ma d V ( g A 1 a i b n- a l- H a s a n ib n -M u ha m ma d i bn -
1 a a .h .8 9 9 ( A 1 a - 93 2( A 1 a a .d .1 49 4( A 1 a - 15 2 ( A 1 a
g A 1 a M uh am ma d V I ( g i bn -M uh am ma d V ( 2 5 g A 1 a a .h . 93 2
14 , 9 42 ( D 1 4 - 94 ( D 1 4 a. d. 152 ( A 1 a - 15 34 ( D 1 4 , 15 35 ( D 1 4
l- m u m i ni n ( s e e a b ov e g o ld 6 4 4 .
o fC harlesI o fSpa in(seeabove noco ins
yr-al-Din andTurksbetweendepositionandrestorationof2
2 ( D 1 4 a .d . 15 34 ( D 1 4 - 15 35 ( D 1 4 .
c A 1 a A hm ad I I I ( s c A 1 a i bn -M uh am ma dV I ( 2 ; s a .h .9 4 ( D 1 4
42 ( D 1 4 - 1 5 9 ( D 1 4 s i lv e r 11 2 4- 1 13 2 c o pp e r 11 7 3 1 1 74 .
betweendeposit ionof27andinsta llationof2 a . h. 977( D14
5 9 ( D 1 4 - 15 73 ( D 1 4 .
A 1 a M uh am ma d V I I ( D 1 4 i bn -M uh am ma d V I ( 2 ; D 1 4 v as sa l of
a h. 9 1 ( A 3 2 - 9 2 ( A 32 a .d . 15 73 ( D 1 4 - 15 74 ( A 3 2 n o co in s.
spiritualandpolitical successionfromtheMuwahhids and
ccordingly.Theirdoubledinars dinars andsmallergoldpieces
andards andsurvivingspecimensaverageslightlybetterweight
ssors.B yrestrictingthefield inscriptionstothreelines they
em thescriptusedwasa cursiveNaskhiorahighly ornamented
scriptisdef inite lyHafsid otherw ise the iranonymoussilveris
fromthat struckbytheMuwahhids.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ages
al-WahidI
hya1
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ateMedievalNorthAfrica
almostinvariablyinclude intheobversefield oneof
f theMahdi these uenceof thesef ieldsaf fordsoneof the
sedatelessgoldpieces. Thereversefieldandsegmentsnormally
name tit le epithets andcondensedgenealogy . Mintsoccuron
tes areunknownuntilneartheend ofthedynasty when
theformofnumerals underO ttomaninfluence.
slastedforoverthreecenturies withminorinterruptionsby
rteenthcenturyandma orconflictswithTurksandSpanish
atw hichtimethe legibil ityo f theco insw asseriously impaired.
gold thoughnotasautomaticasthat oftheMurabitand
ldomdif f icult becauseof these uenceofobversesty lesandscripts.
sintothreeseriescorrespondingtothestagesbyw hichhepassedf rom
ortobeingan independentsovereign thoughcontentinghimself
a l1. I n6 27 w henhissu era inI drisI renouncedtheunitarian
removedhimf romtheco ins Y ahyasei edtheopportunity to
rk eco insinthenameof theMahdiand' A bd-al-Mu min f riendof
s' U mar av irtua ldeclarationof independence. I n6 34headded
0hedeletedthatof 'A bd-a l-Mu min completingthepo lit ica lseparation
utheandhis heirsneverrepudiatedtheMahdiordeletedhis name
ticularimportancearethecoins struckforY ahyabyvassalsin
andSpain( 555 55 ) , aseachcanbelink edwithaparticulareventin
forpower.Ceutaacknowledgedhimfrom6 43to6 47 betweenthe
ditsf reedomundera l- A af i w hosego ldisdescribedw iththat
asahunderal- ha ra irecogni edhisauthorityonly in640and6 41.
g itsfinalsiegebythe Christians whileGranadarecogni ed
l-AhmarestablishedindependentNasridrulethere toendureuntil
pponentofLouisI X o fF rance inhisfata lcrusade didnotinherit
ngs buthisprosperoushomeprovincewasanample heritagewhich
whiledevelopingcommercewithI taly.H iscoinsfallinto two
tlea l-amira l-a a lluntil6 50 w henheadoptedtheca lipha lamir
esecuredinternationalapprovalaftertheMongolcon uestofB agh-
the latterseriesthattheornamentedK uf1scriptw asintroduced possibly
w how ereverynumerousandinfluentia linMuhammad scourt.
yaI I waspatternedonhis butwhenI brahimI sei edpower
styleandthetitleal-amiral-a al1.
U marah claimingtobeal- adlibn- ahyaI I , whohadbeen
tasingledoubledinar( 570 w hichhasnothereto forebeencorrectly
attributedtohisriva l' A bd-al- A i I , w hosere ignlastedless
f ico insw erestruck by ' U marI andbyhiscontemporaryat
w housedthetit lea l-amir. A smallgroupofdoubledinarsinbothscripts
MuhammadI I andasingleornamentedK uf ionetohisriva l
o insfortheshortre ignofA bu-B ak rI .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ages
edtenureAbu-B ak rI struck abiggroupofgoldco ins w hile
I andMuhammadI I I le f ta few withunusua lobverse inscriptions.
otleavecoins.
o ' U marI I , andthee ighthdinarofP arisisprobablyhis but
hmadI beforethelatterhada chancetomintgold.The Marinid
entledtopartit ionamongal- adl ' A bd-al-R ahman and
homstruck distinctivegold thedoubledinar( 6 03 struck by
ondreignaftercaptivityamongtheMarinids isparticularly
phraseologyinthereversesegments.
struck by I brahimI I includingthe lastornamentedK uf i
w omintedforhisopponentA hmadI I , thesecondofw hich( 6 09
v ity j udgingby itsf ive- l inef ie lds. Kha lidI I ' sshortre ignle f tno
ignof ' Abd-al- A i I I isreflectedbyhisplentiful gold in
ris wrongforthedenominationindicatedbythelegendsand
armaybeattributedtohissuccessorMuhammadI V thoughthis
tohisson' A hatB ougie .
leproducedaq uantityofgo ld someofw hich struck inA lgeria is
arrangementofthe legendsandinthemodifiedK ufiscript.
histhreeephemeralsuccessors whilethegoldassigned
artly il legible thew rongsi e ortentative . MuhammadV Tssingle
segments itwasduringhis reignthattheTurksand Spaniards
olof Tunis.I tisapparentthatthe troubleswhichoverwhelmed
U thman sdeathseriouslyaf fectedboththequantityandthequality
ceasedentirely.
ntre ignofA hmadI I I nogo ldsurv ives butaq uantityofdated
uencehasbeenfound andafewpiecesof copper.Nocoinsare
sid MuhammadV I I , norforthemany independentHafsid
erberrebels.
fsidgold withthefinalsilverand copperpieces ismost
tinglistso f theHafsidrulers. E x tensiverev isionshavebeenmade
atureandrelationships followingthee cellentstartmadeby
giadeC andia .
ernAlger1a
sof theB anu-Z iyan( B anii- A bd-al-Wdd o fw esternA lgeria
. 12 3 - 15 5 ) .
A 1 Y a gh mu ra sa n ( B 8 , A 35 e i bn -Z i y an ( B 8 , A 35 e a .H . 6 3 3 ( A 3 5e
. 12 3 ( A 1 - 12 3 ( A 35 e a no ny mo us g ol d H a f si d st yl e 6 4 5.
U t h ma n I ( A 35 e i bn - a gh mu ra sa n ( j ; A 35 e a .H . 6 8 1 ( A 35 e - 70 3
A 35 e - 13 04 ( A 1 n o co in s.
M uh am ma d I ( A 35 e i bn - U t h ma n I ( 2 A 35 e a .H . 7 0 3 ( A 3 5e - 70 7
A 1 - 13 0 ( A 35 e n o co in s.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ryofL ateMedievalNorthA f rica
A 35 e M us a I ( g A 35 e i bn - U t h ma n I ( 2 A 35 e a .h . 70 7 ( A 3 5e - 71
A 35 e - 1 31 ( A 35 e g o ld 6 4 .
C 12 A 35 e ' A bd -a l- R a hm an I ( g C 14 A 35 e i bn -M us a I ( 4 A tf e
73 7 ( A 3 5e a .d . 13 1 ( A 35 e - 13 37 ( A 3 5 e g ol d 6 4 7- 4 9.
d11betweendeathof5 andindependenceof6 a.h.737( A35e
37 ( A 35 e - 13 4 ( A 35 e .
' U t h m a n I I ( A 3 5e i b n- A b d- a l- R a h ma n i bn - a h ya i b n- a g hm u -
. H . 7 49 ( A 3 5e - 7 53 ( A 3 5e a . d. 1 3 4 ( A 3 5e - 1 35 2 ( A 3 5e n o c oi n s.
a l -Z a i m I ( A 3 5e i b n- A b d- a l- R a h m an i b n- a h ya i b n- a g hm u-
a . h. 7 5 3 ( A 3 5 e - 7 5 3 ( A 3 5e a . d. 1 3 52 ( A 3 5e - 1 35 2 ( A 7 5 n o c o i ns .
ds12and13betweendeathof 7andindependenceof8 a.H .753
35 e a .d . 13 52 ( A 75 - 13 59 ( A 35 e .
, A 35 e M us a I I ( g B 8 , A 35 e i bn - u su f ib n- A bd -a l- R a hm an i bn -
sa n ( j ; B 8 , A 35 e a .H . 7 0 ( A 3 5 e - 79 1 ( A 3 5e a .d . 13 59 ( A s a
pp os ed 7 2 -7 79 b y8 A a n d 7 8 - 7 9 1b y 9 g ol d 6 5 0 6 5 1 .
e M u h am ma d ( A 3 5 e i b n - U t h m a n I I ( 6 ; A 3 5 e p r e t en d er a . H .
A 35 e a . d .1 3 0 ( D 1 4 - 13 77 ( D l 4 ( o pp os ed 7 ^ ~ 7 79 b y 8 ) n o
' A bd -a l- R a hm an I I ( g A 35 e i bn -M us a I I ( 8 ; B 8 , A 35 e a .h . 7 8
e a .d . 13 7 ( D 1 4 - 13 93 ( A 35 e ( o pp os ed 7 8 - 7 9 1b y 8 ) g ol d 6 5 2.
a l- Z a i m I I ( A sa i bn - A bd -a l- R a hm an I I ( 9 A 35 e a .h . 79 5 ( A 3 5e
( A 3 5e - 1 39 3 ( A s a n o c oi n s.
( A ) Y u s uf ( A 3 5e i bn -M us aI I ( 8 ; A 35 e a .h .7 95 ( A s a - 79 ( A 3 5e
4 ( A 7 5 n o c oi n s.
M uh am ma d I I ( g A 35 e i b n -M us a I I ( 8 ; A ^ e a .h . 79 ( A 35 e - 0 2
7 5 - 1 39 9 ( A s a g o l d 6 5 3 .
A 75 ' A bd -A ll ah I ( g A 5a i bn -M us a I I ( 8 ; A sa a .h . 8 0 2 ( A s a - 0 4
s a - 1 40 2 ( A s a g o l d 6 5 4 .
A 75 M uh am ma dI I I ( g B 8 , A sa i bn -M us aI I ( 8 ; B 8 , A sa a .H . 8 0 4
. A 7 5 a . D . 14 02 ( A sa - 14 11 ( B 8 . A7 5 g o ld 6 5 5 - 5 7.
A bd -a l- R a hm an I I I ( g A 75 i bn -M uh am ma d I I I ( 1 4 A 75 a .h . 8 1 3
5 a . d. 1 41 1 ( A 7 5 - 1 41 1 ( A 7 5 g o ld 6 5 .
l- Sa i d ( A 75 i bn -M us aI I ( 8 ; A 75 a .h .8 1 4 ( A 7 5 - 1 4( A 75 a .d .1 41 1( A 75
s.
' A bd -a l- W ah id ( g B 8 , A 5 c i bn -M us aI I ( 8 ; B 8 , A 5 c a .h .8 1 4 ( A 7 5
1 ( A 7 5 - 3 3( B 8 . A7 5 a .d .1 41 1( A 75 - 14 24 ( A 7 5 , 1 42 ( A 75 - 14 30
5 9 - 6 2 .
g A 75 M uh am ma d I V ( A 5 c i b n - A b d- al -R a h ma n I I ( 9 A 5 c a . H .
A 75 , 8 3 3 ( A 7 5 - 3 4( A 75 a .d .1 42 4( A 75 - 14 2 ( A 75 , 1 43 0( A 75
3 6 6 4 .
B 8 , A 5 c A hm ad I ( g B 8 , A 5c i bn -Mu sa I I ( 8 ; A 5c a.h .8 3 4( A 7 5
d. 14 31 ( A 7 5 - 1 4 2 ( A 75 g ol d6 6 5 - 6 8 .
B 8 , A 75 M uh am ma d V ( g B 8 , A 5 c i bn -M uh am ma d ib n- al -Z a i m I I
6 6 ( A 75 - 73 ( D 1 a.d .1 4 2 ( A 75 - 14 8 ( D 1 go ld 6 6 9 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ages
' A bd -a l- R a hm an I V ( H ) i bn -M uh am ma d V ( 2 0 D 1 a .h . 8 7 3 ( D 1
4 8 ( D 1 -1 4 8 ( D 1 n oc oi ns.
8 ) M uh am ma d V I ( B 8 ) i bn -M uh am ma d V ( 2 0 D 1 ) a .h . 8 7 3 ( D 1
8 ( D 1 - 15 05 ( D 1 n o co in s.
8 ) M uh am ma d V I I ( B 8 ) i bn -M uh am ma d V I ( 2 2 B 8 ) a .h . 91 0 ( D 1
5( D 1 - 15 1 ( D 1 :
D 1 - 91 ( H ) a .d . 15 05 ( D 1 - 15 12 ( D 1 4 n o co in s.
I o f Ar ag on a .h . 91 ( H ) - 92 2 ( D 1 a .d . 15 12 ( D 1 4 - 15 1 ( D 1
A h ma d I I ( H ) i b n- M uh a mm ad V I ( 2 2 D 1 4 v a ss a l of O t t o m an S a li m I
4 - 9 22 ( D 1 4 , 9 23 ( D 1 4 - 9 24 ( D 1 4 a . d. 15 1 ( D 1 4 - 15 1 ( D 1 4 , 1 51 7
1 4 ( o p po s ed 9 2 3- 9 24 b y 2 5 n o c o in s .
) M us a I I I ( D 1 ) i bn -M uh am ma d V ( 2 0 D 1 ) v as sa l of C ha rl es I o f
- 93 4 ( D 1 a .d . 15 1 ( D 1 - 15 2 ( D 1 ( o pp os ed 9 23 -9 24 b y2 4
hya
ahman
u s uf
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ateMedievalNorthAfrica
8 ) ' A bd -A ll ah I I ( g B 8 ) i bn -M uh am ma d V ( 2 0 D 1 ) a .h . 93 4 ( D 1
( D 1 - 15 40 ( D 1 :
a .h . 93 4 ( D 1 - 94 2 ( D 1 4 a .d . 15 2 ( D i - 15 35 ( D 1 4
S pa i n a. h .9 4 2 ( D 1 4 - 9 47 ( D 1 a . d. 1 5 35 ( D 1 4 - 1 54 0 ( D 1
D 1 4 M uh am ma dV I I I ( g D 1 4 i bn - A b d- Al la hI I ( 2 ; D 1 ) a .h .9 47
4 , 9 49 ( D 1 - 95 0( D 1 4 a .d .1 54 0( D 1 4 - 15 43 ( H ) , 1 54 3( D 1 - 15 43
ofOttoman10(seeabove go ld671.
e , asvassalo fC harlesI o fSpa in noco ins.
) A hm ad I I I ( D 1 ) i bn - A b d- Al la hI I ( 2 ; D 1 ) v as sa lo fO t to ma n
94 9( D i , 9 50 ( D 1 4 - 95 7( D 1 a .d .1 54 3( H ) - 15 43 ( D 1 , 1 54 3( D 1 4
s.
D 1 4 H a sa n( g D 1 4 i bn - A b d- Al la hI I ( 2 ; D 1 ) a .h .9 57 ( D 1 - 9 4
1 - 15 5 ( D 1 g ol d6 7 2 .
w erfulne ighbors theHafsidsandtheMarinids theZ iyanids
edordrivenfromtheircapital atTlemcenintothemountains
rthrown withsubse uentinterregnums yettheymanagedto
ll overthreecenturies untilthecontroversybetweenTurksand
heOttomancon uest. Duringthisspantheyalsosuf feredan
ra-dynasticrebellion yettheircapitalprosperedanda fairamount
nsof thisZ iyanidgo ldaree tant andthe irattributionismade
tionof propernamesinthefamily butbycorrelationwith
hicstudiesandw iththehistoriansof theearlierperiod areasonable
.ThustheanonymousgoldpieceinH afsidstyle identicale cept
rarygoldof Morocco isascribedtoY aghmurasanbecauseatthe
k hewasmastero fT lemcen andbecausehe lik ehisMarinid
minallyaH afsidvassa1.
o ' U thmanI andMuhammadI , butthedoubledinars
ufar uA llah sure lybe longtoMusaI and' A bd-al-R ahmanI ,
une pectedliftingoftheeight-yearsiegeof Tlemcenatthe
suf .
ingcoinsinthe corpus( 6 4 , 6 49 arereluctantlyinsertedhere
telyunabletoaccountforthe titleamiral-mu mininandtheother
toreadthe lastlineofthe reversefield ofwhichallreportedversions
TheAlgiersissuemaybeq uestionablebuttheTlemcencoindoes
yan' A bd-al-R ahmanw ithca lipha lpretensions hisnameandtit le
erfectlyclear butine plicable.
hmanI I anda l-Z a lmI , w horuledbetweenthetwoMarinid
k nowntohavesurv ived though' U thmanissa idbyYahyaI bn-
ome.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ages
gnboref ruit inonedoubledinarandprobably inonedinar w hilea
stsfor' A bd-al-R ahmanI I , ifB rethes attempttopaintthenameof
lee tantspecimenhasnotmisledme.
hortre ignsofa l-Z a lmI I andYusuf butMoysereportsadouble
andtheParisspecimenseemstof it ' A bd-A llahI , thoughascribed
nableto MuhammadI I I bytheepithetal-W athi -bi-Allah
ve ly to ' A bd-al-R ahmanI I I , withnoco insfora l-Sa id w horuled
insbearsthenameof ' A bd-al-Wahid w hilesim ilarcoinscan
nentMuhammadI V . A hmadI le f tagroupofgo ldpiecesw ithhis
Allah andaha lfdinarmaybelongtoMuhammadV oroneofhis
nedtothene tf iverulers w hosere ignsw ereverydisturbed
ats. To ' A bd-AllahI I andMuhammadV I I I canconfidentlybe
inars(6 70 6 71 w hichbearbesidesthe irnamesandtit lesthat
bu l-R ab1 Sulayman. A nincredibleamountof f ruitlesscontroversy
sLavo i , vanB erchem Prieto andF asmerhasbeenfomentedby
eobviouslystruckbythesevassalsof theO ttomansultanSulayman
uropeansandtheL awgiverbyhisownpeople.
tuallybearthekunyahabu l-R abi isnoob ection all
usedthis name anditwasascribedto himasunhesitatingly
usuf ibn-Tashf inorabi ' l-Hasantohisson' A liby laterhistorians
wstheMurabitts l ik etheO ttomans didnotusenamesinabu- . I n
nd aninscriptiontermedSulaymanabu l- utuhwithe ually
manentlyclosed itmaybehoped w emayskipA hmadI I I ,
f o rthef ina lZ iyanidgo ldpiece aha lfdinarofHasan.
thisdynastyis sketchybecauseofthescarcityof available
that futurearchaeologicalfindswillcompletetherepresentationof
beascribedtothe Z iyanids althoughtheymustcertainly
ringtheir lengthycontrolofwesternAlgeria L eoAfricanus
laterrulersofthis dynastycoinedbothsilverandcopperis
ciallybyanalogywiththelateH afsidpieces.
so f theB anii-MannofMoroccoa.h. 592- 6 9( a . d. 119 -14 5 .
2 ' A b d- a l- H a q I ( g B 4 C 1 4 A 3 5e i b n - Ma h yu ( A 3 5e a . h . 59 2
5e a .d . 11 9 ( A 92 - 12 17 ( A 4 e n o c oi ns .
' U t h ma n ( A 35 e i bn - A b d- al -H a q I ( j ; A 35 e a .h .6 1 4 ( A 3 5e - 3
A 4 e - 12 40 ( A 92 n o co in s.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
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ateMedievalNorthAfrica
C ) M u h am ma d I ( A 35 e i b n- A bd -a l- H a q I ( r A 35 e a . h. 6 3 ( A 92
12 40 ( A 92 - 12 44 ( A 4 d n o co in s.
A bu -B a k r ( A 3 5e i bn - A bd -a l- H a q I ( 1 A 35 e a . H . 6 4 2 ( A 35 e - 5
A 4 d - 1 25 ( n o a lt e rn a ti v e a n on y mo u s go l d H a f s i d st y le 6 7 3 - 7 12
1134.
U m a r ( A 3 5e i bn -A bi -B a k r ( 4 A tf e a . h. 6 5 ( A 35 e - 5 ( A 92
ti v e - 1 25 9 ( A 9 2 ( o p po s ed 6 5 - 5 b y 6 ) n o c oi n s.
C1 4 A 35e Y a q u b ( g B 4 C1 4 A 35 e i bn - A bd -a l- H a q I ( 1 g B 4 C1 4
A 35 e - 8 5 ( A 35 e a .d . 12 5 ( n o al te rn at iv e - 12 6 ( A 35 e ( o pp os ed
s ty l e a. h . 6 5 ( A 3 5e - 6 8 ( A 3 5e a .d . 1 25 ( n o a lt e rn a ti v e
y mo u s go l d ( s e e 4 .
s ty le a .h . 6 6 8 ( A 35 e - 8 5 ( A 35 e a .d . 12 9 ( A 35 e - 12 6
714 anonymoussilver1135.
n C 12 A 35 e Y i is uf ( A 3 5e i bn - a q u b ( 6 ; B 2 4 A 35 e a . h. 6 8 5 ( A 35 e
a . d. 1 2 6 ( A 3 5e - 1 30 7 ( B 2 4 A 3 5e a n on y mo u s go l d 71 5 -7 2 5 a n o -
40.
A 3 5e ' A m ir ( A 3 5e i b n- A b d- A ll a h ib n - u s uf ( 7 A 4 d a . h . 70
35 e a .d . 13 07 ( A 35 e - 13 0 ( A 35 e n o co in s.
12 A 35 e S ul ay ma n ( A 3 5e i bn - A bd -A l la h ib n- u su f ( 7 A 4 d a .h . 70
5e a . d. 1 3 0 ( A 3 5e - 1 31 0 ( A 3 5e n o c oi n s.
C 14 A 35 e ' U t h ma nI I ( g B 4 A 35 e i bn - a q u b ( 6 ; B 4 C 14 A 35 e
( A 3 5e a .d . 1 31 0 ( A 3 5e - 1 33 1 ( A 3 5 e ( o p po s ed 7 1 4- 7 31 b y 1 0A
4 A 35 e ' U m ar ( g B 4 A 35 e i bn - U t hm an I I ( 1 0 A 35 e a mi ra tS i i l ma -
7 33 ( A 3 5e a . d. 1 3 15 ( A 4 e - 1 33 3 ( D 1 7 ( o p po s ed 7 1 4- 7 31 b y 1 0
co ins.
4 . C1 4. A3 5e ' A li ( B 4 A 35 e i bn - U t h ma n I I ( j o B 4 . C1 4. A3 5e a .h . 73 1
A 3 5e a . d. 1 3 31 ( A 3 5e - 1 35 1 ( B 9 A 3 5e ( o p po s ed 7 3 1- 7 33 b y 1 0A a n d
nscriptions: anonymousgo ld74 -749 anonymoussilver
andNasridinscriptionsa . h. 731( A 35e -740( A 35e a . d.
A 35e anonymousgo ld750-75 .
dZ iyanidinscriptionsa.h.737( A35e -752( B 9 A35e a.d.
B 9 A 3 5e a n on y mo u s go l d 75 9 -7 8 , a n on y mo u s si l ve r 1 14 7 .
. C1 2. A3 5e F a r i s( g B 4 A 35 e i bn - A li ( 1 1 B 4 A 35 e a .h . 74 9 ( A 3 5e - 75 9
( A 35 e - 13 5 ( A 35 e ( o pp os ed 7 49 -7 52 b y1 1 :
ty le: go ld7 9-777.
d st y le : g ol d 7 7 - 7 6 .
M u ha m ma d ( A s b i b n- a r is ( 1 2 A b p r et e nd e r a. h . 75 9 ( A 5 b
( A sb - 13 5 ( A 5b n o co in s.
M uh am ma d I I ( A 35 e i bn - a ri s ( 1 2 A ^ e a .h . 75 9 ( A 3 5e - 7 0
A 35 e - 13 59 ( A 35 e g ol d 7 7 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
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ages
C 14 A 35 e I b ra h1 m ( A 3 5e i bn - A li ( 1 1 B 2 . C1 4. A3 5e a .h . 7 0 ( A 35 e
13 5 9 ( A 3 5 e - 1 3 1 ( A 3 5e g o l d 7 8 , a n on y mo u s si l ve r 1 14 .
5e T as hf in ( A 35 e i b n - A l i ( 1 1 A ^ e a .h . 7 2 ( A 35 e - 7 3 ( A 3 5 e
- 13 1 ( A 35 e n o co in s.
3 9a ' A bd -a l- H a li m ( A 3 5e i bn - U m a r ( 1 0 A A tf e a .H . 7 3 ( A 35 e
13 1 ( A s b - 13 2 ( A 35 e ( o pp os ed 7 3 -7 4 b y1 7 n o co in s.
5e M u h am ma d I I I ( g A 35 e i b n- a q i i b ib n- A li ( 1 1 A 3 5e a .H . 7 3
sb a .d .1 3 1 ( A 35 e - 13 6 ( A sb ( o pp os ed 7 3 -7 4 by 1 a nd 7 4 -7 5
2 .
A b d- a l- M u m i n ( g A 3 5e i b n - ' U m a r ( 1 0 A ; g A 3 5e a m 1 r a t Si i l ma s ah
7 5 ( H ) a .d .1 3 2 ( D 1 4 - 13 3 ( H ) ( o pp os ed 7 4 -7 5 by 17 g ol d7 93 .
betweendeathof17andaccessionof1 a . h. 7 7( A sb -7 8
( A s b - 1 3 6 ( A 35 e .
A sb ' A bd -a l- A i I ( g B 4 .A 35 e i b n- A li ( 1 1 B 4 A 35 e a .h .7 8 ( A 35 e
6 ( A 3 5e - 1 37 2 ( A 3 5e g o ld 7 9 4- 7 9 .
M u ha mm ad I V ( g A 35 e i b n- A bd -a l- A i I ( 1 ; A ^ e a .H . 7 74 ( A 35 e
3 72 ( A 5 c - 1 37 4 ( A 3 5 e g o ld 7 9 7- 7 99 .
g C 14 A 35 e A h m ad ( g s A 35 e i b n- b ra hi m ( 1 4 C 14 A 35 e a . H . 7 75
35 e , 7 9 ( A 3 5e - 79 ( A 35 e a .d .1 37 3( A sb - 13 4 ( A s b , 1 3 7 ( A 35 e
p os ed 7 7 - 7 4 b y2 0 A :
am1ra l-muslim inorNasridinscription: go ld8 00- 05.
amira l-muslim in w ithNasridinscription: go ld8 0 - 09.
l-muslimin withoutNasridinscription:gold8 10- 29
amira l-musliminandNasridinscription: go ld830.
b ' A bd -a l- R a hm an ( g s A 35 e i bn - A li i bn - U m a r ( 1 0 A g s A 35 e
7 ( A 3 5e - 7 4 ( A 3 5e a .d . 1 37 4 ( A 7 ob - 1 3 2 ( A 3 5e
b y 2 0 g o ld 8 3 1 8 3 2 s i l ve r 1 15 0 .
M u sa ( g A 35 e i b n- a ri s ( 1 2 A tf e a . h. 7 6 ( A 35 e - 7 8 ( A sb a .D .
( A sb g ol d8 3 3 8 3 4 .
M uh am ma d V ( g A 35 e i bn -A hm ad ( 2 0 A 35 e a .h . 7 8 ( A sb - 7 8
( A s b - 13 6 ( A 35 e g ol d8 3 5 .
M u ha mm a d V I ( A 3 5e i b n- M uh a mm a d ib n - A l i ( 1 1 A 3 5e a .H . 7 8
35 e a . d. 1 3 6 ( A 35 e - 1 3 7 ( A 35 e n o c oi ns .
' A bd -a l- A i I I ( g A 35 e i b n -A hm ad ( 2 0 A 3 5 e a . h. 7 9 ( A 35 e - 7 99
35 e - 13 9 ( A sb :
t yl e : go l d 8 3 - 3 9 .
sty le : go ld8 40- 54.
' A b d- A ll a h ( g . A sb i b n- A hm a d ( 2 0 A s b a . h. 7 9 9 ( A s b - o o ( A s b
3 9 ( A s b H a f si d s ty l e go l d 8 5 5 - 5 9 .
A sb ' U t hm an H I ( g C 14 A sb i bn -A hm ad ( 2 0 C 14 A sb a .H . 8 o o ( A s b
9 ( A sb - 14 20 ( A 74 H a f si d st yl e go ld 8 6 0 - 6 7 .
7 4 M u ha m ma d V I I ( A 3 2 i b n- A b d- A ll a h ib n -a b i- T ar i i b n- a r is ( 1 2
4 - 3 0 ( D 6 ) a .d . 14 20 ( A 74 - 14 27 ( H ) ( o pp os ed 8 2 3 - 3 0 by 2 ) n o co in s.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ateMedievalNorthAfrica
4 A 32 ' A bd -a l- H a q I I ( s B 4 A 5 c i bn - U t hm an I I I ( 2 ; B 4 .A 32
9 - 6 9 ( A 5 c a. d. 14 20 ( D 6 , D g - 14 5 ( A 5 c ( o p po se d8 2 3 - 3 0 by 27
20
M u ha mm a d
theMar1nidsis essentiallysimple butthenecessary
asneverbeendone sothatallma orcollectionscontainmoreor
ascribedMoorishgold .Thisanonymousgoldcaneasilybe divided
umberoflinesineach field anditisthe three-lineH afsidtype
first.
propernamesink now nforany rulerearlierthanYa q ub
dina.h. 6 5 . Theanonymousgo ldw asnotstruck by theHafsids
dandtheminttownsw erenotunderHafsidcontro l norby the
f themints therearenosuchob ectionstotermingitMarinid w hich
ndlegendsit mostcloselyresemblestheearlierH afsidgold
nornamentedK iif1scriptcorrespondingtothat usedbythe
sstarting about6 50.TheearlyMarinidswerenominalH afsid
sgo ldwasstruck byA bu-B ak randYa q ubchie fly butnot
aloverthrow of theMuw ahhidsin66 8 . I t isl ik e ly butlesscerta in
ussilverwith similarinscriptionswasalsostruckby thesetwo
ecesofY a q ubw ithhisnameandtit les probablystruck af ter
enanothergapduringtheprosperousre ignofhissonYusuf . Thiscanpromptly
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ages
seriesf romthef ive- linegroup asshowninthecorpus agroup
re intermediatebetweenthoseofY a q ubandthoseof ' U thmanI I ,
fulbut limitedtoMorocco.Anonymoussilverbearingsimilar
nedtoY usuf . F or' A mirandSulaymannoco insaree tant.
dbearsthenameof ' U thmanI I f romseveralm intsw ithin
v ivesforhissonandopponent' Umar am1rofSi i lmasah andnone
thman ssonandsuccessor' A h apiousbutambitiousmanwho
strouslydefeatedbytheChristiansat Tarifa con ueredAlgeria
disastrouslydefeatedbyA rabsnearK a irouan andw asthev ictim
hipwreck ande ile .
eof theanonymousgold someofwhichbearstheNasrid
truckbeforehisdefeat atTarifain740 andsomeofwhichbears
w asstruck a f terthecon uesto fT lemcenin737 atmintswhich
ndSi i lmasahbutT lemcen A lgiers B ougie andTunis. Tothese
f itt ingthek nownfactsof ' A li scareermaybeaddedcorresponding
er.
sassumedthetit leo fam1ra l-mu minin andafullseriesofgold
includeT lemcenandB ougie aga invictimsofMarinidcon uest.
d-typegoldwiththree-linefieldsalsobearsF aris nameandtitles.
edin q uicksuccessionahandfulofgold survives:nonefor
d onetentative ly forMuhammadI I , oneforI brahimifmy
egiblespecimeniscorrect noneforTashf in nonefor' A bd-al-Ha lim
madI I I , andonef inedoubledinarfortheam1r' A bd-al-Mu minat
aga incon ueredTlemcenandlef tnumismaticev idenceofhisachieve-
oubledinarsf romF e . MuhammadI V mintedthreeco insatF e .
tothis troublederaisan anonymouspieceascribedto
laritytothegold whichseemstobearhisname.
dre igna largequantityofgo ldanda litt lesilverise tant w hile
A bd-al-R ahman a lsomintedbothgo ldandsilver.
t powerrapidly:Miisatwoyears twoissues MuhammadV
oubledinar MuhammadV I oneyear noco ins. I nhisthreeyears
I struck fourco insinMarinidsty leandseveralinH afsidsty le w ithan
ethree-linefield.This wascontinuedonahandfulof goldby
re i gn e d on l y on e ye a r a n d on a l a rg e r gr o up b y ' U t h m a n I I I w h or u le d
mm a d V I I a n d no g o ld f o r ' A b d - al - H a q I I , t h ou g h on e s il v er
cribedtohis violentreignandanothertentatively.
atichistory then canreadilybeunderstoodbymatchingeach
andsilverto itsmostlikelyoriginatoronconsiderationsof style
henthisisdone asteadydevelopmentismadeavailablefor
ged gap-filledoutlinesheretoforepublished.
Marinidgoldofeachdenominationissomewhatbroaderthan
bute tantspecimensaverageslightly lighter. 4.57gramsisthe
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ateMedievalNorthAfrica
oubledinarsand2. 2 gramsof51dinars. Thestyle islessattractive
egiblethanthoseofa llbutthe lastH afsids buttheyarenot
. Thesilverisade uate lyengravedandstruck butthegenera l
clinefromthehighMuwahhidstandards.
ca
Nasr( B anuH-A hmar o fGranadaa. h. 6 29- 8 7( a . D. 1232-1492
1 4 C 17 M uh am ma d I ( B 1 4 C 17 A 35 e i bn - u su f ( B 1 4 A 4 d a . h .
7 1 ( B 1 4 A 74 a .d . 12 32 ( D 9 - 12 73 ( B 1 4 n o Af ri ca n co in s g ol d st ru ck a s
.
1 5 C 17 A 4 a M uh am ma d I I I ( C 17 A 35 e i bn -M uh am ma d I I ( 2
. h. 7 01 ( B 1 4 A 35 e - 7 0 ( B 1 4 A 35 e a . d. 1 30 2 ( B 1 4 A 35 e - 1 30 9
b el ow .
1 4 A 35 e N as r ( B 1 4 A 35 e i bn -M uh am ma d I I ( 2 B 1 4 A 35 e a .h . 70
3 ( A 4 a a . d. 1 30 9 ( B 1 4 A 4 a - 1 3 14 ( A 4 a s e e be lo w.
1 5 A 35 e M u ha mm ad V ( g B 1 5 A 35 e i b n- u su f I ( 7 g B 1 5 A 35 e
0 ( A 35 e , 7 3 ( A 35 e - 7 9 3( A 4 a a .d . 13 54 ( A 35 e - 1 35 9 ( A 3 5e ,
9 ( D 9 D 1 4 g o ld 8 6 8 .
oussilver1153.
ntrolledCeutafroma.h.705 to709andfrom7 6 to7 9.
53 bearingthenameofthismint andtheirmotto" wa-laghalibu
toe itherof theseperiods butsimilarsilverreportedforF e must
d astheNasridsneverhe ldsecurecontro lo f the inlandcapita l. I f the
conf irmedascorrect theymightbeascribedtotheMarinid' A li w ho
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ages
sridinsription thiswouldraisetheq uestionofwhetherhealso
edfromNorth Africaisa doubledinar( 8 6 8 ) mintedat
thoughthefirstNasridruler beforedeclaringhisindependence
5 ) atGranadafortheHafsidYahyaI .
ustdiscussed thenumismatichistoryof theNasridsfa llsoutside
co
sof theB anu-WattdsofMoroccoa. h. 86 9-9 1( a . d. 14 5-1554 .
M uh am ma d I ( g A 29 b i b n - a h ya ( A 2 9 b a . H . 8 6 9 ( D 6 ) - 91 0 ( D 6 )
- 15 04 ( D 6 ) g ol d8 6 9 .
ot es t oA 32 M uh am ma d I I ( g s C , A 32 i bn -M uh am ma d I ( 1
6 ) - 93 2 ( A 2 9b a .d . 15 04 ( D 6 ) - 15 25 ( D 6 ) g ol d 8 7 0 s il ve r 11 54 .
2 ' A H ( s A 29 b i bn -M uh am ma d I ( 1 A 32 a .h . 93 2 ( A 2 9b - 93 2
A 2 9b - 9 1 ( A 29 b a .d .1 52 5( D 6 ) - 15 2 ( A 29 b , 1 55 4( A 29 b - 15 54 ( A 2 9b
29 b A h ma d ( s C , A 32 i b n -M uh am ma d I I ( 2 C , A 29 b a . H . 9 32
) , 9 5 ( D 1 4 - 95 7( D 1 4 a .d .1 52 ( A 2 9b - 15 45 ( D 6 ) , 1 54 9( D 1 4 - 15 50
.
M uh am ma d I I I ( A 32 i bn -A hm ad ( 4 A 32 a .h . 95 2 ( A 3 2 - 95
6 ) - 15 49 ( D 1 4 n o co in s.
sbetw eensurrenderof4andrestorationof3a. h. 957( D 14 -9 1
1 4 - 15 54 ( A 29 b .
yaMansur
ya1Y iisuf
h
la s t Ma r in i d ' A b d- a l- H a I I w h oc a me t o t he t h ro n e as a
werw asheldbysevera lmembersof theWattasidfamily a few of
earrangedby ' A bd-al-Ha w henhereachedmaturity . A this
owerwiththerising Sharifs andsucceededincontrollingpart
ntury.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ateMedievalNorthAfrica
utedto theW attasids.Asmallseriesofsilver inathin
andillustratedbyB rethes seemsfa irly safebecauseof these uence
oinsare lesssatisfactory.StudiesbyMassignonandCourhave
ddatesofthis obscuredynasty itmaybethat furthergoldwill
fr1ca
Turk s( B anu- Uthmdn ofC onstantinoplea. h. 699-1342.
B 1 3 i bn -S al im I ( 9 D 1 ) a . h. 92 ( D 1 ) - 9 74 ( D 1 ) a . d. 15 20 ( D 1 )
s pe ci fi ed o nZ i y an id g ol d 6 7 0 6 7 1 .
isstudy .
whocon ueredTunisiaandAlgeriafromthe H afsidsand
dedf romthisstudy . Ane ceptionismadeforthetw ogoldpieces
aymanI byhisZ iyanidvassa ls andforaHafsids uaredirhem
pe d * ] » .
ttomaninfluence thenameabu l-R abi prefi edtoSulay-
manhadanypartindesigningthem.
umablyanO ttomanvalidationofacurrentpieceof H afsid
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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O I N S
thAfrican rulers
1047
arifiancon uests
1 th century .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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anbibliographic usedinthiscorpus:
abbrev iationsare listedonpages2 6 -30 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
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era . H. 439( a . d. 1047
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andthecompletionof theMuw ahhidcon uestina . h. 555( a . d. 11 0
ceptions.
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ttahBerber governorof
oo
onymousdinar.
l .
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5X -1159
Abbasidkhalifah whowasnotindividuallyidentified:
abii-A bd- A llahMuhammadibn-Ahmad
-11 0
r late I
V R F J i .V l
I j y> } O J J b J i L j ^ L - V l j j - ft < yj
j J l l- U . _ » ^ J l < u lp .
: g i ve n a s 55 2 Q a d i s ( C a d i ( d i sp r ov e d by p i at e o f m is r ea d .
f ig. o fm isread. Thisco inistermed" rashid1 by I bn- ha ldun
u l a e d it io n v o l. V I , p . 1 7 .
ra.h.439( a.d.1047
errulersofeasternA lgeria
reportedfortheperiod priortoa.h.439.
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ad1dGold95
md
02 - 1 05 5
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2 - 10 8
10 8 - 1 1 04
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i n ne r o f 2 0.
m i d dl e o f 2 0.
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tdescribed tentatively reconstructedf romfigure attributiontothis
apparentlyanil legibleF atim iddinarfall ingoutsidethescopeof this
tatesthatthisrulerw asthef irstHammadidtomintco ins.
04-1105
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ryofL ateMedievalNorthA f rica
ar.
U * . < U lV l . l V R F . O il j uc ym ^ U V l
-i U j T J y | ^ < u lJ l o 0l _j , J
t j j b l I i ^ J l ^ J l < u l
ymoderncollection anditis possiblethatnospecimenshave
ver fullydescribed(e ceptfordiv isioninto lines by I bn- ha ldun
u l a e d it i on v o l. V I , p a ge 1 7 7 . T h e pu r po r te d i ll u st r at i on i n d e B e y li e s
is l ik etheothera llegedcoinsf romthesamesource incredible asdeB ey lie
ra.h.439( a.d.1047
hBerber governors.
heperiodfollowinga.h.439forthe pettypre-Murabit
ow iththee ceptionofHammudidsilverandcopper tobede-
riousgroupofsmallgoldco ins— B 774-793( pi. xn — ascribedby
h a r i in w h or u le d S i i l ma s ah u n ti l t he M u ra b it c o n u e st o f a .H . 4 4 ,
s.H isreadingsaretootentativeand fragmentary andhis
ermitintelligentdiscussionofthesecoins althoughtheyclearly
commentwhentheycanbe madeavailabletoscholars.
Spain
errulersof
asstruck inthenameof the ' A bbasidk ha lif ah w how as
ed butw asgenerically termed" a l- imam ' A bdA llah amir
me t im e s al s o " a l - A b ba s i .
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tGo ld
r
5 - 10 7
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F f U V I
j J l i . _ , ^ » .
N I I 5 0 7 ( p i . n : e n gr a vi n g er r or s . C: D e c a de n ci a p . 37 5 n o . 1 ( p i . 1 .
nar.
i v e r o: M 9 7 ( p i . n . 0 2 0 9 : o m la r ge l y il l eg i bl e .
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R F j u > yi
i . n . B 7 9 4 ( p i . x m : d a te g i ve n a s 45 4 ( d i sp r ov e d by p i at e .
-dinar.
ate il legible inpiate .
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ain.
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m : 8 0 1 c oi n il l us tr at ed u nd er n o. 8 0 0 i s 3 ) ( 7 s p. .
dinar.
( p i. n . S :B e y ra m 2 7 .
nar.
p i. 1 : ^ f or y> j i no m( m is pr in t . B 8 0 3 8 0 4 ( 2 s p. .
dinar.
2 sp .
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M I I 5 3 .0 20 70 .
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2 - d i na r .
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I I 5 1 0. C er d a 35 0 : d m o n ly . S pi n k ( 1 9 0 2 7 9 53 2 . So t he b y 37 9 : d m o nl y .
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N I I 5 11 . L : Ca lv er t 45 . Sp in k ( 1 9 07 3 4 91 : d m o nl y. B 8 0 .
nar.
4 5 5 [ 2 s p . . S e e al s o co p pe r : 11 1 .
nar.
i n r m ( e n g ra v in g e rr o r . V 1 4 3 5 ( A V ) . J : Mo h am m ed a n p. 2 7 :
umably thisyearsincerulerisgivenasA bu-B ak r. S: White2l j .
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nar.
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nar.
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am pa ne r . B 8 0 9.
7 5 - d in a r.
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1tGold99
dinar.
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a . d. 10 7
dinar. P la te I
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070-1074
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p i. 1 :o o nl y . B N I I 5 14 : l- i j e f or i ^ i n r m ( e n gr av in g er ro r .
1 : l a f o r i i n r m .
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d i na r .
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na r .
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0 0 ( p i . n : S b r f.
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dateapparentlyrepresentsanengravingerror.
b rf .
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ar.
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m o nl y . So t he b y 3 0 : d m o nl y . B 8 4 0 .
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1 n o . 3 ( p i . x x n . S : u d ic e I I 3 1 07 . B 1 0 31 1 0 32 ( 2 s p . .
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g i ve n a s J ^ - ( e r ro r t e rm ed d o ub l e di n ar ( e r ro r .
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s cr i be d t o " A b d -M o ha m ma d . R i v e r o: M 1 35 ( p i . 1n . B 1 1 4 9 ( p i . x v 1 :
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. x v 1 u n n u mb e re d . R i v e r o: ( p i . 1v n o . 11 : m i nt u n ce r ta i n.
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on ly -J ' - Go ld 12 ( 8 s p. . B 1 07 ( p i. x v 1 : - f or j i * b of ( e r ro r ,
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nar.
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i nk ( 1 9 0T 6 8 3 9 - 8 3 7 2 ( 1 9 02 7 9 5 5 1 ( 5 s p . : m i nt l es s n o t d es c ri b ed .
. S o th e by 3 ( 5 s p . : m i n t le s s n o t de s cr i be d . S: a r ab a c e k 9 19 : mi s re a d.
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o . 3 ( p i . v1 . W e y l : 6 4 9 4 ( 4 s p . . C : T r at a do p . 22 2 n o . 5 ( p i . x x n .
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1dGold
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o ub l e di n ar .
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o ub l e di n ar .
( A V ) . P 8 a . B N I I 7 3 2: i i ii l f or U t l a . i n 3 r d os ( e n gr a vi n g er r or ,
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1 12 - 11 4 ( 2 1 sp . . G on a le p . 1 0 ( f ig . 29 .
f I I i b n- M uh a mm a d
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rs ( e rr or . B N I I 7 33 ( p i. v 1 : ^ . 1 om it te d fr om 3 rd r s j ? \ f or I y i n 4t h
mpiate .
o ub l e di n ar .
\ f or I y i n 4t h rs ( d is pr ov ed b yp ia te . S al le t p. 1 47 ( f ig . 2 . K M I I 6 9 : s \
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d t o Y i i s uf I . h : h e di v ia l p . 32 9 : as c ri b ed t o Y i i s u f I . R o d ge r s 79 2 .
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uck af tera . h. 647.
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a .l f or j l i n 4t h os ( e rr or . P 2 0b ( p i . 1 n . B 1 1 5 -1 1 8 ( p i. x v n : 11 5
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2 s p . . R i v er o :M 1 3 ( p i . in : m i sr e ad s l ig h tl y . B 1 1 59 - 11 4 ( p i . x v n :
. x v n : 11 6 ) ( 7 s p . : d e s c ri p ti o n in a cc u ra t e.
ub l e di n ar . P l a t e I I
ng i ve n a s Ma l a a h ( e r r o r , p i at e s ho ws « W . - u l f o r .u l -l i n 3 rd l i ne o f
.
bledinar.
u \ f or j u - l j i n 3 rd l in e of o f( e rr or . P 1 a ( p i. n : - ul l fo r- ul l ( d is pr ov ed
.
bledinar.
differently:
3 rd l i ne o f of ( e r ro r ? ) . P 1 n o te : - ul l f or - u il ( e r ro r ? ) .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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1dGold
bledinar.
G A V 3 s p . : s e ve r al s l i gh t d if f er e nc e s ( e r r or s ? ) . P 1 9 a: s e ve r al s l i gh t
. B M V 1 1 5. B N I I 7 3 , 7 3 7 ( 2 s p . . M A 6 7 3 ( n s p. . K M I I 6 9 9: . i y
( engrav ingerror . Tychsen O. : I ntroductionisp. 49. C ondep. 2 5
cyp. 537. Soret: i7134note . D. Garda613 . D . orichs4723. L: Muw ahhids
2 s p . . C :T r at a do p . 2 24 n o . 4 ( p i . x x n . M ar k ov : p . 9 3 n o . 3: m i nt l es s
90: mintless notdescribed. S: arabac ek 921( pi. n . S. Gotha9 9.
2 1 15 ( 2 s p . . B 1 1 9 - 12 0 9 ( 2 1 s p . . F i g an i er 2 7 9 ( p i ) : o s s li g ht l y
3 ( p i. x x x v i n o. 1 0 . S e co p .4 8 ( p i. x x m ( 4 s p. .
ar.
V ) : j r f or ^ l i n4 th os ( e r ro r . P 2 0a .B M X p . 9 n o. 11 7e I I 7 f( 2 s p . .
stratedunderno. 1219inpi. x vnis53 ) ( 10sp. . Thorburn.
ar.
ot e. M A6 7 : f or j * U « J | i n 3r d os ( e rr or .
a lf d i na r .
V ) . P 2 1( p i. 1 n . B M X p. 8 , n o. 1 03 k ( p i . x x i : a sc ri be d to Y a q Q b a p pa re nt ly
o s mi s re a d. B N I 7 3 ( p i . vi : y . o mi t te d f ro m 2 nd r s ( e r ro r .
M I I 7 0 0 ( p i . 1 v . D . G a r ci a 6 1 3 7 - 1 3 9 ( 3 s p . . S . Go t ha 9 9 0. B 1 2 20
de r n o. 1 2 19 1 2 20 1 2 21 ( 3 s p . : d e s c ri p ti o n in c om p le t e p i at e p ar t ly
rM1.
I i b n - Mu h am m ad
.D . I 2 6 - 2 9
5 b y ' U m a r .
bledinar.
22.
u l— 0 ^ > ll j y
^ l O A -— y \ < U | J U C ^ il a -
1 1 , 1 19 ( 2 s p. . L : M uw ah hi ds p . 1 4 n o. 1 ( p i . v1 .
o ub l e di n ar .
for-u~ in3rdand4thos.
2 . B M V 1 2 0 ( p i . n . S ot h eb y 3 90 : n ot d e sc r ib e d. B 1 2 22 - 12 2 5 ( p i - x v n .
4sp. : descriptionincompiete . Thorbum.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ateMedievalNorthAfrica
dinar.
pt o s :
- U l i l
2 3 ( p i . 1n . M A 6 7 ( 2 s p. . D . G ar ci a 6 1 40 - 1 42 ( 3 s p. : 4 th r s mi sr ea d.
. B 1 22 - 12 2 ( p i. x v n : 12 2 ) ( 3 s p. .
vebeenstruckbytheseveralMuwahhidpretenderswho
ecadesafterthedownfa llo f thedynasty ina . h. 6 6 8 ( a . d. 12 9 .
ries
madI ibn- usuf
2 2 - 1 23
ahhidstyle probablystruck ina . h. 630 w henthisruler
emonths inthenameof the ' A bbasidk ha lif ah w how asnot
bu- a fara l-Mansuribn-Muhammad
2 2 - 1 24 2
b l e di n ar . P l a t e I I I
- .R F < u j » \ f tol
U V l ii li l
—
y> V | J | V
y l: G1212andS: arabac ek 92 : describedasdoubledinarsw ithlegends
pecimensof thisco in.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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Gold
fsidsty le probablystruck atSabtahbetweena. h. 6 47and65
a bi i l - Q a s im I b r ah i m ib n -a b i l - A b ba s a l - A a f i i n t he n a me o f
ah whowasnotindividuallyidentified:
abu-A hmad' A bd-Allahibn-a l-Mansur
1 2 42 - 12 5
b l e di n ar . P l a t e I I I
ti l
l « » — < u l
l J c
u l f o r < u i n 3r d l i ne o f r f « - U f or ^ j U i n 4 t h rs ( e r ro r s c o r re c te d b y F a s me r .
i . x v 1 n o 4 : a s cr i be d t o Mu w ah h id I d r 1s I .
Spain
rrulersofTunisiaand easternAlgeria
ufiscript.
ydI ibn- A bd-al-Wahid
2 3 0 -1 2 49
hidname
0-123
( b o f - d o ub l e di n ar .
cy
- > i -
J l ^ J l * u
V l * l V — " o l « ) 1 j Q l
| ^ T U > — < ul V I < ) I ^ U >
\ j > j \ j — tul V ly y l.
m i nt o b sc u re i n p ia t e r e ad a s M ad i na t F a s ( e r ro r ? ) a s cr i be d t o th e
min.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ryofLateMedieva lNorthA f rica
bledinar.
. K M I I 6 8 5 . B 1 00 ( c o in i l lu s tr a te d u nd e r no . 1 00 i n p i. x v 1 i s 4 5 4 .
Mu min.
inarwithdiameterof dinar.Attributiontentative.
i a l
J l ] a > J l ^ n
^ J l ] ^ J l < ul r-
33 ( 2 s p . : s e gm e nt s l ar g el y i ll e gi b le .
uwahhidandH afaidnames
23 - 1 24 2
bledinar.
42.
2n d: — - u * U j l - ^ < u l
^ a .
< u l f or i n l as t o s ( e r r or .
n ar . P l at e I I I
F f U l ^ a l l
ul — J l « u l
1 5 9 . B 1 22 9 ( p i . x v 1 n , 1 2 3 0 ( p i . x v n 1 : 0 on l y ( 2 s p . : d e s c ri p ti o n
elyillegible.
nameonly
2 4 2 -1 2 49
- d o ub l e di n ar .
i J l i
1 2 3 3 ( p i . x v 1 n : m i nt b r f ( d i sp r ov e d by p i at e .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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Gold1 1
-doubledinarstruck probably ina . h. 6 40.
u st r at e d un d er n o . 31 c i n pi . 1 v is 5 5 ) . D . G a r ci a 6 6 4 1 . R i v er o :M 1 4 2 ( p i . 1 n :
f - d ou bl e di na r.
o r < u i n 1 st a n d 2n d l in e s of r f ( e r ro r > mi n t re a d as J l ( ? ) .
bledinar.
( p i . 1 ) , 9 3 7 ( 2 s p . : < i i l fo r y > i n 4 th o s ( d i s p r ov e d by p i at e . B 1 2 31 : d e-
ar.
d 4 th o s :
— < l J c
5 ( p i .1n . B N I I 9 3 . K M I I 8 5 7 ( pi .v , 8 5 ( 2 s p. . L a vo i : H p .2 0
1 : t e r m ed q u a rt e r di n ar . C ha l on p . 3 9 ( f i g. : t e rm e d q u a rt e r di n ar . W e y l: G
S a r ab a c e k 8 6 7 . Z i y a 1 7 4 ( p i . n . S . G o th a 9 91 . 0 2 11 : i n co r re c tl y
( p i . 1 . B 1 2 3 5 ( p i . x v m .
dinar.
44.
c u > \
Cf
N I I 9 3 9( p i. 1 ) , 9 4 0( 2 s p. . K M I I 8 5 9. W e yl : 6 4 9 : wr on g re fe re nc e.
n o . 1. S p in k ( 1 9 3 3 2 2 4 7 7. F . H a f s it e s 1 no t e. B 1 2 3 ( p i . x v m o o n l y r
co in i l legible , 1237( pi. xvm : diameterofdinar( 2sp. .
monythatin a.h.6 73thisrulerstruck afewgoldcoinsfor gifts
nsof2/5 and1/5ofadinar.
cco.
oubledinarstruck betw eena.h. 6 43and647byabu- A li ibn- ha las
hya ibn-Z ak ariya , ca lledI bn-a l-Shahid.
x v m : m i nt b r f ( e r ro r , i l le g ib l e in p i at e .
-dinar( Muw ahhidstyle struck ina .h. 6 40or6 41by ' A bd-Allah
h a r a i .
s r s of 5 4 5.
.
-doubledinarstruck presumablybyabu- arisibn- iinus cousin
h y a I a . h . 6 4 1 - 4 3 6 4 4 - 4 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ateMedievalNorthAfrica
. u in2ndos.
ribedtosiege. Secop. 4 9: mintil legible .
-doubledinarstruck presumablybyabu- A bd-AllahMuhammad
bn-al-A hmar beforea. h. 647 w henhebecameindependentasthe
nasty . P late I I I
r n o. 3 1 c n o t e d by F a s me r . B 1 2 3 2 ( p i . x v m: r o n ly .
madI ibn- ahydI
2 4 9 -1 2 77
2 4 9 -1 2 53
- d o ub l e di n ar .
lll - f i— y \ J * . V I
) .
f - d in ar .
r s of 5 5 7.
: piateshow sreverseof2sp. noobverse descriptioninaccurate .
ar.
ed t o e nd o f 3 rd o s . B N I 9 4 3: j s h if t ed t o e nd o f 3 rd o s ( n o t no t ic e d
G . C .M i le s . L a v oi : H p . 2 2 ( p i . c c n n o . 1 . W e y l :G 1 2 29 : d es c ri p ti o n
ia l p. 3 2 9. S : a r ab a c e k 8 6 6 . F : H a / s 7 t s 4 p i .1 : j s h if t ed t o e nd o f 3 rd o s .
a lf d i na r .
[ f
U a t
o il
V l
. D . Garda6 6 45: descriptioninaccurate. 02117. F : H afsites4note .
u a rt e r di n ar .
oil J 2S
a.
m isread. F : H afsites4note .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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Gold
mu minin
3-1277
f -doubledinar: ornamentedKuf iscript.
U y
J l O j | J * -. < U lJ ^ ; ^ * " — < ] l V -U s t.
U lJ * i i
p i . n . F . H a fs it es 2 ( p i . 1 . B 1 2 3 ( p i. x v m .
o f - d i na r : or n am e nt e d K u f 1 sc r ip t .
) : o fm is re ad .
ubledinar: ornamentedK uf iscript.
0 k( p i. x x 1 r on ly , 1 0 ( 2 sp . : a sc ri be dt oM uh am ma dI I . B N I I 9 4 .
tnotspecif ied ascribedtoMuwahhids. F . Hafsites3. B 1240.
nar: ornamentedK uf iscript.
1n n o .6 ) . C i mi n o p. 2 2 0 ( f i g . 30 b o tt o m: r o n ly . R i v e r o: M 1 43 ( p i . m :
dinar: ornamentedKuf iscript.
s r f of 5 2 .
notspecif ied ascribedtoMuwahhids. B 1241. 5 6 maybe5 5misread.
ydI I ibn-MuhammadI
. 1 2 77 - 12 7 9
b y I b r ah 1m I ) .
o ub l e di n ar .
f y
l — < U l ; l l
n . B 1 24 2( p i. x v n1 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ateMedievalNorthAfrica
d in ar .
f 5 7 .
7 .
.
m I i bn - a h yd I
2 79 - 12 3
b y Y a hy a I I
hm a d ib n -M a r u ) .
u bl e d in a r. P l a t e I I I
— o il j j laU J 1
) : l - u- o mi tt ed f ro m 2n d os ( e rr or . K M I I 8 6 0 . Ty ch se n O . p . 12 :
0 5 n o .2 : f or - u U l l i n 1 st r s ( e r ro r . 6 1 2 4 4 1 2 45 ( p i . x v m :
criptionincorrect.
arah
d l ib n - Y a h yd I I
D . 12 2 -1 2 4
1 b y I b r ah i m I ,
bd- al - A i I ,
U m a r I ) .
ub l e di n ar . P l a t e I I I
R F J ^ t
i l— J ^ i i J j ^ a A
: w ro n gl y a sc r i be d .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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Gold1 5
A i I i bn - b ra hi m I
D . 12 3 -1 2 3
2 b y A hm ad i bn -M ar u ) .
b n - a h yd I
1 2 4 - 1 2 95
3byA hmadibn-Mar u
h ya .
-doubledinar: ornamentedK uf iscript.
fm intiscorrectlygiven thisco inmusthavebeenstruck ina . h. 6 8 3
a r I lo st B i â y a h to Y a h ya i n 6 8 4 .
oubledinar: ornamentedK uf iscript. P la te I I I
o d( p i. x x 1 . B N I I 9 4 ( p i. x ) , 9 49 ( 2 s p. . L o ng pe ri er : 4 ( p i . lv n o. 9 .
2n d r s ( e r r o r ? ) , J ^ i . f o r i n 3r d r s ( e r r o r ? ) , m i n t
s pe c if i ed a s cr i be d t o Mu wa h hi d s. L a v oi : # p. 2 5 ( p i . c c 1 n o . 3 :
G ot h a 99 2 ( p i . x n . F . H a f s it e s 5 ( p i . 1 6 ( 2 s p . . B 1 2 47 - 12 4 9
a n d R o f 1 24 i n p ia t e be l on g t o di f fe r en t s pe c im e ns ( 3 s p . : s e g m en t s of
ar: ornamentedKuf iscript.
*
2.
f o r l i n r f ( m i s pr i nt .
ya ibn- brahimI
4-1301
4 by ' U m a r I
ma d I I ) .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ateMedievalNorthAfrica
- d o ub l e di n ar s t ru c k af t er a . h. 6 8 4 .
47.
i i i l
1 , 9 ( 2 s p. .
f -doubledinarstruck af tera . h. 68 4: ornamentedK uf iscript.
J l ^ a- l < ul ^
: a i- l f or a | j i n rf ( d is pr ov ed b y pi at e .
ubledinar: ornamentedK iif iscript.
p . 2 13 r e ad s < » i f o r < u l i n 3r d l in e o f rf .
) : p a rt l y il l eg i bl e f o r i n r f ( i l l eg i bl e i n pi a te . L a v oi : / /p . 2 6
p a rt l y il l eg i bl e a - l f or < J l i n r f ( d i sp r ov e d by p i at e .
m ad I i b n- a h yd I I
95-1309
Y ahya
) .
ubledinar.
u l .l c y l
p i. 1 ( 2 s p. .
oubledinar: ornamentedKiif iscript.
1 , 1 3 ( 2 s p . : a s 5 2 ( e r ro r c or r ec t ed b y l et t er .
d o ub l e di n ar .
f tedf romtoplineof rf toendof4thrs.
bledinar.
. 1: segmentspartly il legible ascribedtoMuhammadI .
d l id I i bn - a hy d
1-1311
MuhammadI I ,
rI ,
I ,
ar 1 ya I ) .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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Gold1 7
i ayah
09
-mu minin
11
b r f - d o ub l e di n ar : o rn a me n te d K u f i s c ri p t. P l a t e I I I
s l y
u l— C. j « » L J l
l ll J ^ t i
: m i nt o b sc u re i n p ia t e g i ve n a s Ta r ab u lu s ( e r ro r .
ibn- A bd-al-R ahmdn
9-1309
y K h a l id I ) .
I I i b n- a h yd
o-134
halidI ,
I ,
I I ,
n-Abi-Bakr
a-Wahid .
i ayahandQ usan^ inah
0-131
f - d ou b le d i na r .
thoughosmaydif fer.
o . 3: j o u ll f o r j u ^ l l i n 3r d r s a r e pe a te d b ef o re J \ i n r f ( e r ro r s ) ;
c
f - d o ub l e di n ar .
i * > _ f
l omittedf rom4ths.
dl — V l
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
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oryofLateMedieva lNorthA frica
. x ) : o s l ar g el y i ll e gi b le p i at e d oe s n ot s h ow O O j l l r ep o rt e d at e n d of
e di n ar .
2.
J * < ul J * — < u l
— < al a [ ? ]
j * a ^ _ — O j ^ l lO l
poorspecimenof5 1or5 2misread.
na r .
y
^ ll
-mu minin
1 - 1 34
F a n d b r f - d ou b le d i na r .
5 2 .
l l
c — ^ J l ^
< al < ] l V
j T ^ l
< J I |
) , 9 55 -9 57 ( 4 s p. . L a v oi : i/ p .2 8 ( p i. c c 1 n o. 4 : d es cr ip ti on i nc om pi et e.
o f - d ou b le d i na r .
o f - d o ub l e di n ar .
o tatedcounter-clock wise90degrees.
: descriptionincompiete .
b r f - d ou bl e di na r.
2 s p. . K M I I 8 6 3 : fo r j > w l in 3 rd r s r s di vi de d di ff er en tl y ( e r ro rs ? ) .
.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
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Gold
b r f - d ou bl e di na r.
n , 2 1 ( 2 s p . : m i nt a b ov e 3 rd l i ne o f r f ( d i s pr o ve d b y pi a te , r s a s rs o f 5 4
-doubledinarstruck af tercapitulationina . h. 735.
s h if t ed f r om 2 n d to s t ar t o f 3r d O S .
1n : o s a s os o f 5 4 ( d i sp r ov e d by p i at e .
o u b le d i na r .
9 ( 2 s p. : a sc ri be d to B i â y a h. 0 21 1 ( p i. v 1 : ^ ^ l l f or J b ^ l l in 2 nd r s ( d i s-
a f s i te s 2 4- 2 9 ( p i . 1 n: 2 ) ( 6 s p . .
o ub l e di n ar .
J ^ l f o r J j l -l i n of ( m is pr in t ? ) .
ar.
f 5 3 .
3 .
5 ^ 1 l
j l l
o t( p i . x x 1 .
dinar.
f 5 3 .
v> l
x ) . F . H a f si te s 31 -3 5 ( p i . m: 3 1 ( 5 s p . .
I ibr1-A hmad
131
yKhalidI
k r I I ) .
bledinar.
R F \ > f y
u e ll
l ^ U ) l
i n , 1 7( 2 sp . .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
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ateMedievalNorthAfrica
ar.
R F
ct M1
j v i I
rge ly il legible .
m ad I I i b n- Z a k a ri y a I
23
bu-B ak rI I
madibn-Abi-B ak r .
bledinar.
F < u .uc [ f ]
r >
[ ? ] ^ . V l
]
. x 1 : a s cr i be d t o Mu h am ma d V , p a rt l y il l eg i bl e .
madibn-Abi-Bakr
1330
bu-B ak rI I ,
I I ,
a-Wahid .
n-Abi-B ak rI
1325
bu-B ak rI I andMuhammadibn-A bi-B ak r .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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Gold
al-Wahidibn-Z ak ariya I
32
bu-B ak rI I
madibn-Abi-B ak r .
i b n -A b i- B a k r I I
-1347
yA hmadI ) .
bledinar.
a i
. 1n : o s a s os o f 5 4 ( d i sp r ov e d by p i at e .
gh t h di n ar .
x ) .
d I i b n- A bi - B a k r I I
-134
y ' U m a r I I ) .
d l ib n -A b i- B a k r I I
-1350
A bd-al-R ahmanandMuhammad .
mu mininatB i ayah
-1349
- d o ub l e di n ar .
i il l ^ - U l y
; l
n .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ofL ateMedievalNorthAfrica
-doubledinar.
. 1v . B 1 2 52 b i s ( p . 2 7 1 : m o n ly . A sh m ol e an .
mu mininatTunis
0-1350
ubledinarstruck ina . h. 750or751.
. R F J ^ i l ^ U l y
7.
< ul J c J i ^ d i
s u nc e rt a in J * i i f or ^ i n 2 nd r s ( e r ro r ? ) .
a lf d i na r .
l
< U l yi
.
ahmanibn-Muhammad
1355
l- adl
m I I ) .
rf -doubledinar.
a i y _\
u J * , — j ) l < ul ^
l ] — [ ? ]
j A ] — [ ? ]
illegible.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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Gold
madibn- ahyd
7 a D . 1 34 - 13 52 1 3 0 -1 3 6
l- adl
m I I ,
ad I I ) .
-1352
oubledinar.
.R F \
n : o b sc u re i n p ia t e a s cr i be d t o Mu h am ma d I I .
ence
0 -1 3 6
d of 1 s t rs B i a y ah ( a t s ta r t of 2 n d rs - d o ub l e di n ar . P l a t e I I I
. < U R F t X > j ^ l X ^ k
f j \ sA a.
^ l l j y
( mint — o ui v
p i . x 1 : a . i n 4t h r s ( a p p a re n tl y d is p ro v ed b y p ia t e , w r on g ly a s cr i be d .
i c c n n o . 4 .
m I I i bn -A bi -B a k r I I
3 5 0- 1 3 9
A bd-al-R ahman
a d
-7 70 b yA hm ad I I ) .
-doubledinar.
U 1 ' J ^ 1
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ateMedievalNorthAfrica
p i. x i : a .b ef or e J * ^ i n 3r d li ne o fr f ( e r ro r ? , b lu rr ed i n pi at e , < u l < a t e nd
piate . F . Hafsites41: y \ forj ltw ice in3rdlineof rf segments
- d o ub l e di n ar .
v : y for^ ltw ice in3rdlineof rf segmentspartly il legible .
o u b le d i na r .
: r s r ot a te d c ou n te r cl o ck wi s e 90 d e gr e es ( d i sp r ov e d by p i at e y _ f o r l
p ia teseemstohavey for^ ltw ice in3rdlineof rf .
tw ice in3rdlineof rf .
ubledinar: ornamentedKuf iscript.
b ef or e j l i n 3 rd l in e of r f ( e r ro r ? ) .
dI I ibn-Muhammad
79 a . d. I 3 5 4~ 1 3 5 7. 1 3 0 - 13 9 4
b y M uh a mm ad
b y I b r ah im I I ,
I ) .
357
o u b le d i na r .
l y \
. ) , 9 5 ( 2 s p. : as cr ib ed to al - a d l.
ence
1 3 0 - 13 9 4
o ub l e di n ar . P l a t e I I I
J J f ^ U ly_\
.
l J c j T yl l
. x ) : ^ l o m i t te d f ro m 2n d l in e o f rf ( e n gr a vi n g er r or , a s cr i be d t o al - a d l.
p i. c c n n o. 3 : ^ l o mi tt ed .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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Gold
d l id I I i b n- b ra hi m I I
9-1370
A hm a d I I ) .
A i I I i bn -A hm ad I I
4-1434
f -doubledinarw ithdiameterofha lfdinar.
_ yi - ue ^ j l i y
< u lJ J ^ d ll
— « & \ J a- iy a U i l
v : segmentsil legible.
b r f - d o ub l e di n ar .
shif tedf rom2ndtostarto f3rdlineof rf .
v : m intuncerta ininpiate w hichshows^ lfory \ in3rdlineof rf .
oubledinar.
v .
oubledinar.
x 1 : m in t po or ly e ng ra ve d. L a v oi : H p . 2 71 ( p i. c c 1 n o. 5 n ot a s gi ve n
scriptionincompiete .
oubledinar.
0 . rf a s r f of 6 1 1 .
— ^ J \ J * J \ t il l( * _ >
> * ] j j yl
: 1 s t an d 2 nd r s m is r ea d .
d i na r
. l i y
V
._ ^ ll
n : j i U ) | f or j i U I l i n2 nd rs ( e r ro r . M ar sd en 3 0 ( p i .x x 1 : mi sr ea d
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ateMedievalNorthAfrica
b r f - d o ub l e di n ar .
a s os o f 5 2 .
v : m intreadasa l-Hammah( disprovedbypiate , segmentspartly
-doubledinarw ithdiameterofdinar.
erle f t: ronly maybethisco in onotshownordescribed rslargely
9( pi. v , 50( 2sp. : segmentslarge ly il legible.
brf - doubledinarw ithdiameterofhalfdinar.
1 : a s 6 1 1 ( a p pa r en t ly d i sp r ov e d by p i at e .
- d o ub l e di n ar .
. 1v : s e gm e nt s p ar t ly i l le g ib l e a s 6 1 1 ( d i sp r ov e d by p i at e .
- d i na r .
shif tedf rom3rdtostarto f4thrs.
v .
r f - d i na r .
v : m intil legible inpiate segmentslarge ly il legible.
na r .
to fdoubledinar 53 54( 3sp. : #addedtoendof2ndlineof rf
.
narw ithdiameterofha lfdinar.
ntslargely il legible .
rw ithdiameterofha lfdinar.
ne o fo f: < u l J j L \ j .
o fofanda llsegmentsil legible maybeapoorspecimenof6 23misread.
lfdinarw ithdiameterofquarterdinar.
5 . R F ^ J i y l
54 ( p i . x 1 ) : p i at e i ll e gi b le .
a lf d i na r .
s r f of 6 1 5 .
15.
5.
1 : m i sr e ad c l ip p ed a s cr i be d t o Sh a ri f s.
inarw ithdiameterofq uarterdinar.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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Gold177
. i y
.
yapoorspecimenof6 25misread.
madI ibn-Muhammad
34-1435
oubledinar. A ttributiontentative .
* < u l j u s y
d t o Mu h am m ad I . L o n gp e ri e r: . 4 ( p i . l v n o .n . L a v oi : / / p. 2 2
osnotgiven reconstructedf rompiate ascribedtoMuhammadI . B lancard
ea d a s cr i be d t o Mu h am ma d I .
A bd -a l- A i I I
435-1452
b y ' U t h ma n .
f - d o ub l e di n ar .
y \
4.
< u l J c j O ^ l -
o . 12 : o s t en t at i ve l y re c on s tr u ct e d fr o m pi a te u ^ j i j * \ g i ve n f or
probablyerror.
ibn-Muhammad
43 5 -1 4 8
b y' A li .
y le ,
- d ou bl e di na r.
j y f j > l
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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oryofL ateMedievalNorthA f rica
4.
v : segmentslarge ly il legible.
- doubledinar.
. r f as r f of 6 2 .
. — J \ j f J \ o il | * >
oi lV I < ) l V
— J c j ^ d l
j b U J l o i l
: j f i o j j f m t o p li n e of r f . F : H a f s it e s 57 ( p i . v : s e gm en t s il l eg i bl e
b r f - d i na r .
mentslarge ly il legible m intuncerta in j f . f o rintoplineof rf
thtentative . F : Hafsites5 : 1stosstarts^V l( misprint
ce d by l e tt e r m i nt u n ce r ta i n d i am e te r o f a ha l f di n ar .
b r f - d o ub l e di n ar .
. r f as r f of 6 2 .
l
O kU l l
) : j f f or j J ■ i n to p li ne o fr f.
oubledinar.
1 : s e gm e nt s c l ip p ed o f f f o r j y f . in t o p li n e of r f p i at e s ho w s tr a ce s o f mi n t.
gible si enotindicated slightlymisread ascribedtoMarinid.
oubledinar.
e c e pt o f a s o f o f 6 0 1 .
gible slightlymisread ascribedtoMarinid.
narw ithdiameterofha lfdinar.
en t s il l eg i bl e .
na r .
0 . rf j j f y
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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Gold
h a l fd i na r .
0 . rf a s r f of 6 3 5 .
v : o s s ta r ts < u d i l l ( n o t vi s ib l e in p i at e .
ylewith4-linerf
b r f - d ou b le d i na r : mo d if i ed K u f 1 sc r ip t . P l a t eI I I
. rf O j ^ l l j ? \
\ . on p-
< U I V l < ) l V J U * .
u J c j f y dl
1 : s e gm e nt s p ar t ly i l le g ib l e f o r i n 3r d l in e o f rf . K M I I 8 6 1
rtly il legible .
b r f - d ou b le d i na r : mo d if i ed K u f i sc r i pt .
shif tedtostarto f4thlineof rf.
gr av in g er ro rs j f f or j j l - in 3 rd l in e of r f. W e yl : " 6 7 4 4 ( p i . x l n ( 2 s p. :
softhiscoinmisread.
with4-line ofandrf
ndbrf -doubledinar.
l lj m tii
« u < J
: j * * f o r - o l i n 4 t h li n e of r f ( d i s p r ov e d by p i at e , 1 s t rs s t ar t s < u l
nd 6 r f - d o ub l e di n ar .
uc y
o U ic
« J ._ I
\ < U I O ^ u l J U ~ , ^ < U I
— < u
1 : j ) . I f or ^ 1 i n 3r d li ne o fr f ( p i at e se em s to s ho w ^ 1 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ateMedievalNorthAfrica
yd I I I i b n- M uh a mm a d
8 - 14 9
b y ' A b d - al - Mu m i n .
al-Mu minibn- brahim
4 9 - 14 9 0
by Y a h ya I I I ) .
I I i bn - a hy d I I I
4 9 o -1 4 94
hammadV ibn-al-Hasan
152
oubledinar.
u ^ a ^ j 1 .l
l
]
j T dl
1 : 4 th r s gi ve n as < u l V l < l V ( d is pr ov ed b yp ia te .
ubledinarw ithdiameterofdinar.
F J U s t < i ll J - cj i
ne o f o f un c er t ai n .
lfdinar. A ttributiontentative . P late I I I
F U - y_ \
s.
p i. x 1 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ateMedievalNorthAfrica
-doubledinar. A ttributiontentative .
R F 0 1J & \
s ll J ^ l l
u -J c o il — 4> * o p- i
01 V — o ^ l ^ l l ^ l
— > V l J j V l y
v , a s cr i be d t o Ma r in i ds .
n I i b n- a g hm u rd s an
2 3 - 13 0 4
ibn- UthmdnI
4-130
b n- U t h m d n I
30 - 1 31
st r s T i li m sa n ( 2 n d rs - d o ub l e di n ar . P l a t e I V
^ 0
1 y
i l
I v _i ^
* a i O i l
— 4 l ^ l
o c y
U - v
ae gh t v. V I I , p . 6 6 ( f ig . . B e r ch em p .3 2 , n o . 1 2 ( 2 s p. : 4 l s hi ft ed
s(error? ) . B 1323( pi. xx n underno. 1322 : ascribedtoMarinids
as( error , segmentsil legible apparently thisco inmisread 1395
2sp. ? ) .
ahmanI ibn-MusdI
31 - 1 33 7
rs T il imsan( 2ndrs -doubledinar.
\ o il p- > R F oi l j * \
il j c j T yl l
j r ^
w uu i- ll j m
o il .u J
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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1dGold
strs T il imsan( 2ndrs -doubledinar. A ttributionverydoubtful.
R F p > . \ J \ < ul
^ u < U j S l l
l^ . ? ]
C ^ l l j r v. l
t. « -
u lL » i il
l a st l i ne o f r f st a rt s < u l ( e r ro r , f o r in 4 t h li n e of r f
1 on : l as t l in e o f rf s t ar t s « u J ^ l } ( e r r or . S o re t : 13 7 ( p i . n : s e gm e nt s
a st l i ne o f r f st a rt s < u l j f L ( e r ro r . B 1 3 9 ( p i . x x v : l a st
f j j r ( e r ro r , f o r c : i n 4 th l i ne o f r f ( e r r or . T h or b um .
rs J a a ir( 2ndrs -doubledinar. A ttributionverydoubtful.
n I I i b n- A b d- a l- R a h m an
-1352
ughY ahyaI bn- ha ldunsayshestruck go ld.
ibn- A bd-al-R ahman
1352
i b n- u s uf
13 9
yMuhammadibn- U thmanI I
b d- al -R a h ma n I I ) .
r s T i li m sa n ( 2 n d r s - d o ub l e di n ar . P l a t e I V
\ < U | ^ J , R F < ul -U C y
j T il
j v U l < - J
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
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ateMedievalNorthAfrica
D e m ae gh t v. V I I , p . 6 9 ( f ig . . B e r ch em p .3 2 , n o. 3 .
rs T il imsan( 2ndrs -dinar. Attributiontentative .
o i l- lc
, J
oi lL , U
p . 7 1 ( f i g. .
bn- U thmanI I
0 - 13 7 7
y Mu s a I I ) .
ahmdnI I ibn-MusdI I
3 7 - 13 9 3
b y Mu sa I I ) .
s T il imsan( 2ndrs -doubledinar.
l c j . ^
: descriptionincompiete div isioninto linesandsegmentsnotindicated
frompartlyillegiblepiate nameofruleruncertain ascribedto
i b n- A b d- a l- R a h m an I I
93
s u fi bn -M us d I I
3-1394
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
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ntdGold
I ibn-MusdI I
3 9 4 -1 3 99
rs T il imsan( 2ndrs -doubledinar.
ul ol R F < ul j » \ j p
J c < u l
oplineof rf (m isprint?) .
AllahI ibn-MusdI I
3 9 9 -1 4 02
inatTilimsan-doubledinar.
0 * 1 R F M . + cf
il <ul » aI c J J l
x n : a s cr i be d t o Mu h am ma d V , r f m is r ea d .
ma d I I i b n- M us d I I
402-1411
r s T i li m sa n ( 2 n d r s - d o ub l e di n ar . P l a t e I V
- » J K F < u l^
— »
< u l( J * ,
u < -
.1
. x x n : b ot h ( 2 s p . : p i at e p ar t ly i l le g ib l e o s m is r ea d a s cr i be d t o Ma r in i ds .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
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ateMedievalNorthAfrica
st r s T i li m sa n ( 2 n d rs - d o ub l e di n ar .
« B | J l cy < j t-
l ^ . J l < u l
i n 4 th r s ( m i sp r in t ? ) .
r s T i li m sa n ( 2 n d r s - d i na r .
u l j l c ^
J U a w
J l < u ^
< l lJ c j u w
29( f ig. : severa lslighterrors.
a h m dn I I i b n- M uh a mm a d I I I
ndR S -dinar. A ttributiontentative .
i . x 1 n : 4 t h li n e of r f u nc e rt a in .
- Mu s a I I
411-1411
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
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dGold1 7
hidibn-MusdI I
3 1 - 3 3 a .D . 1 4 1 1 -1 4 24 1 4 2 - 1 43 0
rs T il imsan( 4thrs -doubledinar.
F < u la s. j > \
- J \ J L £
>
o n i nt o l in e s an d s eg m en t s no t i nd i ca t ed i y r a f o r j u j I I ( e r ro r .
s t r s T i li m sa n ( 2 n d rs - d o ub l e di n ar . P l a t e I V
a s. j , \ ^
s t r s T i li m sa n ( 2 n d rs - d o ub l e di n ar .
\ < u 1
4 I J c j u
T / ll i n 2 nd l i ne o f r f ( m i s pr i nt ? ) . B 1 3 97 ( p i . x x v u n nu m be r ed : d e -
atepartlyillegible.
s t r s T i li m sa n ( 2 n d rs - d o ub l e di n ar .
f 6 6 0 .
. O i l
u r o
2 ( f ig. : severa lslighterrors ascribedtoMuhammadV .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
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ateMedievalNorthAfrica
madI V ibn- A bd-al-R ahmanI I
3 3 - 3 4 a .D . 1 4 2 4 -1 4 2 , 1 4 30 - 14 3 1
n d rs T i li m sa n ( 3 r d r s - d o ub l e di n ar . P l a t e I V
a-c^ . l
m in t
2 ( p i . v . R i v e r o: M 1 45 ( p i . 1n : s e ve r al s l i gh t e rr o rs . B 1 3 99 ( p i . x x v :
piatelargelyillegible.
t h r s - d i na r .
F - U :y
l
-
.
d I i b n- M us d I I
1 4 31 - 14 2
n d rs T i li m sa n ( 3 r d r s - d o ub l e di n ar .
i i l J u e y
u _ l j wl
J \ o s ^ s .
. .
-doubledinar.
nl x c y
gible probablyapoorspecimenof6 6 5misread.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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N1D Gold
2 nd r s T i li m sa n ( 3 r d a n d 4t h r s - d i na r .
R F < i l . us y ^ e .
< u | > ^ » T I l
: segmentslarge ly il legible inpiate .
adinatT il imsan-dinar. P la te I V
- Cf R F < U | j u s l^
u . ll j y
w hichendsin< ul.
n : 4 t h li n e of r f - w U l ^ l ( e n gr a vi n g er r or .
2 nd o s T i li m sa n ( 3 r d os - h a lf d i na r .
t il la i
6 5 .
*
p . .
madV ibn-Muhammad
. . 1 4 2 - 14 8
ndos T il imsan( 3rdand4thos -ha lfdinar. A ttributiontentative .
sy
. x m : m ar g in s i nt e rc h an g ed ( e r ro r m i nt l a rg e ly i l le g ib l e a s cr i be d t o
I I .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ofL ateMedievalNorthAfrica
ahmdnI V ibn-MuhammadV
1 4 8 - 14 8
madV ibn-MuhammadV
4 8 - 1 50 5
madV I I ibn-MuhammadV I
151
o fA ragonaf tera . h. 91 (a . d. 1512 .
ibn-MuhammadV I
ttoman
4a.D . 151 -151 , 1517-151
M ii s a I I I ) .
I ibn-MuhammadV
pain
152 .
A hm a d I I ) .
AllahI ibn-MuhammadV
540
O ttoman
-1535
ttomansultan
52 0 -1 5 6
rs ( m intin3rdrsillegible presumablyTil imsan -doubledinar.
R F p - \ J \ U ll « ~ J
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
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dGold
55.
— ( m in t
en t s pa r tl y i ll e gi b le j , \ f o r ^ 1 i n 4 th l i ne o f r f ( e r r or , a s cr i be d t o
: hedivialp.329:segmentspartlyillegible ascribedtoSulayman
rieto(p. 8 6 toanunidentifiedvassa lo f theZ iyanids.
pa in
5-1540
m ad V I I I i b n- A b d- A ll a h I I
1540-1543 1543-1543
O ttoman
43
ttomansultan
52 0 -1 5 6
rs T i li m sa n ( 3 r d r s - d o ub l e di n ar . P l a t e I V
ro f 6 7 0 .
J » I
p i . x n : f o r ^ 1 i n 4 th l i ne o f o f an d o f rf ( d i sp r ov e d by p i at e , a s c r ib e d
AscribedbyP rietoas6 70.
pa in
3-1543
I i b n- A b d- A ll a h I I
O ttoman
.d.1543-1543.1543-1550
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
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ateMedievalNorthAfrica
bn- A bd-AllahI I
0-155
R S T il imsan( 3rdand4thrs -ha lfdinar.
j l
t op l i ne o f r f ( m i s pr i nt ? ) .
vebeenstruckbylocalArab andB erberrulers whilecoins
ultansandtheirlocalTurkishallies andthosestruckbySpanish
aree cludedf romthiscorpus.
rrulersofMorocco
ufiscript.
me controlledareasofvaryinge tentinSpain butno
ereported forthisdynasty.
al-Ha q I ibn-Mahyu
9 - 1 21 7
I i bn - A bd -a l- H a q I
. 1 2 17 - 12 4 0
d I i b n- A b d- a l- H a q I
2 4 0 -1 2 44
bn - A b d- a l- H a q I
1 2 44 - 12 5
fa idsty le presumablystruck by thisrulerandhissuccessor
u era inty chie flybeforethecon uesto fMarrak ushina . h. 66 8
tnamesappearbeneathofunlessotherw isespecif ied.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
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Gold193
u d 1l l
J c < ul J « » — ^ J l J * J \ < u l p- >
i j c
v l L j
ism intseemsimprobable historica lly a lthoughF arrugiaaf firmsitscor-
ledinar.
< u j 3 l
U -J c < J l l— j T ) 1 < ul
u j J I ^ I j
ylk 1 — ^ V l J j V l ^
i . x x x m : n o mi n t gi v en p i at e s ee ms t o i nd i ca t e th i s mi n t w i th o ut
ubledinar.
G ar rt a 6 6 5 7. B * 3 47 ( p 1. x x i v .
dinar.
: — j u sk J c < u l
n 1s t rs ( e rr or .
nar.
a j J .
o j ^ s i n1 st rs ( e r ro r .
o ub l e di n ar . P l a t e I V
p i. v , 2 1 ( 2 s p. . B N I I 1 01 9 1 02 0 ( 2 s p . : p r ob ab ly t hi s co in w it h os
ey l: G1215. S: arabac ek 924. B 1349 1352-1355( pi. x x 1v :
atedunderno. 1349inpi. x x misH 10 ( 5sp. .
ubledinar: ornamentedK uf iscript. P la te I V
u U i l
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
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ateMedievalNorthAfrica
- — J \ J r \ < » i l ^
u a — < al V l <I | V j u *
—
v , 1 3 5 7 ( p i . x x 1 n u n d e r no . 1 3 1 c o in i l lu s tr a te d u nd e r no . 1 35 7 i n pi . x x 1 v
0 ( p i. x x 1 n : d es cr ip ti on i na cc ur at e ( 3 s p . .
nar: ornamentedKiif iscript.
u
\ < a
1 v u n de r n o. 1 3 57 c o in i l l us t ra t ed u n de r n o. 1 3 0 b i s is 6 9 1 : d e sc r ip t io n
i na r .
shif tedf rom3rdtostarto f4thos.
e r ro r , o s as 6 7 7 ( e rr or ? ) . B M X p . 30 n o. 2 24 a.
n os - d i na r .
nt ic al < u l V l < l l V
^ V
y o
*
ncerta in. Thisco inmustbere ected orpossiblyclassedw iththe
nar.
1 7 2 1 ( 2 s p. . B N I I 1 02 3. H 6 s t: a nd N 2 ( p i . x x x m : a pp ar en tl y
no t e. L a v oi : f f p. 2 7 3 ( p i . c c 1 n o . 6 ) : s l ig h tl y mi s re a d. B 1 3 41 1 3 42
u n de r n o. 1 3 5 1 3 59 c o in s i ll u st r at e d un d er n o . 13 4 1 1 3 42 i n p i. x x m
o r bu m .
F a s ( b o f - d o u b le d i na r .
nar.
u
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
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Gold195
nar.
f 6 8 4 .
l i n 1s t rs ( e rr or .
dinar: ornamentedKf lf iscript.
.
l i n 1 st r s ( e r ro r . B N I I 1 0 24 : j s h i f te d f ro m 3 rd t o s ta r t of 4 t h rs
n ar .
J l
. . .. ■ » ■
v : descriptioninaccurate piatepartly il legible .
bledinarstruck presumably in orshortlyaf ter a . h. 6 6 8 .
134 : descriptionincomplete .
inos -dinar.
]
2sp. : descriptionincompiete . Thisco inanditsmintmustbeconsidered
oubledinar.
N I I 1 0 30 1 0 31 ( 2 s p . . D . G ar c i a6 6 5 : d e sc r ip t io n u nc e rt a in . F r a e hn : iV
eby395. S: arabac ek 923: descriptionincompiete . S.Gotha995( pi. xn .
F : H a f si te s 6 7 6 8 ( 2 s p. . B 1 29 ( p i. x x 1 , 1 2 99 ? ( p i. x x 1 : b ot h
A i w ithmintgivenasMadinatMarrak ush( disprovedbypiate ,
1 3 0 ( 3 s p . ? ) .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ateMedievalNorthAfrica
ubledinar: ornamentedKuf iscript.
F
P t
> ) a t e nd o f 3 rd .
l L r
1 ( p i . x x 1 v u n d er n o . 13 0 b i s c o in i l l us t ra t ed u n de r n o. 1 3 1 i n p i. x x m
.
oubledinar
atstarto f2ndlineofo f .
misread.
oubledinar.
i n w hi c h j u i s s hi f te d f ro m 3 rd t o e nd o f 2 nd s .
p i. v .
ubledinar: ornamentedKuf iscript.
6 9 2 ( e r ro r ? ) . B N I I 1 0 2 , 1 0 29 ( 2 s p . : d e sc r ip t io n o f rs u n ce r ta i n.
v c o i n i ll u st r at e d un d er n o . 13 3 i n p i. x x m i s h a l f of 6 9 4 a n d h al f o f 6 9 ) :
ar: ornamentedK uf iscript.
m u n de r n o. 1 3 2 t o p ha l f an d n o. 1 3 3 t o p ha l f : d e sc r ip t io n i na c cu r at e
ne o fr f ( e r ro r .
n a r. P l a te I V
J d f or i n 1s t rs ( e rr or . B M V 2 24 . L : h ed iv ia l p. 3 30 . F . H a fs it es 6 9 .
u n de r n o. 1 3 72 a n d 13 7 3 ( 2 s p . il l us t ra t ed t h ou g h on l y 1 re c or d ed .
d in ar .
4b .
na r .
f 6 8 4 .
tw ith«ulshif tedf rom2ndtostarto f3rds.
1 st r s ( e r ro r . B M X p . 3 0 n o . 2 24 c : < u l f or < u i n t o p l in e o f rf ( m i s-
nil lustratedunderno. 1372inpi. xx 1v is6 95 .
dinar: ornamentedKuf iscript.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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Gold197
J \ — oil j v-
V l O j L l i U ,
m u n de r n o. 1 3 2 b o tt o mh a lf a n d no . 1 3 3 b o tt o m ha l f .
na r .
, j * u
4g : f or < y i n 2 n d l in e o f rf ( e r ro r c o rr e ct e d by J o h n W a lk er .
alfdinar.P lateI V
I 1 0 3 - 10 3 ( 3 s p. . L : h ed iv ia l p. 3 30 .
dinar.
l
os ( m is pr in t . B N I I 1 03 5.
dinar.
\ < ul
r
4( p i. x m .
dinar.
f702.
— J l j * J \ oil
U se
4p ( p i . x x m , 2 2 4 ( 2 s p. . D o r n I I p . 6 6 , n o. 2 ( p i . 1 : o s mi sr ea d p a rt ly
x 1v : diameterofquarterdinar osuncertain. F asmerI p. 212suggests
ensof 702misread thepiateinB rethesdisprovesthis.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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oryofL ateMedievalNorthA f rica
dinar: ornamentedK iif iscript.
ilT t
described. B 13 5: diameterofquarterdinar div isioninto linesand
dinarw ithdiameterofquarterdinar.
esandsegmentsnotindicated.
u a r t er d i na r . P l a t e I V
. v . B N I 1 0 41 : d ia m et e r of e i gh t h di n ar . C on d e ( p i . n l n o . 9 . S : G o th a
ferently ( error?, impressionfurnishedbyGalsterappearstobe
s70. B 1377( co inil lustratedunderno. 1377inpi. x x 1v is70 ) .
rterdinar.
1 11
u a rt e r di n ar .
ll
1 v u nd er n o. 1 37 7 .
arterdinarw ithdiameterofe ighthdinar.
0.
rterdinar.
F j Z i
s p. .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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Gold
thdinar.
p . .
thdinar.
o f 7 10 .
nA bi-B ak r
. . 1 25 - 12 59
b yY a q i ib .
b i bn - A bd -a l- H a q I
. . 1 25 - 12 6
b y T m ar .
Hafsidsty le l istedunderA bu-B ak r6 73-712butstruck
s chie flybeforea. h. 66 8 .
bledinar.
" J 1 | * - > .R F J * ^ j O ^ S \ j y
. l
l
I j
> » « "
, 1 2 7 4 bi s 1 2 7 4 te r ( 3 s p . : * u , f o r < u i n 2 n d li n e of r f ( d i sp r ov e d by p i at e .
r . P l a t e V
ho u t 5t h l in e .r f t > O J I j y
— < u di ll
a s m e r re a ds < u f o r < u l i n 4 t h rs .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ateMedievalNorthAfrica
f ib n- a q i i b
. 1 2 6 - 1 3 07
esumablybythisruler.
oubledinar.
u d i l l
J l f o r _r a l i n 4 th l i ne o f r f ( e r r o r , d e sc r i pt i on i n co m pi e te . B M V 2 0 4:
rs ( e n g ra vi ng e rr or . B N I I 1 0 1 . K M I I 8 6 6 . B 1 3 6 : < u l fo r 4 l i n 2n d rs
1 3 6 b i s ( p i . x x m : bo th ( 2 s p. .
bof -doubledinar.
m i s r ea d a s ^ y
6 o f -doubledinar.
4thlineof rf (error , descriptionincompiete . B MV
I 8 6 5 ( p i . v : s l ig h t en g ra v in g e rr o rs . D . G a rc i a 6 6 4 7 : de s cr i pt i on
14.
-doubledinar.
plusrfasrfo f715.
d l in e .
4 l — S b
f715.
U l f o r j ^ . M i n 4t h l in e o f rf o s a s rs o f 6 7 9 a n d 71 5 ( b o t h d is p ro ve d b y
4 : descriptioninaccurate .
o f - d o ub l e di n ar .
> 1 i s h if t ed f r om 3 r d to s t ar t o f 4t h r s a n d wi t h 4 ) l s h if t ed
.
o ub l e di n ar .
r f o s a s rs o f 6 7 9 a n d 71 5 ( b o t h e rr o rs . B M V 1 9 9: * i
o f3rdos( error .
o ub l e di n ar .
nterchanged.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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Gold
o ub l e di n ar .
df rom3rdtoendof2ndos.
2 s p . . B 1 3 7 ( p i . x x n 1 u n d er n o . 13 4 1 an d 1 34 2 ( 2 s p . il l us t ra t ed t h ou g h
bledinar.
U | f o r ^ a l i n 4 th l i ne o f r f ( e r r or , d e sc r i pt i on i n co m pi e te . B M
bledinar.
bU\ j shif tedf rom2ndtostarto f3rdos andV f rom3rdto
bledinar.
bledinar. P la teV
hif tedf rom2ndtoendof1stos.
f ( e r ro r , o s a s rs o f 6 7 9 a n d 71 5 ( e r ro r ? ) . B M V
e di n ar .
o fo f : <ul* y fo
d4thlinesof rfnotdescribed. Thisco inisprobablyapoorspecimenof725
A bd-Allah
1 30 7 -1 3 0
dnibn- A bd-Allah
30 - 1 31 0
e uentlyascribedtothisruler arelistedunderthelater Z iyanid
I I i bn - a q u b
31
U m a r .
s A a m mi i r ( i n 1 s t l in e o f rf - d o ub l e di n ar .
< u rf < ul ( mint
| < U | J U S y
« • ^ l
u l j ? \
h a» s * } l
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ateMedievalNorthAfrica
n o . 1 5 f : J u i - l f o r in 3 r d li n e of o f .
Sabtah( in1stlineof rf -doubledinar.
12 2: descriptionincompiete.
ineof rf Si i lmasah( in2ndlineof rf -doubledinar.
s _
.
i cv
< u [ I 4 -.
n o. 1 5 h: r s pa rt ly i ll eg ib le j u I j f or 4 » l i n 3 rd l in e of o f ( e r ro r ? ) .
Si i lmasah( 2ndrs -doubledinar.
s o s of 7 2 a n d rs o f 6 7 4 .
Si i lmasah( 2ndrs -doubledinar.
o fR f : J . i il \ J r .l a nd r s:
a
iv e n as r s o f 72 9 ( c o rr e ct e d fr o m pi a te p a rt l y by F a s me r I p . 2 15 m i nt
Si i lmasah( in1stlineof rf -doubledinar.
a s rs o f6 7 9 a nd 7 2 .
n o . 1 5 g ( p i . x x 1 : 1 s t rs n o t de s cr i be d ( l e g i bl e o n pi a te , J u i -l f o r -u i -l i n
dbypiate . S: White21 9.
Si i lmasah( in1stlineof rf -doubledinar.
hif tedclock wise90degrees.
: descriptioninaccurate reconstructedf rompiate .
a s r s of 6 7 9 .
9 8 ( p i. x n .
i l ma s ah ( 2 n d rs - d o ub l e di n ar .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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old
S i i l ma s ah ( 2 n d rs - d i na r .
: monly reconstructedf rompiate 4thrspartly il legible .
1stlineof rf - doubledinar.
m i nt o os ^ > >
c.
5 k: j J - j f or -u ll i n 3r d li ne o fo f ( e r ro r ? ) .
n1stlineof rf -doubledinar.
s r s of 6 7 4 a nd o s o f 72 .
p i. v m . B M X p. 1 5 n o. 1 5 m ( p i .x x 1 : j u il f o r j J - i n 3 rd l in e of o f
B N I I 9 9 ( p i. x n . S pi nk ( 1 90 2 7 95 5 .
1stlineof rf -doubledinar.
r s of 6 7 4 a nd o s o f 72 .
: descriptionincompiete reconstructedf rompiate .
s F a s ( i n 1 st l i ne o f r f - d o ub l e di n ar .
n o . 1 5 i : .d - l f o r -u l l in 3 r d li n e of o f ( e r r o r ? ) , 1 s t rs n o t de s cr i be d
y J ohnWalk er .
F as( in1stlineof rf -doubledinar.
n o. 1 5 : - ul l f o r j J » I i n 3r d li ne o fo f ( e r ro r ? ) . B N I I 9 9 0 ( p i .x n .
tdescribed div isionsnotindicated. B 127 ( pi. xx ) : reconstructed
nd1strs F as( in1stlineofo fandof rf -doubledinar.
739 presumablybyanerrorinstrik ing.
5 n.
F as( in1stlineof rf -doubledinar.
t wi t ho u t il l a t e nd o f R F a s r f of 7 2 e c e pt 5 t h li n e:
f 7 2 .
: ascribedtodateofdeath descriptionincompiete reconstructedf rompiate.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ateMedievalNorthAfrica
F a s ( i n 2 nd r s - d i na r .
f734.
i i c y j a
5 X ( p i . x x 1 : r s p ar t ly i l le g ib l e. D o m b ay p . 7 8 : o : . ad d ed t o 3 rd r s
o ns n o t in d ic a te d . B 13 2 : J U r f o r y i n 4 th r s ( e r ro r ? ) , a s c r ib e d to ' U t h -
F a s ( i n 2 nd r s - d i na r .
42plusy atstarto f topline
f734.
oe . j a
-
st o s ( e r r o r ? ) . B N I I 99 1 : V l a t e n d of 1 s t os ( e r ro r ? ) . D e m a eg h t v. X ,
le g ib l e. B 1 2 7 ( p i . x x ) : m o nl y r e co n st r uc t ed f r om p i at e .
Marrak ush(2ndrs -dinar.
«
f734.
n o . 1 5 y : m i nt u n ce r ta i n.
inr? ) -ha lfdinar.
scribed.
V l l j
o linesandsegmentsnotindicated asnoreasonisgivenfortheascription
t h is c o in m u st b e t en t at i ve l y re e c te d .
lf d i na r .
F < ul w c
\
: d e sc r ip t io n i na c cu r at e a s cr i be d t o ' U t h ma n I 1 3 29 : ' U t h m a n om i tt e d
ed t o ' U t hm an I I I ( 2 s p. ? ) .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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Gold
n U t h md n I I
33
U t h m a n I I
.
n - U t h m a n I I
51
U mar
.
s A a m mu r ( 2 n d os s p el t A a m wa r - d i na r .
4 11 a - l
< _ J i r j a
l — J ^ l l
J | V
n o. 2 24 c .
A a mm u r ( 2 n d o s s p el t a l- Z a m wa r - d i na r . P l a t e V *
} « u - u l l
n tl y ( e r r o r ? ) . B M X p . 3 2 n o . 22 4 f ( p i . x m u n de r n o. 2 2 4e .
s A a m mu r ( 2 n d os s p el t a l- Z a m wa r - d i na r .
l | < l | V
a
n o . 22 4 e ( c o i n i ll u st r at e d un d er n o . 22 4 e in p i . x x m i s 7 47 : < u l f o r « a
edbypiate .
as74 onplate .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ateMedievalNorthAfrica
bledinar.
< u l R F H I < i ll ll
S J l
aw < U j d l
U i l — > V l J j V l > »
swithNasridinscription
edefeatatTarifa ina . h. 740( a . d. 1340 .
Si i lmasah( 2ndrs -doubledinar.
< U | p - R F < U
L J l
l lV l _ J l fi V j
nincompiete termedhybrid. B MV 210. Moysep. 501.
Si i lmasah( 2ndrs -doubledinar.
l j * - \ < u l ^
J >
Si ilmasah( 2ndrs -doubledinar.
50.
o ub l e di n ar . P l a t e V
o s of 7 4 9.
2 07 ( p i . v: 2 0 5 ( 3 s p . : o s wr o ng l y re p or t ed .
F a s ( 2 n d r s - d o ub l e di n ar .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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Gold207
< u1 U —
M V 20 .
o ub l e di n ar .
u I
d in ar .
F O il J ai L \
01 V l V
l
j l i l p -
in 1 s t os ( e r ro r . B 1 3 5 , 1 3 59 ( c o in s i ll u st r at e d un d er n o . 13 5 a n d
8 2 ( 2 s p . . T h is c o in m ay b e 7 5 a m i sr e ad .
- d in ar .
ftedf rom3rdtoendof2ndO S.
le gi b le . B 1 3 43 1 3 44 ( p i . x x m : b ot h ( 2 s p . : d e s c ri p ti o n in a cc u ra t e
ar.
U l f or j - a l i n 1s t os ( e rr or . B M X p . 2 9 n o . 22 3d ( p i. x x m . B 1 3 3 :
fdinarw ithdiameterofdinar.
u l i al i l
j u. <ul ^ * — | * ^ - I D * " - " o il
* A < U I V l< ) V
rs ( e r ro r . B M X p . 3 0 n o . 2 23 c
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ateMedievalNorthAfrica
withZ iyanidinscription
hecon uesto fT il imsanina . h. 737(a . d. 1337 .
b o f - d o ub l e di n ar s t ru c k in a . h. 7 4 o r 7 49 .
u
foremint. B 1340( pi. xx m : descriptionincompiete mintgivenas
apparently thismint piate large ly illegible .
b of -doubledinarstruck betweena. h. 737and749. P lateV
mint.
oubledinarstruck ina .h. 74 or749.
rf -doubledinarstruck ina . h. 74 or749.
5 ( 2 s p. : j b ef or e mi nt .
b r f - d o ub l e di n ar s t ru c k be t we e n a. h .7 4 a n d 75 0 .
o f - d o ub l e di n ar .
p. ( pi. xx m: 1351 obverseonly reproducedtwice co inil lustratedunder
described : descriptioninaccurate .
o f a nd i n 4 th r s - d o ub l e di n ar .
4thrs:
^ J ^ j * J
1 : < u ^ V l i n st e ad o f < u l f yl l i n 5 t h l in e o f rf ( e r ro r ? ) .
i n 4 th r s - d o ub l e di n ar .
r« ulin5thlineof rf.
M V 2 1 4. K M I I 8 6 7 .
b o f - d o ub l e di n ar .
1 1- 2 13 ( 3 s p . : 5 t h li n e of o f mi s re a d. B N I I 1 0 25 1 0 2 ( 2 s p . : < u _ ^ V | j
5 th l i ne o f r f ( e r r o r ? ) . S o th e by 3 9 5.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
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1dGold
o u b le d i na r .
5thlineofo fmisread. B 13 2: 4thlineof rfm isread.
n - A l i
135
A H ) .
e
stlineof rf -doubledinarstruck aftera . h. 753.
t
d e d. B 1 2 7 1 2 8 ( p i . x x 1 ( 2 s p . : d e sc r i pt i on i n co m pi e te r e -
eof rf T il imsan( in2ndlineof rf -doubledinarstruck af ter
»
f 7 9 .
9.
1 7 . S pi n k ( 1 9 0 1 6 8 3 8 : m o nl y . S: W h i te 2 1 92 . B 12 9 4 ( p i . x x i :
stand2ndlinesof rf div idedi- / U U - . -doubledinar.
atin1stlineof rf .
I 1 0 03 . B 1 2 9 0 ( p i . x x 1 c o in i l l us t ra t ed u n de r n o. 1 2 90 i n p i. x x i s 7 7 ) :
neof rf Si i lmasah( in2ndlineof rf -doubledinar.
y
e d. B M V 1 6 . B N I 1 o o 4 : wi t ho u t * l j i n 2 nd l i ne o f o f ( e r r or )
p . 13 4 ( f i g. .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
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ateMedievalNorthAfrica
eof rf Si i lmasah( in2ndlineof rf -doubledinar.
enticalw ithR S.
: descriptionincorrect.
eof rf F as( in2ndlineofR f -doubledinar.
I 1 00 7 1 00 ( 2 s p. . S pi nk ( 1 9 0 2 7 95 1 .
eof rf F as( in2ndlineof rf -doubledinar. P la teV
o f of 7 4 9 an d 7 9 .
M V 1 3 -1 5 ( p i .1 v: 1 4 ( 3 sp . . S or et : 1 3 ( p i. n : ^ U l f or ou U l
n g er r or a s cr i pt i on b y F r a e hn . D e m ae g ht v . V I I p . 1 33 ( f i g. .
. B 1 2 9 ( p i . x x 1 u n de r l ef t n o. 1 2 9 c o in i l lu s tr a te d u nd e r ri g ht
escriptioninaccurate .
l ineof rf Marrak ush( in2ndlineofR f -doubledinar.
d(error? ) . B 1292( pi. xx , underno. 1290 co inil lustratedunder
7 5 : descriptionincomplete reconstructedf rompiate .
ineof rf -doubledinar.
m i nt ■ , ^ j a
f
j l i
p . 13 5 ( f i g. .
yle
rs B i ayah(2ndrs -doubledinarstruck aftera . h. 753. P lateV
) 1 V R F j S j d l< U I - P
c ^ . l i< l ll U
f 7 9 .
p i . iv : j S ^ J L l f o r i n 3 rd l i ne o f o f ( d i s pr o ve d b y pi a te .
ntoall publisheddescriptionsofallcoinsin thisseries.
S i i l ma s ah ( 2 n d R S - d o ub l e di n ar .
N I I 1 0 05 1 0 0 ( 2 s p . . T h or b ur n : mi n t un c er t ai n .
r s S i i l ma s ah ( 2 n d rs - d i na r .
- >
f 7 9 .
f 7 7 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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Gold
r s S i i l ma s ah ( 2 n d rs - d i na r .
al j * ai
. 24 n o. 1 93 k ( p i .x x n , 1 9 3 ( 2 s p. .
r s F a s ( 2 n d rs - d o ub l e di n ar .
1 0 09 . D o m ba y p . 79 0 : ^ j l i o mi t te d ( e r ro r ? ) , s l ig h tl y m is r ea d d i vi s io n
tindicated.
r s F a s ( 2 n d rs - d o ub l e di n ar .
a s o s of 7 4 9 an d r s of 7 9 .
1 underrightno. 12 9 : descriptionincompiete reconstructedf rompiate .
r s F a s ( 2 n d rs - d o ub l e di n ar .
.
rs Marrak ush(2ndrs -doubledinar.
M V 1 9 2. S . Go t ha 9 9 4. B ( p i . x x 1 u n de r n o. 1 2 92 : n o t de s cr i be d r e co n -
st r s M a rr a ku s h ( 2 n d r s - d i na r .
: descriptioninaccurate segmentslarge ly il legible inpiate.
i na r
l
into linesnotindicated mustbetentative ly re ectedbecauseof
ption.
bn- dris
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
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ofL ateMedievalNorthAfrica
madI I ibn- aris
35 - 1 35 9
rs F as( in2ndrs -doubledinar. A ttributiontentative .
r f < ul j u c _ . ^
c j T ^ i l
l c i ll ll
O i lJ L £ ^ i l
) | c ^ J ^ < u l ri
l — J U 3 b< t.U -
m in t — i i ac .» _ >
l i ne o f r f ( e r r or , a s cr i be d t o Mu h am m ad I V . B M X p . 1 9 n o . I 7 1 t
l i n 4 t h li n e of r f ( e r r o r 5 t h li n e of o f p ar t ly i l le g ib l e a s cr i be d t o al -
.
A li
1 3 59 -1 3 1
st r s ? ( i n 1 st l i ne o f r f - d o ub l e di n ar . P l a t e V
u lp-i R F J > f j . ( m int
_] * ^ J l < u l
O u i lj v l
* * l
< u l
: descriptionincompiete reconstructedf rompiate 3rdand4thosand2nd
llegible m intgivenasMadinatF as( error w ronglyascribed.
bn- A li
13 1 -1 3 1
al-Ha lim ibn- U mar
1 -1 3 2
b yM uh am ma d I I I ) .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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Gold
I i bn - a q u b
1 3 1 -1 3 6
b y ' A b d- a l- H a l i m an d 7 4 - 7 5 b y ' A b d- a l- M u m i n .
r s S a la ( i n 2 nd r s - d o ub l e di n ar .
S rf « ul x & y
l J J ^ l l
| J \ { j T \ ~ J
f or l i n 2 nd l i ne o f o f ( d i s pr o ve d b y pi a te a s cr i be d t o Mu h am ma d
n o. 1 9 p ( p i. x x n .
F a s ( i n 2 nd r s - d o ub l e di n ar .
« u l rf as rf of 7 9 .
J l < u l * - 4
U S dl L * i t l
9 .
i . x x n : b ot h ( 2 s p . : p i at e p ar t ly i l le g ib l e a s cr i be d t o Mu h am ma d I V .
F a s ( i n 2 nd r s - d o ub l e di n ar .
o r \ * ~ j » i n 2 nd r s .
: p l at e l ar g el y i ll e gi b le a s cr i be d t o Mu h am m ad I V .
F as? ( in2ndrs -dinar. A ttributiontentative .
u l J l s. j .
^ j J l
ptformintinrsprecededby j j * .
pia te large ly illegible ascribedtoMuhammadI V .
minibn- U mar
1 3 2 -1 3 3
b yM uh am ma d I I I ) .
h( in1stlineof rf -doubledinar. P la teV
t o a c ^ j »
» \ £ C
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
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ateMedievalNorthAfrica
ble.
n 5t h li ne o fr f ( e r ro r . B M X p . 27 n o. 1 93 ee ( p i . x x n .
A i I i b n - A l i
1 3 6 - 1 3 72
n1stlineof rf -doubledinarstruck af tercon uestina .h. 7
m i nt i i uc . . _,
C y £ f
u i l
i > J
. B 1 30 4( p i. x x 1 .
1stlineof rf - doubledinar.
7 ( p i . 1v r o n ly : f o r < l l i n 2n d o s ( e n g ra v in g e rr o r . S : W h it e 2 19 0 : 4
1304bis.
n1stlineof rf -doubledinar.
hif tedf rom4thtoendof3rdlineof rf .
1 9 0 2 7 9 55 7 .
V i b n- A b d- a l- A i I
72-1374
1stlineof rf -doubledinar.
n t t o e
\
0. B N I I 9 9 . M et r op o li t an 1 0 32 0 4.
n1stlineof rf -doubledinar.
hif tedf rom3rdtoendof2ndos.
.
eof rf F as( in2ndlineof rf -dinar.
J C.U j i
\ ( mint
u C
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
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Gold215
L .
, n o. 17 1f ( p i .x x n .
dtbn- brahim
9 -7 9 a .D . 1 3 73 -1 3 4 . 13 7 -1 39 3
b y ' A b d- a l- R a h m an .
ral-muslimfn
l in e o f rf A a m mu r ( i n 2 nd l i ne o f r f s p el t a l- Z a m wa r - d i na r .
4 iJ i e
t
- ^ J a r l
— I ^ J l
4 l ^
a l L y
n o. 1 1 f.
l in e o f rf F a s ( i n 2 nd l i ne o f r f - d i na r .
i U : wl *
1 ( m int
u l a- c
l — j ^ \ \ * )
f 8 0 0 ( e rr or ? ) . B M X p . 2 1 n o . 1 1 g .
strs -doubledinar.
\ < ul f- R F < u dil l
l V
u lJ > - > -u .
lf _ V |
( m in t v > »
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
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ateMedievalNorthAfrica
rs ? ( 3 r d rs - h a lf d i na r .
n o . 1 1 p : mi n t il l eg i bl e .
a lf d i na r .
f8 03 presumablybyanerrorinstrik ing.
1 s 1 1 t( 2 sp . .
- h a lf d i na r .
[ ? ] u rl
1 .
iral-muslimin withNasridinscription
i n 1 st a n d 2n d r s d i vi d ed i - / U * - - d o ub l e di n ar .
tnu ed — ( m in t j ^
strs -doubledinar.
u d i ll
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
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Gold
h r s - d o ub l e di n ar .
s r f of 8 0 7 e c e pt 1 s t li n e: < u
M — > V l J j V I y
_ y .— y 1
< u li
uncertain div isioninto linesandsegmentsnotindicated.
oubledinar.
muslimin
rbedtothisrulerw ithdate7 8 , andissa idtobeof thetypeofB MV 6 8
539 by thefollow ing: S: udice I I I 6 950 Spink 33305. A sthere-
datee tremelyunlik e ly thisco inmustbetentative ly re ected.
mur( in1stlineof rf spe ltA amw ar -doubledinar.
n t i ^ o c . j a
t
lll a
— fo
V l J j V l j *
ec t ly d i vi d ed M ad i na t o mi t te d ( e r r o r . B M V 1 7 . B 1 3 14 ( p i . x x n :
piatepartlyillegible.
rs A a m mu r ( 3 r d rs - d o ub l e di n ar .
w / j «
2 ( p i . 1 v : < u l f o r < u i n 3 r d li n e of o f ( e n g r av i ng e r ro r .
r s A a m mu r ( 2 n d rs s p el t a l- Z a m m ur - d o ub l e di n ar .
t
j »
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ateMedievalNorthAfrica
r s A a m mu r ( 2 n d R s s p el t a l- Z a m wa r - d o ub l e di n ar .
shif tedf rom3rdtoendof2ndos.
r s A a m mu r ( 2 n d R s s p el t a l- Z a m wa r - d o ub l e di n ar .
B M V 1 74 ( p i .I v r on ly , 1 75 ( 2 s p. . B N I I 9 99 .
r s A a m mu r ( 2 n d rs s p el t A a mw a r - d o ub l e di n ar .
^ o
st r s , A a m mu r ( 2 n d R S s p e l t A a m wa r - d o u bl e d in a r.
e o fr f: J L ; < j i l
.
rs A a m mu r ( 3 r d R s s p el t A a m mu - d i na r .
m 2n d l in e o f of ( e r ro r ? ) . B M X p . 2 0 n o . 1 1 d : l « j * f o r U - i n
. S: White2191(pi. 1 : descriptionincompiete piateobscure.
burn:engravingerrors.
st r s T a tw an ( 2 n d rs - d o ub l e di n ar .
ompiete spellingofmintnotgiven.
in1stlineof rf -doubledinar.
f 8 1 0 e c e pt 5 t h li n e: » j * > ) < u
uncertain divisionintolines andsegmentsnotindicated.
inrs -dinar.
F j u c j > \ ^ 6
: p i at e p ar t ly i l le g ib l e.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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Gold
n1stlineof rf -doubledinar.
s o f 8 0 0 ( e r ro r ? ) . R i v e r o: ^ 4 p . 1 3 n o . 1 ( p i . v : o s o bs c ur e i n pi a te .
n1stlineof rf -doubledinar.
U l shif tedf rom2ndtostarto f3rdos.
pi. 1 ) : segmentsincorrectlydiv ided( correctedf rompiatebyF asmerI
n1stlineof rf -doubledinar.
n e of o f : o u J c < u l
r o n ly . B M X p . 2 0 n o . 1 7 a : d es c ri p ti o n in a de u a te c o rr e ct e d by J o h n
n1stlineof rf -doubledinar.
ithoutj a tstartrfasrfof8 10.
p . 23 .
n1stlineof rf -doubledinar.
in t I ^ j s . o
as r f of 8 1 0 ( e rr or . B M V 1 0 . B N I I 1 00 1. B 1 3 1 1( p i. x x n :
reconstructedfrompartlyillegiblepiate.Thorburn:apparentlythis
( i n 1 st l i ne o f r f - d o ub l e di n ar .
a s o s of 8 1 0 .
tuncertain.
i n 1 st r s - d o ub l e di n ar .
u lj u > y j c
j V l y>
m in t & oe .y
— * < " V
n : m i nt u n ce r ta i n o s i nc o rr e ct l y di v id e d r f m is r ea d .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
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ateMedievalNorthAfrica
rs - d in ar .
-u i- lr f< u l j u c j » \ ^
» i l ^ u ll
u l l^ l
n o . 1 1 k : * o m it t ed f r om 2 n d rs ( e n gr a vi n g er r or .
st l ineof rf -doubledinar.
f8 10 w ithoutMadinatin1stline
e r ro r ? ) . B M V 1 1 : t er m ed b a rb a ro u s.
al-muslimmandNasridinscription
rs M a rr a ku s h ( 3 r d R S - d i na r .
iul x j > j * \ tf.
„ \ \
il
j m l
n o . 1 1 i.
ahmdnibn- A li
74 - 13 2
b y A hm a d .
thrs -doubledinar. P la teV
u l
.l
| O l < St ^ i
J l t f- \ < a ~ i
< — « u lo l< u lJ l
c f o r c c. i n 5 th l i ne o f r f ( m i s pr i nt .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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Gold
rs -dinar.
u l
yj * .
rmint.
ib l e. B N I 1 0 02 ( p i . x n : 3 r d os n o t de s cr i be d r s m is r ea d m i nt
3 1 ( p i . x x n : b ot h ( 2 s p . : r s m is r ea d m i nt u n ce r ta i n.
ris
.d .1 3 4 - 13 6
n1stlineof rf -doubledinar. P la teV I
m in t i iu c o ^
p i . 1v : ^ . y m i sr e ad a s J * - l ( ? ) . B 1 3 22 ( c o in i l lu s tr a te d u nd e r no .
4 ) .
rs F a s ( 3 r d r s - d i na r .
x o yl o
33.
in t
: f o r O v L l l 2 nd l i ne o f r f ( d i s p ro v ed b y p ia t e , o a n d rs u n ce r ta i n.
ibn-Ahmad
. . 13 6 - 13 6
n1stlineof rf -doubledinar.
nt oacu^
sandsegmentsnot indicated.SeabyG993:mintandruleronly.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
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1dGold223
ineof rf Marrakush( 2ndlineof rf -doubledinar.
a nd 8 3 . r f y
f 8 3 .
3 .
A bd-al- A I z I , o funcerta in div isioninto linesandsegmentsnot
yle
r s A a m mi i r ( i n 2 n d R s s p el t a l- Z a m m ur - d o ub l e di n ar .
F < u l j uc
| J * , ( ^ - l U * " J l | * H
in t — < i ac . _> ^ i
b ( p i . x x m : j o m it t ed f r om 2 n d an d 3 rd l i ne s o f of ( d i sp r ov e d by p i at e .
r s A a m mi i r ( i n 2 n d r s - d o ub l e di n ar .
nd4thos:
— j < I | j * p la
m i s p ri n t ? ) .
r s A a m mi i r ( i n 2 n d r s - d o ub l e di n ar .
on2ndand3rdlinesofo f .
u n de r n o. 1 3 00 : s e gm e nt s p ar t ly i l le g ib l e a s cr i be d t o ' A b d - al - A i I .
s ah ( i n r s - d i na r .
f a sr f of 8 4 0 .
S C >
ptmint.
l inesandsegmentsnotindicated ascribedto ' A bd-al- A i I .
o f - h a lf d i na r .
f as r f of 8 4 0 .
m
scriptionsfill coin.
: descriptioninaccurate reconstructedf rompartly illegiblepiate ascribed
I .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ofL ateMedievalNorthAfrica
r s F a s ( i n 2 nd r s - d o ub l e di n ar . P l a t e V I
f o r in 4 t h os ( m i sp r in t ? , o b s c ur e i n pi a te . B 1 30 0 ( p i . x x i
i l lustratedunderno. 1300is842 : osuncerta in ascribedto ' A bd-al-
st r s F a s ( 2 n d rs - d o ub l e di n ar .
b u t wi t ho u t j a t s ta r t rf a s r f of 8 4 0 .
* , — j * J \ « u l
oc ^
l ll - ^
d to ' A bd -a l- A I z I .
r s [ F a s ( 2 n d rs - d o ub l e di n ar .
u t j o n 3 rd l i ne o f o f.
tslarge ly il legible includingmint.
st r s F a s ( i n 2 nd r s - d i n ar .
a sr fo f8 4 0 .
* j \ .o il ^
m in t — o o t. ^
9 9 ( 2 s p. : a sc ri be d to ' A bd -a l- A i I , - u * a d de d to 2 nd r s ( m i sp ri nt ? ) .
r s F a s ( i n 2 nd R S - d i na r .
an d 4 th o s :
rs Marrak ush(2ndrs -dinar.
\ ± f
c i U j
I
io cj a
A b d- a l- A i I . B 1 2 97 b i s: d e sc r ip t io n u nc e rt a in a s cr i be d t o ' A b d - al -
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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old
rs Marrak ush(2ndrs -dinar.
a s R S o f8 0 0 .
: a sc ri be d to ' A bd -a l- A i I .
i na r . P l a t eV I
n : a s cr i be d t o ' A b d - al - A i I , s e gm e nt s l ar g el y i ll e gi b le . W e yl : G 12 3 0:
a lf d i na r . P l a t e V I
_j J I j u c
v : a s cr i be d to ' A bd -a l- A i I , t ra ce s of m in t b rf .
d i na r .
- c
ninto linesnotindicated. I nscriptionisso improbablethatthisco inmustbe
na r .
_ j « ) I j u s
] — U j ]
< ul
[ ? ] ^ l
s eg m en t s pa r tl y i ll e gi b le .
ahibn-A hmad
9 - 1 39
r s A a m mu r ( i n 2 nd r s - d o ub l e di n ar .
u j u e
j * J \ t ii pi
) I — -U se I N U -
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
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ateMedievalNorthAfrica
st r s A a m mi i r ( i n 2 n d r s - d o ub l e di n ar .
o f s hi f te d f ro m 2n d t o st a rt o f 3 rd r s a n d J L r f r om 3 r d to
3V : segmentspartly il legible .
r s S i i l ma s ah ( i n 2 nd r s - d o ub l e di n ar .
st r s F a s ( i n 2 nd r s - d o u b le d i na r . P l a t eV I
s o f of 8 4 0 .
9 t ( p i . x x n : a s8 5 5 ( d is pr ov ed b y pi at e . B 1 2 3 ( p i. x x ) : s eg me nt s
npiate w ronglyascribed.
r s F a s ( i n 2 nd r s - d o ub l e di n ar .
n I I I i b n- A hm a d
3 9 - 1 42 0
s t r s S a bt a h ( i n 2 n d rs - d o ub l e di n ar .
i ± *
artly il legible . P 109: osincorrectlydivided. B MX p. 2 , no . 193cC
t ly i l le g ib l e.
s t r s S i i l ma s ah ( i n 2 nd r s - d o ub l e di n ar .
< a x o
al — J l j r \ < u ^ 1
0 .
B 1 2 72 ( p i . x x ) : d e sc r i pt i on u n ce r ta i n p i at e l ar g el y i ll e gi b le a s cr i be d t o
strs Si i lmasah( in2ndrs -doubledinar: modif iedKuf1script.
: descriptionuncertain piate large ly il legible ascribedto ' UthmanI , oandr
entspecimens.
s t R S S i i l ma s ah ( 2 n d rs - d o ub l e di n ar .
0 . r f as r f o f 8 6 1 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
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Gold
19 3 aa 1 9 3D D : t e rm ed b a rb a ro u s ( 2 s p . .
s t r s F a s ( i n 2 nd r s - d o ub l e di n ar .
pi. xx ) : descriptioninaccurateanduncerta in piatepartly illegible w rongly
s t r s F a s ( i n 2 nd r s - d o ub l e di n ar . P l a t e V I
. n , 9 5 ( 2 s p. : as cr ib ed to ' U t hm an I .
1 st r s M a rr a ku s h ( i n 2 n d r s - d o ub l e di n ar .
h a lf d i na r .
>
U t h m a n I I .
madV I I ibn- A bd-Allah
0-1427
by ' A bd -a l- H a q I I ) .
al - H a q I I i b n - U t h m d n I I
. 1 42 0- 14 5
by M uh am ma d V I I ) .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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oryofL ateMedievalNorthA f rica
h
tahfroma.h.705to 709andfrom7 6 to7 9.
madI ibn- usuf
2-1273
nAfrica.Theonly coinstruckbyhimwhich fallswithin
sonebearingthenameofhisH afsidsu era inbeforehedeclared
47 andit istherefore listedw ithH afsidco ins: 55 .
madI I I ibn-MuhammadI I
2-1309
b n- M uh a mm a d I I
309-1314
madV ibn- usuf I
3 - 79 3 a .D . 1 3 5 4 -1 3 59 . 1 3 2 - 13 9 1
and7 9.
2 nd o s S a bt a h ( 3 r d o s - d o ub l e di n ar . P l a t e V I
l j u ej J i
till
— < u l V l l iV ,
l V l t V ,
i . i .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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1dGold
rrulersofMorocco
ydI ibn-Z iydn
q I I ( M a ri n id
420-144
i b n - u s u f
q I I ( M a ri n id
1 4 4 - 1 45
yd I I i b n- a h yd I
q I I ( M a ri n id
D . 1 45 - 14 59
madI ibn- ahydI
4 5 - 15 0 4
strs A ammur( 2ndrs -dinar. A ttributiontentative .
_ .a cj U ,
- ^
v : r o nl y : p i at e l ar g el y i ll e gi b le .
madI ibn-MuhammadI
1525
nnotindicated - ( denominationnotindicated .
sunsupportedascriptioncannot beconsideredprobable.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ofL ateMedievalNorthAfrica
nar. A ttributiontentative . P lateV I
F
9 3f t ( p i . x x 1 n : < u l f o r < u i n 1 s t li n e of o f ( m i s p ri n t .
i b n- M uh a mm ad I
9 1 a D - 1 5 2 5- 1 52 , 1 5 54 - 15 5 4
dibn-MuhammadI I
7a .d. 152 -1545 1549-1550
positiononco innotindicated - ( denominationnotindicated .
nsupportedascriptioncannotbe consideredprobable.
madI I I ibn-A hmad
549
nrivals andsuccessorsoftheW attasids andthosestruck
eserulers aree cludedf romthiscorpus.
oretheOttomancon uest
hsultans
a nt 1 na h .
falloutside thescopeofthiscorpus. Theonlye ceptionsto
sstruckinthe nameoftheO ttomansultanbythelaterZ iyanid
ore listedunderthe latterdynasty : 670 6 71.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
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Gold
reversenotintendedforusetogetherare accidentallyorfraudul-
reverseof500.
o Y a q u b . P r e c o gn i e d a s hy b ri d .
reverseof502.
a q u b .
b u t wi t h ii i i l fo r U i i n 3 rd o s r e ve r se o f 5 22 . P l a t e V I
3rdos( error , ascribedtoMuhammad. P recogni edashybrid.
B N I I 7 30 7 31 ( 2 s p . . K M I I 6 9 7 ( p i. 1 v . D . o ri ch s 47 22 . L : Mu wa hh id s
1 : 3 r d rs m i sr e ad c o rr e ct e d fr o m pi a te . Ci m in o p . 22 0 ( f i g . 3 0 t o p .
, butw ithocU ilf o rU ll in3rdos reverseof522.
rbarous. L: Muw ahhidsp. 1 0 no . 1.
; reverse lik e522.
oslegiblethroughy_.
9 r e ve r se o f 5 4 b u t in N a sk h i sc r ip t .
: H p . 2 4 : d es c ri p ti o n in c om p ie t e.
; reverseas590w ithmintQusantinah.
: osil legible . F arrugiastatesby letterthatthisisnotahybrid.
; r e ve r se o f 6 4 0 .
t s la r ge l y il l eg i bl e y f o r ^ 1 i n 3 rd l i ne o f r f ( e r r or ? ) .
o f whichisidenticalw ithrf .
. Wey l: G1213.
as r f o f 8 0 e c e pt 1 s t li n e: < u d l .
asR S of750butwith1^ 1forin3rdsegment.
u n de r n o. 1 3 49 : p a rt l y il l eg i bl e .
srfo f759. P lateV I
tSi i lmasah.
n de r n o. 1 3 50 : n o t de s cr i be d .
r e ve r se o f 7 71 .
: 5 t h l i ne o f r f mi s re a d.
2 ; r e ve r se o f 8 0 0 .
id . B M X p . 2 0 n o . 1 1 e ( p i . x x n . T h or b ur n .
r e ve r se l i ke 8 2 .
1 h.
pi. xm and1121arecontemporary im itationsorcounterfeits. Similar
heH SA co llection: 10 21 1320 . P lateV I
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ateMedievalNorthAfrica
nappertainingtothesedynastieswasstruck bythe
n- s h d
.d .1 24 - 12 6
ty -onedinarw eight( 49. 4grams ; 6 5mill imetersindiameter
I
\ < u l^ R F V i -U l ^ J i ^ ll
. " V l a * - cn U j l l
a — < u l j l lf l V l Si ii l
-J 1 | * - l /. l— l _/ U a l j v > l \ l i U - j y
V l U i il
over t it lepage andha lf - t itlepageforchaptervm .
L E C TR U M
ra.h.439( a.d.1047
ekhalifahs
rcisednodirectcontroloverNorthA f ricaduringthisperiod a ll
asactuallystruck byH udidrulers andisthereforelistedunder
ra.h439( a.d.1047
ite imams
.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
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ud1dS1lver233
ra.h.439( a.d.1047
errulersofTunisia
ibn-B adis
o 6 - 0 2
-Mu i betweena. h. 441and449af terhisrepudiationof
d a te ? ) - h a l f di r he m .
s r f of 3
. 1v : o f i l legible inpiate .
herZ iridrulersor rebels.
ra.h.439( a.d.1047
errulersofeasternA lgeria
ra.h.439( a.d.1047
hBerber governors
allyindependentgovernorscontrolledSabtahandthe
theMurabitcon uestina .H . 47 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
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ateMedievalNorthAfrica
055
yMuhammadI ,
I ,
s i m I I ) .
I
o 4 7- 0 5 5
9 - d ir h em .
F
ul
j l i o \ » - >
oc J < al J j -
f o r J U l i n 3 rd l i ne o f r f ( e r r or , b a se s i lv e r.
4 40? -dirhem.
ateandmintuncerta in. P . R eyes94b: date incompiete basesilver.
4 4 1 - d i rh e m. P l a te V I I
: s t ud i o p. 4 2 n o. 1 ( p i . n . P . R e y es 9 4 c ( p i . 1 v : b a se s i lv e r.
441- dirhem.
* in1stand5thlinesof rf .
.
44 2-dirhem.
w h i c h en d s at j i l a n d 1s t l i ne o f r f: J ) .
d a te u n ce r ta i n. G u il l en p . 4 21 ( p i . H , n o . 1 ) : m i nt i l le g ib l e in p i at e c o pp e r
) . P . R e y es 9 5 a: J J l f o r J U l i n 3 rd l i ne o f r f b a se s i lv e r.
3 - d i rh e m.
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0 1 ( 2 s p . : w i t h j ( e r r o r ? ) . L o n gp e ri e r: / p . 43 1 ( s e ve r al s p . : m o n ly .
5 ( p i . x x 1 . S o th e by 3 2 : m o nl y w i th d a te 5 4 1 ( e r r or ? ) . S : u d ic c I
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al-Mu minibn- A li
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p A V 2 s p. . P 2 ( p i. in : as cr ib ed ( p . 32 t oI d ri sI . B M V 8 8 a ( p i. 11 .
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h or b ur n .
u a re d i rh e m.
- s u ar e ha lf d ir he m. P l a te V I I
41 4 ( 2 s p. . V 2 1 13 ( A H 2 s p. P G 1 0 s p. F C A V 1 2 sp . . P 2 5 a.
6 ( 9 0 s p. o f w h ic h V i v e s no t ed 1 ) . K M I I 6 9 0 : go l d in s te a d of s i lv e r
9( pi. v i . Moura2( f ig. . D . Garcia6 129. C erda423: description
u d ic e I I 3 1 2 . S : Ca s tr o 4 20 . B e l p . 1 4 ( f i g . 2 3 . 0 2 1 11 2 1 12
54 ( p i . x v 1 : 10 5 1 ( 4 s p . . F i g a n ie r 1 9 ( 2 s p . . L i s bo n . Th o rb u rn .
u a re q u a r t er d i rh e m.
b y V i v e s .
- s uarehalfdirhemstruck af tera .h. 541
6 9 .
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2 sb . C: Tr at ad o p. 2 20 n o. 2 ( p i . x x n .
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halfdirhem.
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L j < 11
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4 th a n d 1s t o s an d 2 nd a n d 3r d r s d i vi d ed < - U / * - - ( d a te ? ) - i r at .
2sp. : monly dateobscure . Thorburn: dateuncertain readas0.
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th o s a nd 2 n d rs F a s ( i n 1 st o s a nd 3 r d rs - ( d a t e ? ) - i r at . P l a t e V I I
6 9 c ( 2 s p. : o sa s rs ( e rr or ? ) . F r a eh n: i p . 6 2 4 n o. 3 :l ar ge ly i ll eg ib le m in t
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th o s a nd 2 n d rs F a s ( i n 1 s t O S a n d 3 r d rs - ( d a te ? ) - q i r at .
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ncerta in maybeapoorspecimenof10 3.
th o s a nd 2 n d rs M a rr a ku s h ( i n 1 s t os a n d 3r d r s - ( d a te ? ) - q i r at .
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d a t e? ) - q i ra t.
L j
s p . .
- ( d a t e? ) - q i ra t. s ee P l a t eV I I
n e of r f : < u l .
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hotographsfurnishedby J . G. Milne.
uw ahhidrulerse cept' A bd-al-Mu minandbyseveral
o f - s u ar e di rh em . P l at e V I I
< u l
V 2 10 0 ( A H , P G 5 s p . F C 2 sp . A V 3 s p . . P 2 4 b a. B M V 1 2 1 ( p i . m .
9 ( 2 9 sp . o f wh ic h V i v es n ot ed 1 2 . K M I I 7 01 -7 03 ( p i. 1 v: 7 01 , 7 23
ah hi ds p . 1 5 . Z a m ba ur :W 8 6 . S : u d i ce I 3 12 0. B e l p .2 5 ( f i g. 9 1 0 .
05 b is ( p i. x v n : bo th ( 2 s p. .
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F a n d b rf - s u a re d i rh e m st r uc k b ef o re a . h. 6 4 0 .
2 4 0c .M A6 9 .
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7 ( 2 sp . . V 2 10 1( A H 3 s p. P G 4 sp . F C A V 9 s p. . P 2 4 0b .B M V 1 2 2- 12 4
p . B N I I 7 40 7 41 ( 2 s p. . M A 6 9 7 ( 3 5 s p. o f wh ic h V i ve s no te d 10 :
7 0 4. L : M uw ah h .i d s p. 1 5 ( p i . v1 ( 2 s p . . L : h e di v ia l p . 32 9 .
2 s p. . B o n es ch i 32 ( p i . . B e l p .2 2 ( f i g. 6 , 7 8 ) . B 1 05 5 ( p i . x v n .
p . . P 2 4 b d . B N I I 7 4 2 7 4 3 ( 2 s p . . M A 6 9 4 . K M I I 7 2 4: m i nt u n ce r ta i n.
onp. 9 ) : descriptioninaccurate . C astiglioni241. K rehlp. 3 , no . 1.
M ar k ov : p . 9 3 n o . 4 p . 9 21 n o . 4a ( 2 s p . . R i v e r o: M 1 40 ( p i . 1n
.2 5 ( f i g. n 1 2 . F . H a f si te s 75 7 ( p i. v :b ot h ( 2 s p. . 0 21 41 2 14 2
59 ( p i. x i : a ll ( 3 s p. .
- s u a re d i rh e m.
I 7 05 .
b o f - s u a re d i rh e m.
f i g. 9 1 0 : m i nt u n ce r ta i n g i ve n a s Ti n M al l al .
- s u a re d i rh e m. P l a te V I I
.
b o f - s u ar e di rh em . P l at e V I I
b o f - s u a re d i rh e m.
e rt ai n. V 2 1 04 ( P G A V ) : L t f or J » l > j ( e rr or . P 2 4 be : J a > j f or l > \ j
5 s p. : J * f or ( e rr or . B e l p .2 ( f ig . 13 . C ot te vi ei ll e p. 2 14
( p i .x v n .
s uaredirhem.
3 8 4 : mi nt u nc er ta in . V 2 1 05 ( A H 4 s p . P G 4 s p . F C A V 1 1 s p. .
p i . i n . B N I I 7 44 7 45 ( 2 s p. . M A6 9 0 ( 7 4 sp . o f wh ic h V i ve s no te d 12 .
3 s p . . D . G a r ci a 6 1 5 0 . Ce r da 4 3 0: m o nl y . L : M uw a hh i ds p . 1 5 . S :W h i t e
. S :B e y r a m2 g 2b ( 2 s p. . S : Ca s tr o 42 3 : mi n t un c er t ai n . B e l p. 2 3 ( f i g . 9 1 0 . 0 2 15 2 .
f - s u a re d i rh e m.
. A V 4 s p. . P 2 4b g. M A6 9 3 ( 8 s p. o f wh ic h V i ve s no te d 2 . B e l p. 2 5( f ig . 11 .
- s u a re d i rh e m.
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r f - s u a re d i rh e m.
. P 2 4 M. S : u d i ce I I 3 12 3.
- s u ar e di rh em .
nt u n ce r ta i n on 1 s p . H S A ( 1 5 s p. ? ) : m i nt u n ce r ta i n on 1 s p . U M . V 2 1 07
p . F C 3 s p . A V 2 0 s p. , 2 11 1: m in t mi sr ea d as ( ? ) . P 2 4 b h. B M V
4 s p. . B M X p . 1 0 n o . 13 3a 1 33 b ( 2 s p . . B N I I 7 4 - 74 ( 3 s p. .
o f wh ic h V i v es n ot ed 2 0 , 6 9 : m in t mi sr ea d as u -l ( ? ) ( 9 s p. , 6 9 9 : mi nt
. K M I I 7 1 1- 7 1 ( 8 s p . . T y c h se n O . p . 1 2 3 .S c hi e pa t i 72 . C as t ig l io n i
. Ga r da 6 1 4 5 - 1 4 ( 1 2 s p. . F r a eh n :N p . 8 8 , n o. 2 a .T > : o r ic h s 4 5 0
da 4 2 7: m o n ly . L : M u wa h hi d s p. 1 5 . W e y l: 6 4 9 1 ( 4 s p . . M a r k ov :
21 8 . S : u d ic e I I 3 1 22 ( 6 s p . . S :B e y r a m 29 2 c. S : Ca s tr o 4 23 . B e l p . 1 9
0 2 14 4 2 14 , 2 14 9 2 15 0 ( 4 s p . . B 1 05 7 ( p i . x v h . L i s b on . Se e al so c op pe r:
s u a re d i rh e m. P l a t e V I I
m i nt r f a s of o f 1 0 5 w i th o ut m i nt .
ablyanerrorinstrik ing.
- s u a re d i rh e m.
nt isunidentified andisprobablyeithermisreadorpoorlyengraved.
f - s u a re d i rh e m.
S A 13 1 7 ? , 1 41 0 ( 2 s p . ? ) . V 2 10 9 ( A H 2 s p. A V 3 s p . . P 2 4b .
. M A 6 9 2 ( 4 s p . . W e l l 1 2 23 9 . S: u d ic e I I 3 1 24 . 0 2 14 : m i nt u n ce r ta i n.
: m i nt i l le g ib l e in p i at e .
- s uaredirhem.
2 4 bk . D . G ar c ia 6 1 4 9. R i v e r o: M 14 1 ( p l . 1l l o o n ly u n de r n o. 1 4 0 . B e l p . 25
h ? ( b o f - s u a re d i rh e m.
p i . n R o n ly : m i nt u n ce r ta i n.
uaredoubledirhem.
u a r e d ir h em . P l a t e V I I I
( 1 0 1 sp . o f wh ic h 1 — n o. 1 0 3 2 — i s gi ld ed . U M . V 2 0 8 ( A H 6 3 s p.
p. A V 1 5 sp . . P 2 4 a. B M V 1 41 -1 57 1 47 a ( p i . in : 14 1 1 44 1 45 ( 1 s p. .
( 9 sp . . M A 6 8 0 ( 4 8 9 s p. o fw hi ch V i ve sn ot ed 6 0 . K M I I 7 2 - 7 73 ( 4 s p. .
toonumerousandscatteredtolist. Manyofthesecoinsarecon-
tations( millares withintentionallydistortedengravingofthe
C r e a
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n d ( j a ^ l l . A f ew s p ec i me n s ( t e r me d H a f s id b y F a r r u gi a h a ve h o ri o n ta l
nscriptions.See alsocopper:1171.
u a r e d ir h em . P l a t e V I I I
mp e d on o f \ ( f o r _J > ) .
: clippedsothatmuchof legendismissing probablyHafsidcounter-
u a re d i rh e m: K u f i s c r ip t . P l a te V I I I
1 1 s p . . B M V 13 - 13 9 ( p i .1 n: 1 3 ) ( 4 s p. . B N I I 7 5 7. K M I I 7 74 -7 7
3 ( p i . v n o . 2 . L : B o d l ei a n 32 1 . L a g um i na p . 1 03 n o .4 . Z a m b au r : W 8 7 .
2 s p . . V o l l e rs 1 4 ( p i . 1 . S : Ca s tr o 4 23 . B e l p . 4 0 ( f i g . 20 2 2 . B 1 0 0
n o t sp e ci f ie d b y a m o ng o t he r s V ( i v es , P ( r i et o , o r M A s o s o me c o in s
here.
uaredirhem: Nask h1andK uf iscript.
s cr i pt r f i n Na s kh i s cr i pt .
2 .
ar e di rh em . P l at e V I I I
J | b O F .
2 s p . ( p i . x 1 ) : 4 t h li n e of o f d ou b tf u l i l le g ib l e in p i at e . Th i s is p r ob a bl y a
sread.
u a r e d ir h em . P l a t e V I I I
o f 1 0 5 .
uareha lfdirhem.
f of 1 0 5 .
o f - s u a re d i rh e m.
41 1 ? ( 2 s p. ? ) : m in t un ce rt ai n. V 2 0 9 ( P G 2 s p . F C A V 6 s p . . P 2 4 c b.
0 k. B N I I 7 49 . MA 6 8 1 ( 3 5 sp . o f wh ic h V i ve s no te d 11 . K M I I 7 00 a.
G a rr t a 6 1 4 3 - 1 4 4 ( 3 s p . . C e r d a 42 9 : m on l y. S J u d ic e I I 3 1 1 . B e l p . 3 2 .
f - s uaredirhem.
5 ? ( 2 s p. ? ) : m in t un ce rt ai n. V 2 09 0 ( P G A V 2 s p . . P 2 4c c ( p i . 1n .
2 ( 2 s p. . S: u di ce I I 3 11 7( 2 sp . . B 1 0 4 ( p i. x v n .
ononco innotspecif ied -s uaredirhem.
q ue Q ueipoI I I :53 note buthasnotbeenidentifiedon surviving
eddubious.
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- s u a re d i rh e m.
2 4c d. B N I I 7 5 1 7 52 ( 2 s p. . M A6 8 3 ( 2 s p. n o t 3 as i n V i ve s . B 1 0 5
- s u a re d i rh e m.
2 40 a. B M V 1 2 7( p i. m , 1 2 ( 2 sp . .
s uaredirhem.
p . P 2 4 0k . MA 6 8 8 ( 7 s p. . R i v er o: M 13 9 ( p i .1 n .
-s uaredirhem.
e rt ai n. V 2 0 97 ( A H , P G 3 s p . F C A V 3 s p . . P 2 4c . M A6 8 7 ( 7 s p.
. B 1 0 7 0 ( p i . x v n .
F ) - s u a re d i rh e m.
41 3 ( 2 s p. . V 2 09 2 ( P G 3 s p. A V 3 s p. . P 2 4c C MA 6 8 4 ( 1 2 sp . o f
C :T r at a do p . 2 19 no . 7 ( p i . x x n . S : u d ic e I I 3 1 1 ( 2 s p . . B e l p . 2 9
0 9 ( p i . x v n : m i nt i l le g ib l e in p i at e .
- s u a re d i rh e m.
P G 3 s p . F C 2 s p . A V 5 s p . . P 2 4c h. M A6 8 5 ( 2 0 sp . o f wh ic h V i ve s
( f i g . . C al v o p. 1 9 2 ( p i . x 1 n o . 8 ) . B e l p . 2 9 ( f i g. 1 4 .
f - s uaredirhemstruck af tera . h. 599.
A V ) . P 2 4c g. C am pa ne r: iV a nd M 7 ( p i . 1 . R i ve ro :M 1 3 ( p i. i n o o nl y :
- s uaredirhemstruck af tera . h. 5 7.
8 5 ( 2 sp . . V 2 0 9 ( P G 4 s p. F C A V 7 sp . . P 2 4 ci .B M V 1 35 ( p i .m .
2 s p. . M A6 8 6 ( 2 5 sp . o f wh ic h V i v es n ot ed 1 2 . K M I I 7 20 -7 22 : * o m i tt ed
. . T yc h se n O . p . 1 2 3 ( p i . n n o . 27 . D o m b a yp . 7 2 . C er d a 42 :
3 1 19 ( 3 s p . . B e l p . 2 9 ( f i g . 1 4 1 5 . 0 2 1 51 : m in t u nc e rt a in . B 1 0 8
ible inpiate . Lisbon.
o f - s uaredirhemstruck af tera . h. 599.
F C A V ) . P 2 4c f. D . o ri ch s 4 4 9: m on ly . Ca mp an er :N a nd M 6 ( p i. 1 .
1 0 6 ( p i . x v n : m i nt i l l eg i bl e i n pi a te . L i s b o n.
pi. xvn: 1072-1074 aresilveramuletsw ithreligiousinscriptions notco ins.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ofL ateMedievalNorthAfrica
ries
madI ibn- usuf
- 1 23
w ahhidstyle probablystruck ina . H. 6 30 w henthisruler
emonths inthenameof the ' A bbasidk ha lif ah w how asnot
bu- a j ara l-Mansiiribn-Muhammad
I 2 2 - 2 42
s u a re d i rh e m. P l a t e V I I I
F L j < u l
- U l
nd er n o. 6 4 b . B e l p .5 2 ( f i g. 2 ) .
u a re d i rh e m.
f i g. 2 7 .
u a r e d ir h em . P l a t e V I I I
F a s R F o f 11 17 .
? ) b of .P 6 4 ( p i. vn u nd er no .6 6 ) . MA 70 2( 4 sp . . B 1 0 2 ( p i. x v n
2 s p. .
u a r e d ir h em . P l a t e V I I I
e of o f : < u J , - - u an .
A V ) . P 6 6 ( p i . vn u n de r n o. 6 5 : v e st i ge s o f a mi n t in p i at e n ot e d by
udidstyle struck atSabtahina . h. 635by the independentamir
da l- anashti inthenameof the ' A bbasidk ha lif ah
abii- a fara l-Mansiiribn-Muhammad
2 2 - 1 24 2
iv ided6 / 35 -dirhem.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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S1lver
> j a
f o r -. l i n 3r d l in e o f of ( e r ro r , d a te d i vi d ed ^ . / > f e ( e r ro r ? ) , a t tr i bu t ed
p . 5 5 ( f i g. 7 : j > . l f o r i n 3r d l i ne o f o f ( e r r or , d a t e di v id e d ^ - /i > b
tlyattributed. B 427( pi. 1 ) : a ttributedtoHudids. Thereference inC :
hasaH udidmintmayreferto thiscoin to1117 ortoanun-
rrulersofTunisiaand easternAlgeria
ufiscript.
resumablybyseveralH afsidrulersbetweena.h.6 50and
11 tow hichshouldbeaddedmanyspecimensofMuwahhid-sty le
a 1090 1091 1101-1105 struck overasomewhatlongerperiodand
irMuwahhidprototypes.
uaredirhem: ornamentedKuf iscript.
1 2 ( 2 s p. . K M I I 7 0 , 7 07 ( 2 s p. : a pp ar en tl y th is s cr ip t. W e yl : 6 4 9 2 :
uw ahhidsp. 1 5( pi. v1 . 02143. F . H afsites74( pi. v . Scriptis
P rieto orMA sosomecoinslistedas10 8 probablybe longhere .
u a re d i rh e m: o r na me n te d K u f i s c ri p t. P l a t e V I I I
37 75 1 37 7 ( 2 sp . . B M V 1 40 ( p i .1 n . B N I 7 55 7 5 ( 2 sp . . S : u di cc I I
p 4 2( f ig . 24 . 0 21 39 2 14 0 ( 2 s p . . B 1 05 9 ( p i - x v n 1 20 9 ( 2 s p . . S c ri pt
s P rieto orMA sosomecoinslistedas1101probablybe longhere .
I i b n- M uh a mm a d V I
54 2 -1 5 9
i n f i g ur e s: o v - s u a re d i rh e m.
.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ateMedievalNorthAfrica
i n f i g ur e s: o t - s u a re d i rh e m.
.
5 ( i n f i g u re s : « a - s u a re d i rh e m.
s p. .
( i n f ig u re s : ai - s u a re d o ub l e di r he m .P l a te V I I I
R F j O ^ l < " l " V « j e J * l 0s
U M^. <ul J c
e aH o U j J l
t u
i a * i
: r emendationsconf irmedby letter.
( i n fi gu re s: » a - s u ar e di rh em .
. .
i n f ig u re s - s u a re d i rh e m. P l a t e V I I I
p i. 2 3 sp . .
f ig u re s : w ) - s u a re d i rh e m.
M R F 0 U » L . j uH
d r- " l i /
c
stratedinvol. V , f ig. 14 o fclipped.
i n f ig u re s : vw - s u a re h a lf d i rh e m
onplate.
f i g. 1 4 ( r o n l y .
f igures: presumablyvu -s uaredirhem.
rrulersofw esternA lgeria
verwithZ iyanidinscriptionswasprobablystruckby
ereforelistedunderthat dynasty:1147.L eoAfricanusassertsthat
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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S1lver275
ck bothsilverandcopper andbyanalogyw iththe laterH afsids
butsuchcoinshavenotyetbeenrecogni ed if indeedanysurvive .
rrulersofMorocco
bn - A b d- a l- H a q I
1 2 44 - 12 5
resumablybythisrulerand hissuccessor chieflybeforethe
n a .h . 6 6 8 ( a . d. 1 2 9 .
uareha lfdirhem.
R F | f STk
uarequarterdirhem.
. R F o i l
> i n 1s t li ne o f rf ( e r r or ? ) .
b i bn - A bd -a l- H a q I
. . 1 25 - 12 6
resumablybythisruler.Seealso anonymoussilverlisted
1134butstruck presumablybybothrulers chie flybeforea. H. 6 6 8 .
a re d i rh e m.
o il R F ml Ml < ) l M
a < U l oi lJ j — j -U s t..
* U j » ml
yt
L l m
rdlineofo f (thisandothermisspe ll ingsv isibleonimpression
ecauseofitserrors anddupiicatedinscriptionsthiscoinmust be
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ateMedievalNorthAfrica
uareha lfdirhem.
. vn . M A7 04 .
f ib n- a q i i b
resumablybythisruler.
equarterdirhem.
uareha lfdirhem.
V 2 sp . . P 5 ( p i. vn . B M V 1 57 a( p i. m . B N I I 7 7 .M A7 03 ( 3 s p. .
1 2 5 ( p i . x 1 ) : d e sc r ip t io n i nc o mp i et e .
u a re q u a r t er d i rh e m.
at e u I I I 4 4 ( p i . x v m n o . 12 : o f mi s re a d c o r r ec t ed f r om p i at e .
uarequarterdirhem.
1 L j
te uI I I 4 4( p i. x v m n o .1 - 1 ) ( 4 sp . .
uaree ighthdirhem.
.
n - U t h m d n I I
ha lfdirhem.
s p . .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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1dS1lver
uaredirhem.
uarehalfdirhem.
l p. 44 ( f i g. 25 2 ) . B p . 1 0 ( 8 s p. .
afdirhem.
M I I 7 1 9 7 2 ? ( 2 s p. ? ) . 0 2 15 5 : mi n t un c er t ai n . B p . 1 0 ( 1 0 0 sp .
u a re d i rh e m.
p i. x x 1 v ( 3 3 7sp .? ) .
u a re h a lf d i rh e m.
A V 2 s p. . P 5 5 a. K M I I 7 77 7 7 , 7 79 ? ( 3 s p .? ) . H 6 s t : a nd N 14
d le r :C 9 1 . Ty c hs e n O . p . 1 2 4 . Ty c hs e n T . p. 9 3 . Mo u ra 3 ( f i g. . S : Ca s tr o 4 25
srids— 1153andsucceedingre ectedcoins—, w hichmay
uler.
swithNasridinscription
withZ iyanidinscription
sto fT ilimsanina . h. 737(a . d. 1337 .
dirhemstruckbeforea.h.749.
e of o f : oi l ^ , J \ U .
1 5 : o f l ar g el y i ll e gi b le .
A li
resumablybythisruler.
u a re h a lf d i rh e m.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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oryofL ateMedievalNorthA f rica
brahim
9 -7 9 a .D . 1 3 73 -1 3 4 . 13 7 -1 39 3
uareha lfdirhem. A ttributiontentative . P lateV I I I
R F < U l J l
C fl ~ J > \ f o r t> u l - l l in 3 r d li n e of r f ( t e rm e d er r or b y P r i e t o an d F a s m er . P 1 0 4
m294. Thisco indif fersfrom115 only insty le .
ahmanibn- A li
74 - 13 2
u a r e d ir h em . P l a t e V I I I
R F j f > J l
d i rh e m.
e of o f : < u J j ~ j
robablyapoorspecimenof1150misread.
al -H a q I i bn - U t h ma n I I I
. 1 42 0- 14 5
u a re d i rh e m.
e
to linesnotindicated. Theco insil lustratedinB rethespi. xx nunder
cribedto ' A bd-al-R ahmanformintsF asandMik nasah appeartobe
fthiscoin intwoq uitedifferentstyles with1320lefttheobverse
verse and1320rightthe obverseofwhich1319rightis thereverse.
uaredirhem. A ttributiontentative .
i b R F j il J u tj .
nesnotindicated ascribedto ' A bd-al-Ha q I .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ver
h .
tahfroma.h.705to 709andfrom7 6 to7 9.Theano-
identicale ceptformintwithmuch oftheirSpanishsilver
othoftheseperiods andhencetoanyor allofthefollowingthree
madI I I ibn-MuhammadI I
309
b n- M uh a mm a d I I
309-1314
uhammadV ibn- usuf I
3 - 79 3 a .D . 1 3 5 4- 1 35 9 1 3 2 - 13 9 1
u a r t er d i rh e m. P l a te V I I I
k M
A V 6 s p. . B N I I 8 2 2 ( p i .v 1 . F i g an ie r1 6 ( 2 sp . . M at eu I I I 4 4( p i. x v m
p . . T h or b ur n : j n o t l e gi b le i n 1 st l i ne o f r f.
d i rh e m.
line ofrf.
a i ridsnevercontro lledF as sothisco inmuste itherbeerroneously
ssue struck perhapsby ' A li w hostruck go ldwithNai ridlegends.
d i rh e m.
fprecedingre ectedcoin.
hesamenoteappiiestothisco in.
rrulersofMorocco
madI ibn-MuhammadI
1525
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ryofLateMedieva lNorthA f rica
u a r e d ir h em . P l a t e V I I I
< u l a- c
v .
i b n- M uh a mm ad I
1 a .d . 1 52 5 -1 5 2 1 5 54 - 15 5 4
uaredirhemstruck presumably ina . h. 932. P lateV I I I
l. 4c
x v : bo th ( 2 s p. .
ibn-MuhammadI I
7a .D -152 -1545 1549-1550
u ar e di rh em .P l a t eV I I I
u l J l
1 n . B 1 3 9 -1 39 1 ( p i .x x v : al l ( 3 s p. : 1 39 1 is c li pp ed .
oretheOttomancon uest
hsultans
a nt a na h .
dcomewithinthescope ofthiscorpus thoughthe\
102maybeO ttoman.
dcomewithinthescope ofthiscorpus.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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dcomewithinthescope ofthiscorpus.
ra.h.439( a.d.1047
hBerber governors
d
107
a u t
107
4 6 2-pseudo-dirhem.
: j U l l f o r o l l l i n 5t h l in e o f of ( e r ro r . M A 3 5 : d a t e u nc e rt a in s l i g ht l y
: severa lslighterrors.
( 4 6 4-pseudo-dirhem.
: j U . 1 f or c W l in o f ( e r ro r .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ryofLateMedieva lNorthA f rica
4 6 5-pseudo-dirhem.
( 2 s p. ? ) : j L l l f o ro U i l in o f w i th ou t sA o n rf .
4 6 7-pseudo-dirhem.
7. C erda27 ? la rgely il legible .
Spain
errulersof
r
1 0 5 - 1 0 7
0? -pseudo-dinar.
. MA 4 5: dategivenas4 0? (correctedbyV ives .
0 - I 4 3
5 o 9 - p s eu d o- d ir h em .
09-pseudo-dinar.
20-pseudo-dirhem.
( 2 s p. : J ( ? ) b r f. K M I I 6 4 7: J ( ? ) b r f d at e il le gi bl e. T yc hs en 0 . p. 1 20 :
thiscoin. C erda37 : d monly .
ah- ( nodate -pseudo-dirhem.
b o f a nd r f. B M V 6 6 : & a o f an d rf £ b o f a nd r f 6 7 ( 2 s p. .
p i. m : a of a nd r f ^ 6 o f an d rf . MA 5 42 ( 2 s p . : o mm is re ad c or re ct ed
. p. 120: mintgivenasa l-A nda lus( error , probably thiscoin.
ntah- ( nodate - pseudo-dirhem.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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s iy a h - [ 5 0 - p s eu d o- d ir h em .
le probably thiscoin.
x - p s eu d o- d ir h em .
n o d at e - d e no mi n at i on n o t sp e ci f ie d . P l a te V I I I
raehn: 12: notdescribed. F raehn: iV p. 279 no . 7.
rrulersof
perdinars reportedbyal-Marrakushiasmintedtoransom' Abd-al-
sa f romhisA rabcaptors hasbeenreportedinanymodernco llection the
hal.
seudo-dirhem.
uarepseudo-dirhem.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ryofLateMedieva lNorthA f rica
rrulersofTunisiaand easternAlgeria
madI ibn- ahydI
9-1277
erismentioned butnotdescribed by I bn- ha ldun( K itab
d it i on v o l. V I , p . 2 8 ) . A l -Z a r k a sh i ( T a r i kh a l -d a ul a ta yn . . . T u n is e d .
h6 6 0( a . d. 12 1 . I thasnotbeenidentif iedinanymoderncollection.
d I I I i b n- M uh a mm a d V I
54 2 -1 5 9
e ls . P l a t e V T I
U l y
v .
l
) i s a c op p er o r na m en t n o t a co i n. T he 3 f e ls n o te d b y B a be l on ( p . l x 1
tbeenidentif ied. P lateV I I I
ptbyLeoA f ricanus(seeunderZ iyanidsilver .
rrulersofMorocco
efollowingdatedfelses ascribedtothisdynasty are
misread:
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
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iv e n as 6 7 , p r ob a bl y 9 7 .
0 probably9 0.
90 probably990.
f the3specimensnotedat J enabyV ollersp.5.
rthAfrica.
dcomewithinthescope ofthiscorpus.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
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B L I O G R A H Y
A B B R E V I AT O NS
tedinthe corpusareherelistedin alphabeticalorderofthe
eyareindicated.I nadditiontopublishedbooksandarticles thelist
A mericatow hichI havehadaccess le ttersf romscho larsabroad and
s auctioncatalogues.R elevantnumismaticliteraturefromwhichno
atelylistedin thenumismaticreferencebibliography.
ngementofreferencesin thecorpusisas follows:first coinswhich
amined includingtheco llectionsof theA mericanNumismaticSociety The
erica theUniversity (o fP ennsy lvania Museum andtheMetropolitan
previouspartia lcompila tions includingV ives( Monedasdelasdinastias
dPrieto( L areformanumismaticade losA lmohades ; third thefourgreat
pe thoseof theB rit ishMuseum(cata loguedbyL ane- oo le abbrev iated
l i ot h e u e N at i on a le ( c a ta l og u ed b y L a v o i , B N , o f t he M u se o A r u e ol o gi c o
y R a d a M A a n d of t h e K o n i gl i ch e M us e en ( c a ta l og u ed b y N ii t e l K M ;
edmateria linchrono logicalorder includingdea lers cata logues and
ecimensw hichI havenotpersona llye amined.
befounda summarybydynastyandmetalofthecoins derivedfrom
dynasty isindicatedby thef irstthree lettersof itsname(e ceptthe
outtoavo idconfusionwiththeHammudids eachmeta lisrepresentedby
totheleftof aslantinglineor standingaloneindicatesdifferent
iguretotheright ofaslantinglineindicates additionalspecimensre-
ates re ectedcoins orinade uate lydescribedco insw hichcannotbe
A dler C o llectionovanumorumcuf icorumseuarabicorumveterum C X V I
ue ineditosemuseisB orgianoetA dleriano C openhagen 1792. (Murg3
CA d le r M u se u m Cu f ic u m B o r gi a nu m V e l i tr i s R o m e 1 7 2 . ( M u ws 1
derson sunpublishedcollection. ( Marg1
maticSociety sunpublishedcollection. ( Z ir g1 Murg7 s15/ 7 c 1
H a f g 3 s 2 /1 M ar g 2 s 1
anMuseum sunpublishedcollection aco inpresentedbyA .C . Kayand
. G. Milne . ( H afg1
es C ontributiona l histoireduMarocparlesrecherchesnumismati ues C asablanca
collection inaccuratelydescribedandillegiblyillustratedinthe most
ictreatiseeverpublished Z irg1 Murg147/30 s23/ 20 Muw g41/149
nd 5 a m ul e ts H u d s 2 / 1 H a f g 2 7 / 5 s 1 / 1 Z i y g 9 / 3 M a r g 7 / 2 9
W a t g 1 s 3 / 3
abelon U ntit lednote inB ulle tinA rcheo logi ueduC omitidesTravau
i u es ( 1 9 1 : L X X - X X I . ( H a f c - /3
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
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a log sunpublishedcollection describedinletterstoG. C. Milesandmyself .
M uw g -/ 3
eB artho lomaei " Tro isi melettre . . . à M. F . Soretsurdesmonnaiesk ouf i-
n R e v u e de l a N um i sm at i u e B e l g e 3: V I ( 1 6 2 : 2 3 -1 o 5. ( M u r g 2 M uw g 1
C on t ri b ut i on à l é t u d e d es d i rh e ms d e l é p o u e a lm o ha d e .. . , i a H e s p r i sX V I
M uw s 21 /2 H u d s 2 H a f s 1 M ar s 2
B erchem " T itresca lif iensd occidentà proposdeq uel uesmonnaies
s i n J o u rn a l As i at i u e 1 o: X ( 1 9 o7 : 2 45 ~ 3 3 5 .( A m a st e rl y s tu d y of
epigraphicevidence towhichI haveventuredtoofferafew
ergmann " Z urmuhammedanischenMun k unde , inZ e itschrif tder
d is c he n G es e ll s ch a ft X X I I I ( 1 6 9 : 2 4 0- 2 57 . ( Z i r g 1
y l ie L a K a l aa d e s B e n i- H a m ma d . .. P a r is 1 9 09 . ( H a m m ad i d g -/ 1
on e t " D i n a r h af s id e i n d i t , i n R e vu e A fr i ca i ne X L V ( 1 9 01 : 9 7 -1 0 0. ( H a f g 1
a n c ar d " B e s a n ts d o r e t d a r ge n t de T u ni s a u X I I I e s i c l e , i n A nn u ai r e
a is e de N um is ma ti u e X I X ( 1 9 5 : 5- 14 - ( M u ws 1 H a f g 1
l a u " N a ch l es e o ri e nt a li s ch e r M n e n , i n N um i sm at i sc h e Z e i ts c hr i ft V I / V I I
I I I ( 1 7 ) : 45 -7 . ( Z i r g1/ 2
B l a u D i e o r i en t al i sc h en M n e n d es M u se u ms d e r K a i s er l ic h en H i s t o r is c h-
ls c ha f t z u O d e ss a O d e ss a 1 7 . ( M u ws 1 c 1
a n e - P o o le C a ta l og u e of o r ie n ta l c oi n s in t h e B r i ti s h Mu s eu m v ol . I V - T h e
o nd on 1 7 9. ( Z i r g 2
a n e - P o o l e C a ta l og u e of o r ie n ta l c oi n s in t h e B r i t is h M us e um v o l. V - T h e
caandSpainandthek ingsandimamsof theYemen L ondon 1 8 0.
11 c 1 /1 M uw g 21 /1 4 an d 2 hy br id s s 1 0/ 2 ; H a f g 7 /2 s 2 /1 Z i y g 2
s s1
a n e- o o le C a ta l og u e of o r ie n ta l c oi n s in t h e B r i ti s h Mu s eu m v o l. I X -
ol le ct io n 1 7 - 1 8 8 ; p ar t I , L o nd on 1 8 9 . ( H a m s - /1
ne- oo le C atalogueoforienta lco insintheB rit ishMuseum vo l. X -A ddit ions
1 7 - 1 8 8 ; p a r t I I , L o n do n 1 9 0 . ( S e v er a l em e nd a ti o ns o f B M V
ysuppiiedina letterf romthepresentcurator J ohnWalk er w ho
enno additionstotheorientalcollectionssince theircompilation
5 / 1 s 3 / 2 H a f g 3 /1 M a r g 39 / 4 an d 2 h yb r id s W a t g 1
a v o i , C a ta l og u e de s m on n ai e s mu s ul m an e s de l a B i b l io t h q u e N at i on a le v o l. I I -
P aris 1 91. ( Severa lemendationsw erekindly suppiiedbyG. C . Miles
; M u r g 11 2 / , s 2 0 / 1 1 c 2 / 1 ; M u w g 1 / 4 a nd 2 h y br i ds s 1 4 /1 ; H a f g 3 9/ 1 0
i y g 9 M a r g 3 / 1 1 an d 2 i mi t at i on s s 1 N a s s 1
n ri L a v oi , C a ta l og u e de s mo n na i es m u su l ma n es d e l a B i b li o th q u e N at i on a le v o l. I I I
a ri s 1 9 . ( Z i r g 2
oneschi " P roblemasdenumismaticaemetrologiamagribinas , inR ev ista
1925 : 377-4o . ( C hief ly importantasareferencew ork onmetrology
k e " A brie f surveyof theco inageofA f ricaandA ustra lasia , inJ . G. B ar-
ndhistorica latlasofA f ricaandA ustra lasia ( pp. 5-92 , L ondon ( n. d. .
s se l ar d " M m o ir e é p i g r ap h i u e e t hi s to r i u e s ur l e s to mb e au d e s é m i rs
u rn a l As i at i u e 7 : V I I ( 1 7 ) : 5 -1 9 7- ( C h ie f ly i m po r ta n t fo r e pi g ra p hy
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
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ateMedievalNorthAfrica
et " C o ll e ct i on n u mi s ma t i u e o ri n t al e d e l E r m it a ge I m p er i al 1 5 2 -1 7 9 ,
d m i e I m p r i al e d es S c ie n ce s d e Sa i nt P é t e rs b ou r g X X V ( 1 7 9 : c ol . 3 91 - 40 9 .
sc o C od e ra ( y Z a i d i n , " £ e c as a r b i go - es p a o l a s , i n R e v i st a d e Ar c hi v os
s 1 : V ( 1 7 4 : 1 95 - 19 7 2 1 1- 2 14 2 2 7- 2 30 3 4 2- 3 44 . 3 5 - 3 0 3 7 4~ 3 7 7 -
w g 1
anciscoCodera(yZ a idin , D ecadenciaydesaparicidndelosA lmor v idesen
1 9 9. ( M ur g 4 s 7
iscoC odera( yZ a idin , " D onativodemonedasárabes. . . porD . F rancisco
i n B o l e ti n d e la R e a l A c ad e mi a d e la H i s t o ri a X ( 1 8 7 . 1 7- 2 . ( M u r g 3
scoC odera( yZ a idin , " E studiocr ticosobre lahistoriaymonedasdelos
y A l ge c ir a s , i n M us e o E s p a o l d e An t ig i ie d ad e s V I I I ( 1 7 7 : 4 21 - 4Ó 9 .
H ams2
o C od e ra ( y Z a i d i n F a m i l ia r e al d e l os B e n i T e u f in S a ra g os s a 1 9 03 .
ioscriticos. .. secondseries(pp. 75-1 5 , Madrid 1917. ( Murg1
nciscoC odera( yZ a idin , " H ammudiesdeMalagayA lgeciras: noticias
a m , i n B o l e ti n d e la R e a l A c ad e mi a d e la H i s t o ri a X I I ( 1 8 8 ) : 4 7 9- 4 9 .
i sc o C od e ra ( y Z a i d i n , " D o s m o n ed a s á r a b es d e o ro h a ll a da s e n L e b r i a , i n
a de m ia d e l a H i s to r ia L X I I ( 1 9 13 :5 4 - 5 5 . ( M u wg 2
ciscoC oderayZ aidin , " Monedasárabesad uiridasparae lMuseoA r ueo lo-
baySev il la inA nnuariode lC uerpoF acultativodeA rchiveros
c ua ri os I I ( 1 8 2 : 37 9- 3 2 . ( M u r g1 , s 1 /1 2
oC oderayZ aidin Tratadodenumismdticoardbigo-espa o la Madrid 1 79.
urveyof theco inageof theA rabsinSpa in tow hichallsucceeding
M u r g 6 , s 1 1 M u wg 3 s 3
C aballero- nfante E studiosobre lasmonedasdrabesdeDenia D enia 1 8 9.
C a lvoandC asto M aria de lR ivero C atdlogo-guiade lasco leccionesde
A r ueo ldgicoNacional Madrid 1925. ( A tanta li ingsummaryof the
dynasty dispersedduringthecivilw ar Murg2/ 3 9 s- / 322
s 1/ 21 1 )
ampaner( yF uertes Monedaspropiasde lasislasba learesacu adaspor
P a lmadeMallorca 1 79. ( C ondensedversionofne tentry Muw s2
roC ampaneryF uertes Numismdticaba lear P a lmadeMallorca 1 79.
C asanova I nventa iresommairede laco llectiondesmonnaiesmusulmanesde
ai l P a r i s 1 9 . ( Z i r g 1 M uw s 1/ 7
t t av i o Ca s ti g li o ni M o ne t e cu f ic h e de I . R . M u s eo d i M il a no M i la n 1 1 9 .
s 3 /1
V il la restan C atdlogodelasmonedasardbigo-espa o las Madrid 1 6 1.
9 s 4/ 15 c 1 M uw g 6 , s 7/ 3 H a f g -/ 1 M ar g - 4
C h a l on " S o uv e ni r d es c r oi s ad e s q u a rt d e d in a r tr o uv p r s d Y p r es , i n R e v ue
e lg e 4 :V ( 1 6 7 : 3 9 -3 92 . ( H a f g 1
" S t or i a e nu m is m t i ca d e lT A f ri c a de l N or d , i n L i b y a I I I ( 1 9 27 :
M u wg 1 / 1 an d 1 h yb r id s - / 2 H a f g 1 / 3
n — H ( u m ph r ey W ( i l li a m C o dr i ng t on ( e d it e d by J o s ep h P e a r so n , C e yl o n
lombo 1924. (Muw g1
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
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y
mbo— H ( umphrey W( il l iam C odrington C atalogueofcoinsintheC olombo
hammadanandE uropean H ertford 1914. (Muw g1
liver C odrington SomerareanduneditedA rabicandPersianco ins H ertford
Notessurlesdinarstrouv s en1 51 dansl anciennechapelleduMonast re
vu e Nu mi sm at i u e 1: X V I I I ( 1 5 3 : 24 0- 24 3. ( M ur g 2 / 37
tnioC ond , " Memoriasobre lamonedaar bigayenespecia llaacuf iadaen
smusulmanes inMemoriasde laR ea lA cademiadelaHistoria
14. ( A pioneerw ork inthefie ldbutof litt lepresentvalue Murg4 s 9/ 1
g 1 M ar g 1
ev ie ille -Giraudet " L aco llectionDecourdemanche( monnaiesmusulmanes
es , i n R e vu e Nu mi sm at i u e 4: X X X V I I ( 1 93 4 : 19 9- 21 9 4 :X X X V I I I
9 7 - 22 9 . ( M u w s 1
rsondaC unha C ata logueof theco insinthenumismaticcabinet partI I , B ombay
elgado " Monnaiesarabes , inJ osephGailla rd D escriptiondesmonnaies
d e D . J o s G a rc i a de l a T or r e ( p p . 3 44 - 41 ) , M a dr i d 1 5 2 . ( H a m
21 ; M u w g 6 / 4 s 6 / 1 ; H u d g 1 H a f g 5/ 3 M a r g 4/ 1 , s - / 1
oDelgado C ata loguedesmonnaies. . . deMr. GustaveDanie ldeL orichs. . . .
r g 1 3/ 1 s - / 20 M u wg 3 a n d 1 hy b ri d s 3 / 12 Z i y g 1
emaeght " C ontributionaurecueildesmonnaiesf rappeessouslesdynasties
A f ri u e i n B u l l e ti n T ri m es t ri e l de l a S oc i t d e G o g ra p hi e e t
r an V I I ( 1 8 7 : 3 ~ 75 1 24 -13 , 2 35 -23 9 V I I I ( 1 8 8 ) : 24 1-2 4 , 29 3-2 9 ;
19 9- 20 3 X ( 1 9 o : 22 5- 23 2. ( M ur g 1 M uw g 1; Z i y g5 M ar g 5
e D i e u l af o y " ( M o nn a ie s d o r d e l é p o u e a lm oh a de " , i n C om p te s R e n d us d e s
e F r a n c e A c ad m i e de s I n s cr i pt i on s e t B e l le i s- e t re s ( 1 9 0 5 : 5 - 5 . ( M u w
vonDombay " A bhandlungû berdiemarok kanischenGold- Silber-und
E i c hh o rn s A l lg e me i ne B i b l i ot h ek d e r B i b li s ch e n L i t t er a lu r V I I I
( M u r s 3 M u w s 2 /1 M a r g 3/ 2
nhard D orn D asA siatischeMuseumderK a iserlichenA k ademiederWissen-
sb u rg S t . P e t er s bu r g 1 4 . ( M u r g 2
ard Dorn I nventa iredesmonnaiesdesk ha lif esorientau etdeplusieursautres
ss e s I - X , S t . P e t er s bu r g 1 7 7 . ( M u r g 1 0/ 7 M u ws 1 / )
ernhard D orn I nventa iredesmonnaiesdesk ha lif esorientau etdeplusieursautres
ss e s X - X X V , S t . P e t e r sb u rg 1 8 1 . ( H a f g 1 M ar g 1
c hh o rn " N a ch t ra g z u R e i sk e s B r i e f en t i be r d as a r ab i sc h e M n w es e n , i n
sc h en u n d Mo r ge n l n d is c he n L i t e r at u r X V I I ( 1 7 5 :2 0 9- 2 4 X V I I I
M ur g -/ 2
a r ru g ia d e Ca n di a " M o nn a ie s f ra p pe e s à T r ip o li e t à G a fs a p ar D r a g u t i n
I I ( 1 9 3 ) : 8 5 - 92 . ( M u w s 1
a r ru g ia d e Ca n di a " M o nn a ie s f at i mi t es d u m us e d u B a r d o , i n R e v u e
193 ) :334-372 NS:V I I I ( 1937 : 9-13 .( Z irg7/2 s1
J . F a r ru g ia d e Ca n di a " M o nn a ie s f t i mi t es d u m us e d u B a r d o: p r em i er
e v u e Tu n is i en n e 3: ( 1 9 4 ) : 1 0 3- 1 30 . ( Z i r g 6 )
a r r u gi a d e Ca n di a " M o nn a ie s h af s i te s d u mu s e d u B a r d o i n R e v u e Tu n i-
) : 231-2 8 . ( A ne ce llentmonograph emendationsk indly furnishedby
a f g 4 4 / 1 a n d 1 h yb r id s I , c 2 M a r g 9/ 5 3
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
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rugiadeC andia " Monnaiesespagnolesethafsitestrouv esaSoma , inR evue
o4o :55-5 .( H afs6 /53
hedlettersf romJ . F arrugiadeC andia . ( Z irg6 )
c ha r d V a s me r " Z w e i n e ue B i i c h er i i be r s pa n is c h- a ra b is c he N u mi s ma t ik p a rt I "
e f or m a , i n Z e i t sc h ri f t fu r N um i sm a ti k X X X V I I I ( 1 9 2 ) : 2 0 - 2 22 . ( M u w s 2
mF iganier Moedasdrabes: partI ( 711-1492 ; MuseuNumismdticoPortugues
e n da t io n s ki n dl y f ur n is h ed b y l et t er M u r g 7 s 3 / 1 M u wg 2 s 2 / 2 ;
l e is c he r " V e r mi s ch t es n o .5 , i n Z e i t sc h ri f t de r D e u t sc h en M o rg e nl n d is c he n
6 1 : 3 7 -3 8 . ( M ur g 1
st i an M a r ti n F r a eh n " I n e di t a au s d er o r ie n ta l is c he n M ii n s a mm l un g d es
B o s e in L e i p i g , i n B u ll et in S ci en ti fi u e I V ( 1 3 ) : co l. 2 4 - 2 5 0. ( M u r g 3
ian M artin F raehn Novasupplementumadrecensionemnumorummuham-
t er s bu r g 1 5 5 . ( M u r g 6 , c 1 M u w s 1 M a r g 1
a n M a r ti n F r a eh n O p u s c ul o ru m p os t um o ru m v o l. I I , S t . P e t er s bu r g 1 7 7 .
stian M artin F raehn R ecensionumorummuhammedanorumA cademiaeI mp.
St. P etersburg 1 2 . ( A greatpioneeringw ork inIslamicnumismatics
erndynasties Muw g1 s2
st i an M a r ti n F r a eh n " V e r e i ch n is s d er . . .v e re h rt e n Mi i n e n , i n B u l le t in
u e I I I ( 1 4 7 : 2 4 - 2 5 2. ( M u r c 1
r i ed l ae n de r " D i e E r w er b un g en d e s Mi i n k ab i ne t s im J a h re 1 8 1 , i n Z e i t -
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s( pp. 11-114 , Madrid 1915. ( A ne ce llentsurveyofparto f this
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c - /1 M uw g 1/ 20 s 1 /2 4 c - / 1 H a f g -/ ; Z i y g - /2 M ar g - 7 s - /1
e l l v o n W e ll e nh e im V e r e i ch n is s d er M i in - u n d Me d ai l le n -S a mm l un g v o l. I I ,
4 5. ( Z i r g 2/ 1 M u r g 2 s 1 M uw g 1 s 3 /1
h W e yl V e r e i ch n is s v on M i in e n . .. d e r J u l e s F o n r ob e rt s c he n S am m lu n g
M u wg 2/ 4 s 4/ 13 H a f g2 /1 s 1
y l V er e ichnissderre ichha ltigenSammlung.. . des iirstenG agarin , B erlin
1 s 3/ 5 M uw g7 /4 s 2 /4 H u d g 1 H a f g 2 M ar g 3 an d 1h yb ri d
rsity sunpublishedcollection. ( Murg1
d u ar d v o n Z a m ba u r " C o nt r ib u ti o ns a l a n um i sm a ti u e o ri e nt a le , i n N um i s-
X V I ( 1 9 04 : 4 3- 1 22 . ( M u r s 1
( d u ar d v o n Z a mb a ur " C o nt r ib u ti o ns a l a n um i sm a ti u e o ri e nt a le p a rt 2 , i n
r if t X X X V I I ( 1 9 05 : 1 1 3- 1 9 . ( M u r g 2 M uw s - /1
ar d v on Z a m b a ur K o l le k ti o n E r n s t P r i n z u W i n d i sc h -G r at ; v o l . V I I , p a r t 1 -
V i e nn a 1 9 0 . ( M u r s 1 M u w s 3 /7
ashi Ta rik ha l-daulatayna l-Muwahhidlyahw d l-Haf f iyah Tunis a . h. 12 9
basichistoricalsourcewithincidentalmentionofco ins Hafc1
C atalogueof I slamicco ins C onstantinopie 1910. ( Murg2 H afg1/ 1
s ofcoinsreportedinthe numismaticbibliography thefollowing
nce theyarelistedalphabeticallybyauthor.No attempthasbeen
yingreferenceconsultedduringthe preparationofthisstudy.
A . A . Nouveaumanuelcompletdenumismati uedumoyenageetmoderne P aris
on pp .3 7 -3 9
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
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u v ra ge s de n um is ma ti u e ar ab e , i n R e vu e Cr it i u e NS :X ( 1 8 o : 41 ~ 4 . ( R e v ie w
aidin
" Notesd arch o logiearabe: monumentsetinscriptionsfatim ites , inJ ournal
I I ( 1 9 1 : 4 - 6 . ( C om me nt s on o rn am en te d K û f s cr ip t on p p. 7 0- 75
E s s a i s ur l e s mo n na i es d e Ch a rl e s 1e r C om t e de P r o ve n ce P a r is 1 6 8 . ( D i s c u ss i on
L e m i ll a r s M a rs e il l es 1 7 . ( C l as s ic d i sc u ss i on o f E u r o pe a n im i ta t io n s of
r
i n R e v u e B e l ge d e N um i sm a ti u e L I I I ( 1 9 7 : 21 < ) - 2 30 . ( R e v ie w of S a uv a ir e
b er t , " E s u i ss e d h i st o ir e m on t a ir e a lm o ha d o- h af i i d e , i n M l a ng e s W i ll i am
, P aris 1950. (E x ce llentmodernmonographstressingmetro logy
F rancisco " C o llecci ndemonedasârabes-espaf io las. . . , inR ev isfaC rit icade
Espano las. . . I ( 1 99 : 13_14. ( U sefulforprovenance
ancisco E rroresdevariosnumismdticose tran erosa ltratarde lasmonedas
mpugnacion Madrid 1 74. ( Shrew dcrit icismsofhispredecessorsbya
F r a nc i sc o " N u mi s m t i ca y m et r ol o gi a m us u lm an a s i n B o l e ti n d e la R e a l
X V I ( 1 9 o : 3 1 - 3 6 . ( R e v i e w of S a uv a ir e
ancisco T itulosynombrespropiosenlasmonedasardbigo-espano las Madrid
t ud y o f ti t le s
r , A manualo fMusulmannumismatics L ondon 1904. ( E x ce llentgenera l
sedwithcaution
( e a n A d o lp h e , " E t u d e m t r ol o gi u e e t nu m is m at i u e s ur l e s mi s a l s et l e s
e v u e Nu m is m at i u e 4 :X I I ( 1 9 0 ) : 2 0 - 2 51 . ( M e t r ol o gy
( ean A do lphe , Tra it prati uedespo idsetmesuresdespeuplesanciensetdes
09 . ( M e t r ol o gy
, " A l mo h ad e s et H a f s i de s , i n R e v u e Nu m is m at i u e 4 ^ I ( 1 9 02 : 1 3 2 -1 3 5.
ssa id unebibliographiepourlanumismati uemusulmane A nk ara 1933. ( B iblio -
anMayer
i c ha r d V a s me r " Z w e i n e ue B û c h er i i be r s pa n is c h- a ra b is c he N um i sm a ti k p a rt I I " ,
m at i k X X X V I I I ( 1 9 2 ) : 2 2 3- 2 34 . ( R e v ie w of P r i et o :. R e y es
" D e l i e m on e te a r ab e d et t e mo u mi n i , i n A nn a li d i N um i sm at i ce I ( 1 5 3 : 4 7- 4 .
ver
M a r ti n , " D u c a r a ct r e d é c r it u re a r ab e n om m c a r ma t i u e d i s se r ta t io n o u l o n
a ma is e i st u n ca ra ct er e ai ns i no mm " i n J o u rn al A si at i u e 2: ( 1 2 : 3 79 -
of theQarmatifa llacy ine piicably ignoredbymany laterorienta lists
, P ascual " TheMorabetiandotherco insofMohammedanSpain , inThe
K i n g of A ra go n ( p p .6 9 4 - 9 5 , L o nd on 1 8 3 .
ia A ng el L o m o a ra be s de T ol ed o en l os s ig lo s X I I y X I I I ; v o l .I , M ad ri d 1 9 2 .
" N o te s u r le s p oi d s du m oy e n- g e , i n B i b l i ot h q u e d e l É c o l e d es C h ar t es
. 1 1 - 23 3. ( M et ro lo gy
" B e i m en n iy a l mo k ha d sk y d ir g em , i n Z a p i sk i V o s t oc h na g o O t d el e ni y a
3 19 . ( N o t e s on M u wa h hi d s il v er
l he l m " D i e V e r l e ih u ng d e s Ti t el s " F û r s t de r M us l im en a n J û s u f ib n T s f n ,
de r K u n d e de s M or g en l an d es X X I I ( 1 9 o ) : 1 4 - 19 9 . ( M u r ab i t ti t le s
nley , " TheA rabianhistoriansonMohammadannumismatics , inNumismatic
8 4 : 6 - 9 . ( T r an s la t io n s of r e le v an t p as s ag e s
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
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y
deV era V incencio J uan Museodelasmedallasdescono idasespano las
a r ly a n d di f fi c ul t
Notesonthemint-tow nsandco insof theMohamedans L ondon 1 8 5. ( Stimulating
n i n J o u rn a l de s S av an t s 3 :X L I ( 1 7 ) : 4 2 - 4 4 2 . R e p ri n te d i n hi s O e u v re s
91 , P a r i s 1 8 3 . ( R e v ie wo f B l an ca rd : Mi ll ar s
e M a ro c d an s l es p r em i r e s an n e s d u X V I e s i c l e A l gi e rs 1 9 0 . ( E x c h a n ge
i pe " H a l la g os m on et ar io s , i n Am pu ri as I V ( 1 94 2 : 21 5- 22 4 V ( 1 94 3 :
94 4 : 2 15 -2 37 V I I / V I I I ( 1 94 5/ ) : 23 3- 27 ; I X / X ( 1 94 7/ ) : 55 -9 5. ( S p an is h
a nu mi sm at i u e mu su lm an e P a r i s 1 9 . ( L e ga l
. A n nu a l bi b li o gr a ph y o f I s l a m ic a r t an d a rc h ae o lo g y I n d ia e c e pt e d v o l. I - 1 9 35
ol . I l l - 19 3 7 J e r us a le m 1 9 37 - 19 3 9. ( I n c lu d es a d di t io n s to n e t e n tr y
B i b l i og r ap h y of M o sl e m nu mi s ma t ic s I n d ia e c e pt e d ( O r i en t al T r an s la t io n F u n d
London 1939. ( I ndispensable foundationfora llw ork inthisf ield soontobe
ofwhichtheauthorgenerouslyallowedmeto usetheproofs
J u a n de D i o s B i b l i og r af i a nu m is m dt i ca e s pa n ol a M a dr i d 1 8 6 . ( N o t
yer
a c ob " B r i e f e ii b er d a s ar a bi s ch e M ii n w es e n i n R e p e rt o ri u m fi l r B i b l is c he u n d
ra lu r I X ( 1 7 1 : 1 99 -2 8 ; X ( 1 7 2 : 1 5 -2 40 X I ( 1 7 3 : 1 -4 4. ( E a rl y an d
my c ha n ie , i n Z a p i sk i V o s t oc h na g o O t d el e ni y a V I I ( 1 9 2 : 3 19 ~ 3 2 1. ( C om m en t s on
I ( s a ac S i lv e st r e " D e q u e l u e s mo n no i es a r ab e s et d e s mo n no i es d e T un i s
c .. . , i n M ag a si n E n c y c lo p d i u e 3 : I I ( 1 7 97 : 5 5- 9 . ( A n e a r ly m o no -
s a ac S i lv e st r e i n J o u rn a l de s S av a n t s ( 1 2 3 : 1 31 - 14 1 2 5 9 - 27 0 3 7 - 39 9 .
andCastiglioni
-M a ri e A n -n u u d a l- a r ab i ye h wa H I m a n- n um m iy t C a ir o 1 9 39 . ( B i b l i o-
, " M a t r i au p o ur s e rv i r à l h i st o ir e d e la n u mi s ma t i u e e t de l a m t r ol o gi e
on na ie s , i n J o u rn al A si at i u e 7: X I V ( 1 7 9 : 45 5- 53 3 7 :X V ( 1 8 o :
7 :X V I I I ( 1 8 1 : 49 9- 51 ; 7 :X I X ( 1 8 2 : 23 -7 7 9 7- 1 3 2 1 -3 27 .( T he
ismaticmetrologyande change
i c , É l m e nt s d e la n u mi s ma t i u e m us u lm a ne B a s le 1 6 8 . ( G e ne r al r e fe r en c e wo r k
rington
me r .
p o V . E s s ai s u r le s s ys t m es m t r i u e s et m o n t a i r es d e s an c ie n s pe u pl e s de p ui s l es
u e s j u s u à l a f i n d u kh a li f at d o r ie n t v o l . I I , P a r is 1 5 9 . ( M e t ro l og y
, A n to n io " I n d ic a ci n d e l va l or e n l as m o ne d as a r b i go - es p an o la s , i n H o m e nd e
ra( pp. 513-522 , Saragossa 1904. (U sefulmonographondesigncon-
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
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I B L I O GR A H Y
fallnon-numismaticsourcesofthehistorical information
onalnamesand relationships theplace-names andthedates
tandcorpus. I t isdiv idedinto fourportions: themedievalA rabic
storiansofanynationa lityw rit ingintheA rabiclanguage f romwhom
nformationhasbeenobtained themoderncompilationsof
onsonbuildings tombstones te tiles andothersurv iv ing
hemoderncompila tionsofmedieva lA rabicandE uropeanletters
uments andthemostimportantoftheinnumerablemodern
tors.
divisionsthe worksarearrangedalphabeticallybyauthor
chw ork ispref i edaninde numberbyw hichit isdesignatedinthe
estartof eachchapteronthecoinageof individualdynasties.
edunderthenameby whichtheauthorisusuallyknown
esasa l- A bu- andI bn- . Edit ionsw hichI havenotpersona lly
hesake ofutility butareenclosedwithinparentheses.Those
enatura llyvariedgreatly inimportance f romI bn- ha ldunand
ughY a Q tandothergeographersdowntotravellers andeastern
confirmedasingledate orthespellingofa place-name.Ab-
iv isionof the inde include: ed itedby , e ( cerpts , translated
n o t es , a s w e ll a s t he u s ua l p a g e , v o l um e , e t c . W i t hi n a n au t ho r h ea d in g
fferenteditionsandtranslationsofthesamework arelistedchrono-
i t ab a l -h u ll a h al - si y ar a : ( a e . e d . w. n .R . D o y N o ti c es s u r q u e l u e s
2 9- 2 0 , L e y d en 1 4 7- 1 5 1 ( b e . e d. w .n . M. . M ii ll er B e i tr ag e
tl ic he n Ar ab er ( p p. A ra bi c 1 1 -3 0 , M un ic h 1 6 6 - 1 7 ; ( c e .
rovenca l Documentsineditsd histoirea lmohade( pp. 227-230 A rabic
s 1 92 .
itaba l-tak milahli-kitaba l- i lah: a 2v . ed. w . n. F . C oderayZ aidinas
a h M a dr i d 1 8 7 - 1 8 9 ^ ) e . e d .w . n. M . A la r c n a n d C. A .
" A p en d ic e a l a ed i ci n C o de r a de l a T ec m il a i n M is c el d ne a d e
s ( p p . 1 49 - 9 0 , M a dr i d 1 9 15 ; ( c e . e d . & t r . w. n .A . B e l a n d M. b e n
i ne ( 1 9 1 ) : 3 o - 3 3 5 ( d v . 3 e d. w .n . A . B e l a nd M . b en C he n eb a s
s 1920.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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y
A l- rauda l-basimf ihawadithal- umrw a l- tar j im: e . ed. &tr. w . n.
r c i ts d e v oy a ge i n d i ts e n A fr i u e d u No r d au X V e s i c l e
a ri s 1 9 3 .
hlaha l-Maghribiyah: e . tr. w . n. ( A . C herbonneauinJ ournalA siati ue
14 4- 17 .
i s al ah : a e d. w .n . E . L é v i- r ov en a l in J o ur na l As ia ti u e CC X X I V ( 1 93 4 :
n . E . L é v i - r o v e n a l a s Se vi l l em u su l ma n e au d b u t du X l l e s i c l e
a u da t a l- n is r n f i d au l at B a n i M a r n : a v . 2 tr . w .n . R . D o y a s " H i s to i re
mc en , i n J o u rn al A si at i u e 4: I I ( 1 4 4 : 37 ~ 4 1 ; ( b v . 1e d. & t r .
a r a i s a s " H i s t o ir e d es B e n M e r n r o is d e F â s , i n B u l le t in d e
e L V ( 1 91 7 : i- x i 1 -1 57 ( c e . e d. & t r . w. n. E . L é v i - r ov en a l
C C I I ( 1 9 23 : 2 19 - 25 5 .
i t ab a l -k m i l fi l - ta r i kh : a e d . w. n . C. . T o rn b er g a s Ch r on i co n . ..
1 5 1- 1 7 ; ^ ) e . t r. w .n . E . F a g na n as " A n n al es d u Ma gh re b et d e
e vu e Af ri ca in e X L & X L I , a nd A lg ie rs 1 9 - 19 01 .
Ta rik hbaladQusanrinah: tr. w . n. A . DournoninR evueA frica ine
2 5 -3 05 .
r ik h al -b ad r ( a b ri dg me nt o fh is ' I q d a l - u m n f i ta r ik h ah l al - a m n :
E x t r ai t s in d i ts r e la t if s a u Ma g hr e b ( p p . 2 2 - 27 0 , A l gi e rs 1 9 24 .
a sada l-sharifwa l-man a a l- la^ if f idhik rsulah ' a l-R if : tr. w . n. G.S.
n es X X V I I ( 1 9 2 ) : 1 -2 5 4.
S h ar h q a s i d at I b n ' A b du n : ed . w. n . R . D o y a s C om m en t ai r e hi s to r i u e s ur
ou n L e yd en 1 4 .
a l -m a sa l ik w a l - ma m al i k: a e . t r . w. n . ( E . M . Q u a t r em r e a s " D e s cr i p-
i nN ot ic es et E x t ra it sX I I ( 1 ( 1 3 1 : 4 37 - 6 4 ( b ( e . ed .M ac G. de
5 7 ; ( c e . t r. w. n. ( M ac G. d e Sl an e as " D e sc ri pt io n de l A fr i u e
o u rn al A si at i u e 5 :X I I ( 1 5 ) : 41 2- 49 2 4 97 -5 34 5 : X I I I ( 1 5 9 : 5 - o
4 9 -5 19 5 :X I V ( 1 5 9 : 11 7- 15 2 ( d ( r ev . ed . Ma cG . de S la ne A lg ie rs
ev . tr . ( M a cG . d e Sl an e A lg ie rs 1 91 3 .
T a lk hi s a l- a th r w a - a a i b a l- m al i k al - a h h r : e . t r . w. n . de G u ig n es i n
( 1 7 9 : 3 6 - 5 4 5.
K i t ab a l - i l ah f i t a r i kh a i m ma t a l- A nd a lu s : a e d . w. n . F . C o de r a ( y
v . , M ad ri d 1 8 2 - 1 8 3 ( b e . e d. w. n. F . C o de ra ( y Z a i di n i n I b n-
v iv o ru m d oc t or u m An d al u si a e ( v . I I , p p . i - i i i A r ab i C 75 - 12 0 ,
2.
— T u hf a t al - nu z â r f i g ha r a i b al - am â r w a - a a i b a l- a sf a r: ( a e . t r . w. n .S .
2 9 ; ( b e d . & t r. w .n . C. D e f r m e ry a n d B . R . S a ng u in e tt i a s V o y ag e s ( 5 v . ,
9 ( l a te r r e pr i nt e d ; e . t r . w. n . H . A .R . G i b b L o n do n 1 9 29 ( r e pr i nt e d 19 3 9 .
T a r i kh a l -M u wa h hi d in : e d. & t r . w. n . E . L é v i - r o ve n a l a s " L ' h i st o ir e d es
c u me n ts i n d i ts d h i st o ir e a lm oh a de ( p p . i- i i 7 5 -2 2 5 2 3 2- 2 4 , A r ab i C
9 2 .
tabbughyata l-muta lammisf ita rik hri a lahla l-A nda lus: ed. w. n. F . C odera
eraasDesideriumq uaerentishistoriamv irorumpopuliA nda lusiae
i t ab n u kh b at a l -d a hr f i ' a a i b a l- b ar r w a l - ba h r: a e d . w. n . A. . M eh r en
t . P e t er s bu r g 1 6 5 - 1 6 6 ( r e pr i nt e d wi t h in d e L e i p i g 1 9 2 3 ; ^ )
op en ha ge n 1 7 4 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
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r — A l -m u n i s fi a k hb a r I f r i i y ah w a -T u ni s : a t r . w. n .E . P e l li s si e r an d ( G .
el A fr i u e P a r i s 1 4 5 ; ( b e d. a tT un is 1 6 9 / 70 .
K i t ab a l -b u ld a n: e d . w. n .M . . d e G oe e a s K i t d b a l- b ol d dn L e y de n 1 8 5 .
M u kh t as a r ta r i kh a l -b a sh a r: a 2 n d ha l f ed . & t r . w. n . J . . R e i s k e as A n n al e s
e( 5v . , C openhagen 17 9-1794 ^) ( ed. atC onstantinopie
T a w i m al - bu l da n : a e d . w. n . ( J . R e i n a ud a n d Ma c G. d e S la n e as G e og r a-
0 ; ( b 1 st h al f tr . w. n. ( J . R e i na ud P a r i s 1 4 ; ( c ( 2 nd h al f tr . S. Gu ya rd
l- tadhk irahf imanmalak aTarabulus. . . : tr. w. n. E. R ossiasLa cronaca
o g na 1 9 3 .
nw anal-dirayahf iman' urifahmin' ulama a l-m i aha l-sabi ahf iB i ayah:
Ch er bo nn ea u in J o ur na l As ia ti u e 5 :V I I ( 1 5 ) : 47 5- 49 ; ( b ( e d. M .b en
11 .
Ak hbarmuluk B ani' U baydwa-siratihim: ed. & tr. w . n. ( N. V onder-
ro is' oba idides A lgiers 1927.
K itaba l-masalik w a l-mamalik : a e . tr. w . n. MacG. deSlane inJ ournal
( 1 4 2 : 15 3- 19 , 2 09 -2 5 ; ^ ) e d. w .n . M. . d eG oe e a sV i a e et r eg na
7 3 ; ( c e d . w. n . J . H . K r a m e rs a s L i b e r i ma g in i s te r ra e L e y de n 1 9 3 - 1 93 9 .
itaba l-rauda l-m i tarf ik habara l-a tar: ed. & tr. w . n. E . L ev i- rovenca las
aumoyen-age L eyden 1937-193 .
i — K i t ab a l -b a ya n a l- m ug h ri b . .. : a 2 v . e d. w .n . R . D o y a s H i s t oi r e de
p a gn e L e y d en 1 4 - 1 5 1 ^ ) 2 v. tr . w. n. E . a gn an A lg ie rs 1 90 1- 19 04
vi - r ov en ca l P a r i s 1 93 0.
h a t al - mu s ht a f i i kh t ir a a l -a f S : a e . t r . w. n .J . M .H a r t m an n a s Af r ic a
n d ed . ; ( b e . e d . & t r . w. n . J . A . C on d e as D e s c r i pc i on d e E s p a na
( t r. P . A. J a u be rt ( 2 v . , P a ri s 1 3 - 1 4 0 ; ( d e . ed .& t r .w .n .R . D o y
sD e s cr ip ti on d el A fr i u e et d e l E s pa gn e L e y de n 1 6 4 - 1 6 6 ; ( e ( e .
M ad ri d 1 90 1 .
hata l-hadibi-ak hbarmuhlk a l- arna l-hadi: a ed. O. H oudas Paris
.w .n .O . H o ud as P a ri s 1 8 9 .
tabmasa lik a l-mamalik : a tr. w . n. ( f romPersian W. O use lyasThe
a u k a l L o n do n 1 0 0 ; ( b ( e d . Mo l le r a s L i b e r cl i ma t um G o th a
w .n . A. D . M or dt ma nn a sD a s B u c h de r L a n de r H a m bu rg 1 4 5 ; ( d e d. w. n.
ae re gn or um L e yd en 1 7 0 ; ( e ( r ev . ed . w. n. M . . d e G oe e L e yd en 1 92 7 .
a sh a a l -a h a r fi ' a a i b a l- a t a r: e . e d .w . n. L . L a n gl e s as " C o sm og r ap h ie ,
V I I I ( 1 ( 1 1 0 :1 -1 31 .
bahra l- ak hkharw a l- ay lamal- tayyar: e . tr. w . n. E . F agnaninE x tra its
he b ( p p . 2 5 - 35 9 A l gi e rs 1 9 24 .
Z ahratal-as: ed. & tr. w . n. A . B e linB ulle tindeC orrespondanceA frica ine
1 9 , A ra bi c1 - 6 .
i h la h: a ( e d. W . W r i gh t L e yd en 1 5 2 ; ( b t r. w .n . C. S ch ia pa re ll i as
1 9o ; ( c e d. w. n. M . . d e G oe e L e yd en 1 90 7.
i t ab a l - i b ar : ( a e . t r . w. n .P . d e G ay a ng o s in a l -M a q a r i s T h e hi s to r y
as ti es i n Sp ai n .. . ( v . I I , p p. x l i - l x x ) , L o nd on 1 4 3 ( b e . e d.
rgas" Narratiodee peditionibusF rancorum. . . , inA cta . . .
1 4 4 : 1- 15 4 ( c e . t r. w .n . M a c G . de S la ne a s" A ut ob io gr ap hi c , i n
I I ( 1 4 4 : 5 - 0 1 7 -2 10 2 91 -3 0 , 3 25 -3 53 ( d v .6 , 7 ed .w .n .
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t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
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i s to ir e de s B e rb er es ( 2 v . , A lg ie rs 1 4 7- 1 5 1 ( e v . 6 , 7 t r. w .n .
i s t o ir e d es B e r b e re s ( 4 v . , A l gi e rs 1 5 2 -1 5 ( 3 v . r ep r in t ed P a r is
) ; ( f v . 1 e d. ( E . M . Q u a tr e me r e as " L e s p ro l eg o me n es , i n N ot i ce s
1 , X V I I ( 1 , X V I I I ( 1 , P a ri s1 5 1 g v .1 tr .w.n .( M ac G. de Sl an eas
, i nN ot ic es et E x t ra its X I X ( 1 ( 1 6 2 , X X ( 1 ( 1 6 5 , X X I ( 1 ( 1 6 8 ) ; ( h
7 / ; ( i e . t r . w. n .( M . G a ud e fr o y- D e m o mb y ne s a s " H i s to i re d e s
n J o u rn al A si at i u e 9: X I I ( 1 9 ) : 30 9- 34 0 4 07 -4 2 .
— K i t ab w a fa y at a l -a y an w a -a n ba a b na a l - a ma n : a e d . w. n . F . W i i s t en -
vi r or u m .. . ( 2 v . G o tt i ng e n 1 3 5 -1 4 3 ^ ) v . 1 ed . M ac G . de
3 - 1 4 2 ^ ) t r . w. n .M a cG . d e Sl a ne a s B i o g ra p hi c al d i ct i on a ry ( 4 v . ,
( d e d. at Ca ir o 1 8 1 / 2.
Q a l a i d a l- i y a n wa - ma h as i n al - a y a n: a ( e d . Su l ay m an a l H a r a i r i as
a ri s 1 6 o ; ( b ( t r. E . B ou rga de P a ri s 1 6 5 ; ( c e d. at B ul a , 1 6 6 /7 .
A l -h u la l a l- m ar u m ah . . . : a e . e d . & t r . M. C as i ri B i b l i ot h ec a a ra b ic o -
. I I , p p. 2 4 - 3 1 9 , M ad ri d 1 77 0 ( b ( e d. a t Tu ni s 1 9 ) ; ( c e d. a t
A l-lumhahal-badriyahf i l-daulaha l-Nasriyah: a e . ed. & tr. M. C asiri
a na e s cu r ia l en s is ( v . I I p p . 17 7 -2 4 ) M a dr i d 1 7 70 ( b e d . Mu h ib b
o 1 9 2 / 9 .
A l- ihatahbi- ta rik hGharnatah: a e . tr. w . n. M. C asiri B iblio theca
ns i s ( v . I I , p p . 71 - 12 1 , M a dr i d 1 7 70 ( b e d . at C a ir o 1 9 01 / 2.
A m a l al - a l a m: a e . e d. w . n. H . H . ' A b d- a l- W a h ha b i n Ce n te n ar i o de l a
v . I I p p. 4 27 -4 2 P a l e rm o 1 91 0 ( b ( e d. w .n . E . L e v i-
1 93 4 .
M i y a r al - ik h ti y ar : a ( e d . & t r . F . X . S i m on e t as D e s c r ip c io n d el R e i n o d e
1 6 1 ; ( b e . e d . w. n . M. . M u ll e r B e i tr g e z u r G e s ch i ch t e de r w es t -
bi c 45 -1 00 , M un ic h 1 6 6 ( t e t r ep ri nt ed F e , 1 90 7/ ) ; ^ ) r ev . tr .
G r an a da 1 7 2 .
Mufak haratMala ahw a-Sa la : a ed. w . n. M. . Muller B e itragez urGe-
r ab e r ( p p . A ra b ic 1 - 13 , M u ni c h 1 6 6 ( t e t r e pr i nt e d F e ,
r. w. n. E . G a rc ia G om e i n al -A nd al us I I ( 1 93 4 : 1 5 -1 9 .
ihristmaraw ahu' anshuyuk hihi. . . : ed. w. n. F . C odera( yZ a idin and
ra g a s I n d e l ib ro ru m .. . ( 2 v . , S ar ag os sa 1 9 4- 1 9 5.
h— K itaba l-masalik w a l-mamalik a ed. & tr. w . n. C . B arbierdeMeynard
: V ( 1 6 5 : 5- 12 7 2 27 -2 9 , 4 4 - 53 2 ; ( b e d. & t r . w. n. M . . d e G oe e
(A rabicorigina llost nameunk now n : a tr. w . n. C . ScheferasD escription
. , P a r i s 1 9 - 1 9 ; ^ ) t r. w .n . J . P o ry a sT he h is to ry a nd d es cr ip ti on
o n do n 1 9 .
sa n a l- t a a s im f i m a r i f a t al - a a l im : a e d .w . n. M . . d e Go e e a s D e s c ri p ti o
yd e n 1 7 7 ; ( b e . t r . w. n .G . S. A . R a n ki n g an d R . . A o o C a l c ut t a
r ev . ed . w. n. M . . d e G oe e L e yd en 1 90 ) .
Nafha l- t ibminghusna l-A nda lus. . . : a tr. w . n. P . deGayangosasThe
an d y na s ti e s in S p ai n . .. ( 2 v . , L o n do n 1 4 0 -1 4 3 ^ ) e . e d .
ctessurl histoireetla litt raturedesA rabesd E spagne( v . i i pp. A rabic
n 1 5 -1 6 1 ( c ed .at Cai ro 1 8 4 /5 .
l- suluk li-ma rifa tduw ala l-muluk: tr. w . n. ( E . M. Q uatremereasHisto ire
4 v . i n 2 , P a r is 1 3 7 -1 4 4 .
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h u dh u r ( o r N u bd h at a l - u u d f i um u r al - nu u d : a e d . & t r .w . n. O . G .
etaeArabicae... R ostock 1797 ( b e .tr.w.n.A. .S.deSacyas
mu s ul m an e s , i n M ag a si n E n c y c lo p d i u e 3 : ( 1 7 97 : 3 - 9 .
itaba l-mu j ibf ita lkhisak hbara l-Maghrib: a (ed. R . D o yasThe
L e yd en 1 4 7 ; ( b r ev . ed . w. n. R . D o y L e yd en 1 8 1 ( c t r.
sto iredesA lmohades A lgiers 1 93.
l-bustanf idhikra l-auliya w a l- ulama bi-T il imsan: a ( ed. M. ben
0 ) ; ( b t r. w .n . F . P r o ve n a li A lg ie rs 1 91 0.
K itaba l-musnadal-sahiha l-hasan. .. : ed. & tr. w .n. E . L ev i- rovenca l
t e d h i st o ir e m er i ni d e , i n H e s pe r is V ( 1 9 25 : 1 - 2 .
urii a l-dhahabw a-ma adina l- aw ahir: a e . tr. w . n. deGuignesinNotices
7 : 1 -b 7 ( b e . t r . w. n .A . S pr e ng e r as H i s t o ri c al e n cy c lo p ae d ia L o n do n
t r . w. n .C . B a r b ie r d e Me y na r d an d ( v . 1 - 3 P . d e Co u rt e il l e as L e s p ra i ri e s
ri s1 6 1 - 1 7 7 .
i t ab a l -t a nb i h wa l - is h ra f : a e d . w .n . M . . d e G o e e L e y de n 1 9 3 -1 9 4 ^ )
P a ri s 1 9 ) .
hfata l-a lbabw a-nuk hbata l-a j ab: ed. w. n. G. F errandinJ ournalA siati ue
1- 14 , 1 93 -3 04 .
dal-hatunfiakhbarMiknasatal-Z aytun:tr.w.n.O .H oudasas" Mono-
i n J o u rn al A si at i u e 8 : V ( 1 8 5 : 10 1- 14 7.
Kitabak amal-mar anf idhikra l-mada ina l-mashhurahf ik ullmak an:
z ias" I I compendiogeograf icoarabo , inR endiconti. .. de i
9 : 3 73 - 4& 3 .
asitata l- suhik f isiyasata l-muluk : a ( ed. M. KabaduandM. B aslur
6 2 ; ( b t r . w. n . M. G a sp a r ( y R e mi r o a s E l c o ll a r de p e rl a s S a r a -
hayata l-arabf ifununa l-adab: a e . tr. MacG. deSlane inI bn- ha ldun s
( v . I , p . 3 13 , A l g i er s 1 5 2 ; ( b e . e d . & tr . w. n . M. G a sp a r y R e m ir o
manesdeEspanayA f rica Granada 1917-1919 ^) ed. A . Z ak i
4 3 , C ai r o 1 9 23 — .
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d es c ri p ti o n de C e ut a mu s ul m an e a u X V e s i ec l e i n H e s p er i s X I I ( 1 9 31 :
— N a m a l - u m a n : ed . & t r . w. n .E . L e v i- r o ve n ca l i n Me l an g es R e n e B a s s e t
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4: X X ( 1 52 :2 0 - 24 4.
ldh— K itaba l-w afayat: ed. H . H usa ininJ ournalo f theA siaticSocietyof
1 91 2 : 1- 3 .
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K i t ab a l -m u gh r ib f i h ul a a l- M ag h ri b : v. 4 . ed . & t r . K . . T a ll v i st L e y de n
tibra l-masbuk f idhay la l- suli ik : e . tr. w . n. E . F agnan E x tra itsin dits
. 271-2 4 , A lgiers 1924.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
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A l-hula la l-maushiyahf i l-akhbara l-Marr k ushiyah: (a ( ed. atTunis
d . w .n . I . S . Al l ou c he R a b at 1 9 3 .
a w t a l- wa fa y t : e d. a t B û l q 1 6 6 / 7 ( r e pr in te d 1 8 1 .
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i t a b ' u û d a l - u m n f i m uk h ta s ar a k hb a r al - a m n : e . e d . w. n . ( A . .
x t r ai t s I I ( 1 7 9 : 12 4 -1 3 .
A l -n u û m a l - â h i r a h fi m u l k M i sr w a l - Ç j â h i ra h : tr . w .n . E . F a g na n i n
M m o i r es d e l a So c i t A r ch o l og i u e H i s to r i u e e t G o g ra p hi u e d e
0 ) : 2 9 ~ 3 2 .
m a l- du rr w a l - i y n f i ba y n s h ar af B a n i Z a y n : e . t r. w .n . J . J . . B a r g s
e i y an P a r i s 1 5 2 .
i t ab a l -i k ti f a f i a kh b ar a l -k h ul a fa : e . t r . w. n .P . d e G ay a ng o si n a l- M a q a r i s
medandynastiesinSpain...( v.I I , pp.x x ii- lviii , L ondon
h l ah : e . t r . w. n . A. R o u s s ea u i n J o u r n al A s ia t i u e 4 :X X ( 1 5 2 : 5 7- 2 o ;
8 , 3 54 -4 25 .
T a uh i d al - ba r i .. . : ed . w .n . J . D . L u c ia n i A l gi e rs 1 9 03 .
j a l - mu l k : a ( e d. a tC ai ro 1 7 2/ 3 ; ( b e d. a t Ca ir o 1 8 8 / 9 ( 0 t r. w. n.
aadelosprincipes(2 v . , Madrid 1930-1931.
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au de fr oy -D e m om by ne s as L ' A fr i u e mo in s l É g y pt e P a r i s 1 92 7 ( c e .
foy -Demombynesas" Q uel uespassagesrelatifsauMaroc , inM mo-
. i p p .2 9 -2 0 , P a ri s 1 9 2 .
- h a l d un — B u g h y at a l -r w ad f i d hi k r al - mu l k m i n B a n i ' A b d a l -W a d : e d. & t r .
e de s B e n i ' A b d el - W â d ( 2 v . A l gi e rs 1 9 04 - 19 1 3.
i — K i t a b al -b ul d n : a ( e . e d. w .n . M. . d eG oe e a sD e s c ri pt io a l Ma gr i bi
( b e . ed .w .n .A .W . T. J u y nb ol l L e y de n 1 6 o - 1 6 1 ( c e d. w. n. M. . de
1 9 1- 1 9 2 ^ ) ( t r. w. n. G . W ie t as L e s p ay s C ai ro 1 93 7 .
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- 1 7 3.
— Kitaba l-anisa l-mu^ ribbi- rauda l- irtasf iakhbarmul k a l-Maghribw a-
: a ( t r. F . v o nD o m ba y ( 2 v . , Z a g re b 1 79 4- 17 95 ; ^ ) ( t r. J . M ou ra
( c e . e d .& t r . C . . T o rn b er g a s " P r i mo r di a d om i na t io n is M u ra b it o ru m
p s a l ie n si s X I ( 1 3 9 : 2 97 - 40 7 ( d e d .& t r . w . n. C . . T o rn b er g a s
a e U p s a l a 1 4 3 -1 4 ; ( e t r . w. n . A. B e a u mi e r as R o u d h e l-
o ( f ( e d. Mu ha mm ad ib n- al -H u sa yn al - â t im i F e , 1 8 8 ) .
Ta rik ha l-daulatayna l-Muw ahhidiyahw a l-Hafsiyah: a e . ed. & tr.
al A si at i u e 4: X I I I ( 1 4 9 : 2 9 -3 15 ; ( b e d. a t Tu ni s 1 7 2/ 3 ( c t r.
roni uedesA lmohadesetdesHaf ides C onstantine 1 95.
t a b a l- a g hr a fi y ah : a e . e d . & t r . w. n . O . H o u d a s an d R . B a s se t a s " D e s cr i p-
, i n B u ll et in d e Co rr es po nd an ce A fr ic ai ne I I ( 1 8 4 : 19 2- 19 ; ( b e -
o c u m en t s g o g ra p hi u e s su r l A f ri u e s ep t en t ri o na l e ( p p . 1 4- 3 0 P a r is
. e d. & t r .w .n . R . B a s se t in H o m en a e à D ( o n F r an ci sc o Co de ra ( p p . 6 1 9 - 4 7 ,
.. . mu l k a l- ta wa i f : a e . e d. w .n . E . L é v i- r ov en a l in I b n- al - I d h r ' s
ug hr ib . .. ( v . I l l ( p p. A ra bi C 2 7 - 3 1 , 3 27 -3 8 ) , P a ri s 1 9 30 ( b e . t r.
a l i n H i s to i re d e s mu s ul m an s d E s p a g ne ( v . I I I , p p . 21 5 -2 3 5 , L e y de n
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
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l -i s ti b s r f i ' a a i b a l- a ms r : a e . e d . w. n . A. v on K r e me r i n Si t u n gs b er i ch t e
rischenClasseder K aiserlichenAkademiederW issenschaften( in
1 5 2 : 3 9 -4 2 ; ( b t r. w .n . E . F a g na n in R e c ue il d eN ot ic es e t M m o ir es d e la
u e de Co ns ta nt in eX X X I I I ( 1 9 9 .
-a n sa b f i ma r i fa t a l- a h a b: e . e d. & t r . w. n . E . L é v i - r o v e n a l D o c um e nt s
mo ha de ( p p. i -i , 2 5- 74 A ra bi C 1 - 4 9 , P a r i s 1 2 .
f k h i r a l- B a r b ar : e . e d .w . n. E . L é v i - r o ve n a l a s F r a gm e nt s h is t or i u e s su r
age R abat 1934.
r . w. n . E . L é v i - r o ve n a l a s " N o t es d h i st o ir e a lm oh a de , i n H e s p r i s
a l- saniyahf i l- ta rik ha l-daulaha l-Mar niyah: ed. w .n. M. benC henebas
sM rinides A lgiers 1920-1921.
O N S
dedthemodemcompilationsofnon-numismaticandnon-
rabicinscriptions thelargema orityoccurontombstonesor
alsofoundon te tilesandotherartifacts.Theworksare alpha-
eof thecompiler.
s R o d r i go " N o ti c ia i n B o l e ti n d e la R e a l A c ad e mi a d e la H i s t o ri a
:5 3 -5 5.
a nd L é v i- r ov en ca l E . " C h e ll a u ne n c ro po le m r in id e , i n H e sp r is
2 5 5- 31 , 3 5 -4 25 .
, N d ro ma h et l es T ra ra s P a r i s 1 90 1.
I n s cr i pt i on s a ra b es d e F è s , i n J o u rn a l As i at i u e n : X ( 1 9 17 : 3 03 - 32 9
70 2 15 -2 7 n :X I I ( 1 91 ) : 1 9 - 27 , 3 3 7- 39 9 n :X I I I ( 1 91 9 : 5- 9 ;
: 4 7 -4 79 .
M a , " L ' é p i gr a ph i e mu s ul m an e e n Al g r i e: é t u de s u r le c o rp u s , i n R e v u e
1 9 05 : 1 o - 19 1 a n d A l gi e rs 1 9 05 .
M a " T i tr e s ca l if i en s d o c ci d en t à p r op o s de q u e l u e s mo n na i es m r i ni d es e t
u rn a l As i at i u e 1 o: X ( 1 9 07 : 2 45 - 33 5 a n d P a r i s 1 9 0 7 .
a rl es " I n sc ri pt io ns a ra be s de T le mc en i n R e vu e Af ri ca in e I I I ( 1 5 : 1 -9 4
3 2 1- 34 0 4 0 1- 41 9 I V ( 1 5 9/ 0 : 1- 17 8 1 - 93 1 1 -1 74 2 41 -2 5 ,
h a rl e s , " M m oi r e é p i g ra p hi u e e t hi s to r i u e s ur l e s to m be a u d e s é m i rs B e n i -
o ur na lA si at i u e 7: V I I ( 1 7 ) : 5- 19 7 a n dP a r is 1 7 .
n , F r a nc i sc o a n d Sa a ve d ra E d u ar d o " I n s cr i pt i on e s â r a be s d e X e l a , i n
a de m ia d e l a H i s to r ia X I I ( 1 8 8 ) : 5 03 - 50 7 .
Corpusdesinscriptionsarabesettur uesde l A lg rie : Dé partementd A lger
e S a u va g et J . a n d W i et G a s to n , R é p e rt o ir e c hr o no l og i u e d é p i gr a ph i e
95 1 , C a ir o 1 9 31 — .
" U n e i ns cr ip ti on a ra be d uX l V e s i c l e . .. , i n J o u rn al A si at i u e 9 ( 1 9 5 :
a n d B a s se t R e n , " E p i gr a ph i e Tu n is i en n e , i n B u l l et i n de C or r es p on d an c e
: 1 1 -2 00 .
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y
ntara E milio I nscripcionesarabesdeGranada Madrid 1 59.
a l E . I n sc r ip ti on s ar ab es d E s p a gn e ( 2 v . , L e yd en 1 93 1.
W i l l i am C or p us d e s in s cr i pt i on s a ra b es e t t ur u e s de l A l g r i e: D é p a rt e me n t d O r a n
v ai l ab l e .
li am M us e d eT le mc en P a r i s 1 90 .
l l i a m " S i i n s c ri p ti o ns a r ab e s de T l em c en , i n B u l le t in A r ch o l og i u e ( 1 9 0 2 :
s t " U n e i n s cr i pt i on a r ab e d e Ga f a i n R e c u ei l d es N o ti c es e t M m oi r es d e l a
u e H i s to ri u e e t G o g r ap hi u e de C on st an ti ne 3 : ( 1 8 2 : 19 1- 19 4.
ve C orpusdesinscriptionsarabesettur uesde l A lg rie : Dé partementde
1902.
r e E d o u ar d , " A p r op o s d u n e in s cr i pt i on m r i ni d e à al - Q a s r al - a b ir , i n
1 92 7 : 39 3~ 3 9 9.
r e E ( d o ua r d , a n d S al m on G . " E l - Q ç a r e l- e b ir , i n A r c hi v es M a ro c ai n es
: 1-2 2 .
sp e r " S u r un t y pe d e r el i ur e d es t e mp s a lm oh a de s i n A rs I s l am i ca I ( 1 9 34 : 7 4 -7 9 .
Supplementtothecatalogueof theA rabicmanuscriptsintheB rit ishMuseum
dedthepublishedmedievalandmoderncollectionsofdocu-
medievalperiod; theyincludechieflytreatiesbetweentheNorth
C hrist iansofSpa in F rance andI ta ly andlettersf romtheMos-
mandChristiancontemporaries.Theworksarealphabeti edunder
M a i m il i an o a n d Ga r ci a d e L i n a re s R a m n L e s d oc u me n to s a ra b es
delaC oronadeA rag n Madrid 1940.
/ d i pl o mi a r ab i d el R e a l e A rc h iv i o F i o r en t in o F l o re n ce 1 6 3 ( 1 6 7 a p pe n di
NuoviricordiarabicisulastoriadiGenova , inA ttide liaSociet L iguredi
6 7 : 54 9- 3 5.
b er t " N o te s u r un t r ai t c o nc l u en t re T u ni s e t l e mp e re u r F r d r i c I I " , i n
I I ( 1 9 32 : 1 5 3- 1 o .
s i dr o " U n t r a i t d e p ai e n tr e l e ro i P i e r r e I V d A r ag o n et l e s ul t an d e T un i s
3 0 " , i nH e sp r is X I X ( 1 93 4 : 5 -7 7.
n ri e t a l . L e s s ou r ce s i n d i te s d e l h i st o ir e d u Ma r oc ( s e ri e s 1 p a rt 5 v . I — I I ) ,
nD ocumentshistori uesin ditst ir sdesco llectionsmanuscritesde la
al e . .. ( v . I I ) , P a r is 1 4 3 ( A r ab i C ed i te d a nd t r an s la t ed b y R e i n au d .
M a r ia n o , " C o rr e sp o nd e nc i a di p io m t i ca e n tr e G ra n d a y F e , s i gl o X I V " ,
odeE studiosH ist ricosdeGranddaysuR eino andGranada 191 .
bynes ( M. , " U nelettredeSa ladinauC alifeA lmohade , inM langes
I , p p. 2 79 -3 04 , P a r i s 1 9 2 5.
a l E . " L e tt re s d I b n- T m ar t et d e ' A b d al -M u m i n , D o c um en ts i n d i t s
p p . i- vi i 1 -2 4 I - V , A r ab iC 1 34 -1 45 , P a r i s 1 92 .
a l E . " U n r e cu ei l de l et tr es o ff ic ie ll es a lm oh ad es , i n H e sp r i sX X V I I I ( 1 94 1 :
C r e a
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J . M. . L ( o u is , T r ai t s d e p ai e t d e co mm e rc e e t do c um en t s di v er s c on c er n an t
u e s ep t en t ri o na l e au m o ye n â g e P a r i s 1 6 6 ( 1 7 2 s up p ie m en t n ot
ie E lie D ocumentsin ditssurl histoirede l occupationespagno leenA f ri ue
1 7 5 . No t a va i la b le .
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m o ir e s de l A c ad m i e de s I n s cr i pt i on s . .. I X ( 1 3 1 : 4 4 - 4 77 .
. S i lv e st r e " M m o ir e s ur u n e co r re s po n da n ce d e l E m pe r eu r d e Ma r oc Y a ko u b
a v ec P h i li p pe - le - H a r di . .. i n M m o ir e s de l A c ad m i e de s I n s cr i pt i on s
7 - 5o .
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et E x t ra it sX I ( 1 ( 1 2 7 : 1 -9 .
. a n d Th o ma s G . M. " U r k u n de n z u r â l t er e n ha n de l s- u nd s t aa t sg e sc h ic h te d e r
i n o nt es R e r um A us tr ia ca ru m ( v . X I I - X I V ) V i e n na 1 5 o- 1 5 7.
n e a n d W i et G a st o n " U n e l e t tr e d e l A l mo h ad e M ur t ad â a u p ap e I n n o-
s p er is V I ( 1 92 ) : 2 7 -5 3.
ssectionsofthe historicalreferencebibliography thissection
anrelativelycomprehensive.O nlytheoutstandinglyuseful
ographspreparedbymode1nhistoriansarelistedhere alpha-
. . C om pl m en t de l h is to ir e de s B e ni -Z e i y n r oi s de T le mc en P a r i s 1 8 7 .
e s B e no u Gh n ya . .. P a r i s 1 90 3.
C ari Geschichtederarabischenlitteratur( 2v . 1 9 -1902 rev . 1943-1949
9 4 2 , W e i m ar a n d L e y d en 1 9 - 1 94 9 .
b e r t L a B e r b r i e or i en t al e s ou s l es H a f s i de s . .. ( 2 v . , P a r is 1 9 40 - 19 4 7
e " L e s d er ni er s m r i n id es i n B u ll t in d el a So ci t d e G o g r ap hi e d A lg er . ..
90 5 : 10 3- 11 9.
s te , L a d y na s ti e m ar o ca i ne d e s B e n i W a tt s C o ns t an t in e 1 9 20 .
L ' é t a bl i ss e me n t de s d yn a st i es d e s ch r i fs a u M ar o c .. . P a r i s 1 9 04 .
a r ry W . e t a l. A t la s o f I s l a mi c h is t or y P r i nc e to n 1 9 5 1 .
e t a l. T h e en c yc l op a ed i a of I s l am ( 4 v . an d s up p . , L e y de n 1 9 13 - 19 3 .
a l E . " R é f le i on s su r l e mp ir e al mo ra vi de a ud b ut d u X I I e s i c le , i n
a c u lt d e s L e t t re s d A l ge r ( p p . 30 7 -3 2 0 , A l gi e rs 1 9 32 .
r ge s L e s A ra b es e n B e r b r i e du X I e a u X I V e s i c l e C o ns t an t in e 1 9 1 3.
rg e s L a B e r b r i e mu s ul m an e e t l o r ie n t au m o ye n â g e P a r is 1 9 4 .
u is L e M a ro c d an s l es p r em i r e s an n e s d u X V I e s i c l e A l g ie r s 1 9 5 .
st H i s to ir e de l A fr i u e se pt en tr io na le ( 3 v . , P a r i s 1 8 8 - 1 9 1.
L e s al mo ha de s ( t r . by I s ma l H a m et " i n Ar ch iv es M ar oc ai ne s X X X I I ( 1 92 7 .
" L e s a lm o ra v id e s ( t r . b y G. S .C o li n " , in A r ch i ve s M ar o ca i ne s X X X I ( 1 9 25 :
L e s m r i n id es ( t r. b yI s ma l H a m et " , i n A r ch iv es M ar oc ai ne s X X X I I I ( 1 93 4 .
a m ba u r È d u a rd , M a nu e l de g n a l og i e et d e c hr o no l og i e po u r l h i st o ir e d e
r 1 92 7.
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t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
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U R C S O F CO I NS
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m it es I I : 2 7 -1 0 2 3.
1 2 1 5 2 4 .
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D :
3 2 2 3 77 .
2 2 0 2 8 , 3 74 3 97 .
29 31 33 34 3 , 4 0 45-53 57. 59. 6 0 6 2 6 4 6 5 70 71 74 75 77 7 ,
6 , 8 7 91 121 123-125 1 1 1 4 1 8 , 173 17 , 1 8 , 191 193 195 199 205 210
2 19 2 24 2 32 2 34 24 1 2 44 2 5 , 2 5 , 27 1-2 73 2 4 2 6 , 2 8 , 29 2-2 95 2 97 29 9
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, 2 73 275 2 7 2 9 291 33 , 339 342 344 349 350 357 3 3 3 7 374 37 , 3 4
a 425 431 432 44 ( + 3 .
7 9 9 5 1 27 13 2 1 52 1 6 , 1 2 27 2 2 3 3 20 3 77 39 4 3 99 4 03 4 07.
3 , 3 9 40 4 7 5 4 55 5 9- 2 6 4- 9 7 4 7 , 79 8 7 8 9 9 1 9 7 103 1 , 1 1 ,
33 1 35 1 44 1 4 , 14 , 1 53 1 5 , 1 59 1 3 1 6 , 2 03 2 13 21 4 2 l , 2 1 - 22 0 2 24 -22 7
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2 7 2 8 , 270 2 71 ( + 37 .
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chs :7 7 9 1 1 33 2 13 2 24 24 , 2 59 2 5 2 9 32 2 3 52 3 2 4 30a ( + 1 .
2 13 2 6 .
21 , 247 249 2 3 2 5 2 6 , 290 ( + 7 .
2 13 2 1 , 2 4 3 3 91 4 10 .
2 4 3 9 , 4 32 .
4 2 15 2 3 2 5 2 6 , 29 0.
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m : 1 5 3 24 .
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m me da n: 4 2 6 5 3 8 .
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30 4 3 10 3 23 3 25 3 3 , 34 0 3 4 , 3 50- 352 3 54 .35 - 35 9. 3 1 37 . 37 . 39 5 3 9 ,
4 1 , 4 19 4 32 4 37 -4 39 ( + 5 .
al ve rt : 40 5 0 6 4 7 2 2 5 1 .
h e di vi al : 8 4 2 1 , 2 5 3 2 9 1 3 4 9 .
r i en ta l: 2 13 2 35 2 3 .
32 , 3 8 ( + 1 .
.
2 9 .
me nt s : 1 03 1 05 1 1 , 1 2 , 1 33 1 34 1 44 1 47 1 4 , 2 10 2 13 2 15 2 20 2 25
233 235 239 242 244 24 , 2 0 2 3 2 8 , 2 9 275 2 4 2 5 2 9 290 349-351 355.
41 , 4 32 ( + 1 .
1 92 1 97 2 00 2 09 2 12 -2 1 , 2 1 - 2 22 2 2 , 2 29 2 45 2 4 , 2 4 , 2 50 -2 52
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. 3 0 3 4 . 3 8 , 3 9 . 37 7. 3 92 - 40 , 4 09 4 10 4 15 . 42 < > , 4 32 ( + 2 < > ) .
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: 214.
5 3 1 70 2 4 , 2 7 5 3 49 .
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: 1 0 3 2 57 .
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m: 2 , 3 2 4 02 .
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1 2 3 -2 7 2 9 -2 91 2 95 -3 00 3 02 -3 11 3 12 3 14 -3 27 . 33 2 3 34 -3 40 3 42 -3 44 .
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4 14 -4 21 4 23 4 25 4 30 4 31 4 32 4 37 -4 42 4 45 4 4 ( + 2 71 .
0 6 7 6 8 , 7 5 8 8 , 1 33 1 42 14 , 2 0 , 2 15 2 1 , 23 3 2 40 2 4 , 2 4 , 25 5
295 297 31 , 3 51 35 , 3 77 ( + 1 .
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5 01 5 02 5 05 5 0 , 5 11 5 14 5 15 5 17 -5 19 . 52 4. 5 25 . 52 7- 52 9. 5 33 . 53 4. 5 3 , 5 3 ,
4 6 , 4 7 4 91 4 95 5 00 -5 02 5 09 5 11 5 17 5 22 5 24 5 25 5 2 , 5 31 -5 33
h yb ri ds .
9 52 , 5 34 535 ( + 1 .
4 5 -4 7 4 70 4 1 4 91 49 7 5 01 5 0 , 5 07 5 17 5 25 5 33 53 ( + 4 2 hy br id s .
47 1 .
: 4 53 4 95 .
70 4 9 5 5 3 3.
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n: 495.
mbo: 491.
91 5 33 .
4 6 , 4 95 5 25 5 33 5 3 , 5 39 ( + 4 .
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h s: 4 95 4 97 5 33 ( 1 h yb ri d .
3 9 .
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27 .
4 0 4 6 , 4 70 4 77 -4 79 .4 94 .4 95 .4 97 .5 1 .5 0 . 5 35 ( + 1 0 .
4 50 4 57 4 6 , 4 73 4 77 ~ 4 79 4 2 -4 92 5 01 ( + 2 7 7 .
4 6 , 4 5 .4 91. 495 .50 2 5 0 , 5 0 , 5 33 53 ( + 3 1 hy br id .
n e di t ed : 4 51 .
h e di vi al : 45 , 4 91 4 95 5 01 5 09 5 25 .
uw ah hi ds : 4 6 , 4 9 5 5 01 5 02 5 09 5 25 5 33 5 37 ( + 8 ; 2 h y br id s .
.
1 .
59 4 6 , 49 5 5 19 5 25 5 2 , 5 33 53 5 5 3 , 5 39 ( + 1 7 2 hy br id s .
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a : 4 55 4 95 5 33 .
5 3 3.
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49 1 5 19 5 33 ( + 1 .
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0 1 5 0 3 . 50 4 5 0 - 5 09 5 - 5 13 . 5 15 - 51 7 . 51 9 -5 2 1 5 2 3 - 52 , 5 3 0- 5 3 , 5 3 ,
ne s : 5 0 .
: 4 6 , 4 1 4 9 , 50 1( + 1 .
4 9 4 7 , 4 95 5 01 5 2 , 5 39 .
m: 4 7 4 95 5 01 .
4 6 , 4 95 .
4 5 , 4 5 4 95 ( + 2 .
45 .
45 2 4 55 4 6 , 4 91 5 33 5 3 .
y : 4 7 .
: 44 a 4 5 , 4 70 4 79 .
bac ek :4 53 4 6 , 4 7 4 9 49 1 49 5 5 33 ( + 1 .
: 4 5 5 4 7 3 .
: 45 1 4 93 4 97 5 02 5 10 .
95 5 01 5 33 ( + 2 .
.
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4 6 , 4 73 4 77 4 7 , 4 1 4 3 -4 7 .4 91 .4 92 .5 01 5 0 , 5 33 5 3 ( + 1 0 .
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5 52 5 9 5 6 , 6 3 7 6 3 ( + 1 .
h e di v ia l : 55 9 .
79 5 1 .
: 551 5 59 5 72 5 7 , 5 4 6 0 3 6 0 9 6 1 3 6 2 , 6 4 4( 1 h ybr id .
5 72 6 2 .
a ( + 1 .
.
0 5 8 .
45 -5 4 , 5 50 -5 5 .
5 4 , 5 5 .
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5 0 ( + 1 .
5 0.
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h s: 6 5 9 .
5 0 6 5 1 6 5 7 6 6 2.
h e di v ia l : 6 7 0 .
8 ( + 4 .
6 6 1 6 7 2.
ne s : 6 6 3 .
6 3 .
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:
6 7 - 8 0 6 8 2 6 8 6 , 6 8 8 - 91 6 9 3- 95 6 9 7 6 9 , 7 03-70 , 7 13 715 721 727
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90-792 794 795 8 0 , 8 1 0 8 1 - 20 8 2 5 8 3 2- 35 8 37- 39 8 4 2- 45 8 5 0 8 5 1 8 5 ,
6 4 ( + 2 9 1 hybrid .
2 6 8 4 6 8 9 6 9 0 6 9 2 6 9 5 7 15 71 , 7 1 , 719 721 722 725 750 751 753 754
772 775 77 , 7 79 7 2 7 4 7 5 7 94 795 797 79 , 8 1 0- 14 8 1 , 8 2 3 8 25 8 2 9
4 9 8 5 3 ( + 1 2 2 h yb ri ds .
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6 7 5 6 9 0 7 1 , 7 1 7( + 1 ) .
7 75 7 77 8 2 4 .
7 2 ( + 2 .
i es :6 7 3 6 9 0 6 9 5 7 0 , 7 10 -7 12 7 59 7 2 ( + 5 3 .
9 0 .
er a n d N a c hr i ch t en : 6 7 4 6 8 2 .
7 0 8 0 , 8 2 2 8 2 5 8 6 0.
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al ve rt : 7 1 .
h e di vi al : 6 9 5 70 0 ( + 2 .
6 8 2 .
a ( + 3 .
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7 19 7 22 7 25 -7 32 7 3 , 7 3 , 7 39 7 43 7 44 7 4 - 7 50 7 52 -7 5 . 7 57 .7 5 , 7 5 -7 72
7 4 7 5 7 7 7 9 7 93- 795 .7 97 .79 9- 0 3. 8 0 7 8 1 0 8 1 1 8 14 - 1 7 8 2 2 8 2 5
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+ 1 .
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ce I I I ( + 2 .
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: 73 2 7 70 7 95 8 1 7 .
: 8 6 7 .
7 , 6 8 2 7 75 .
8 1 7 ( + 8 ) .
74 7 9 ( + 1 2 .
9 8 17 8 25( 1hybrid .
7 , 7 1 , 8 5 2 ( 1 h yb ri d .
:
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:
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s e e z i y An i d.
L V E R : se eh ud 1d .
E R : no ne re po rt ed .
E R :
m i te s : 8 7 1 .
V E R : n o ne r ep or te d.
V E R :
8 7 4 8 7 7 .
di es ( + 1 .
.
7 2- 7 4 8 7 5- 7 7 8 7 9 8 8 3 - 8 7 .
e I I : 8 7 4 a.
74 8 7 5 8 7 7- 8 7 ( + 1 ) .
V E R A N D E L E C TR U M :
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, 8 9 1 8 9 2 9 0 , 9 1 9 9 27 -9 29 9 1 9 5 9 99 1 00 3 1 0 19 1 02 0 1 0 25 1 03 4- 10 3 ,
04 5 1 05 1 1 05 2 ( + 2 0 .
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.
8 9 4 8 9 5 9 05 9 2 7 9 33 97 , 9 79 9 2 9 3 9 8 , 9 97 1 0 01 1 002 1 00 4 1 03 2
1 05 2 ( + 1 1 .
0 .
nc ia :9 43 9 5 , 9 1 9 5 1 05 0 1 0 54 1 05 .
10 5 ( + 1 2 .
9 4 9 03 9 27 9 41 9 7 , 9 3 1 00 4 1 03 2 1 03 5 1 0 4 1 1 0 52 .
1 01 b 1 01 7( + 1 5 .
9 2 , 9 8 , 1 00 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 40 1 04 1 1 0 47
8 91 8 9 2 90 5 9 0 , 9 21 9 27 9 39 95 2 9 54 9 5 , 9 57 9 7 , 97 , 9 1 9 3
1 00 4 1 0 3 , 1 0 4 0 1 0 41 1 04 3 ( + 2 1 .
h s ( + 2 0 .
a 9 3 .
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.
ng e r a n d N a c h r i ch t en : 1 0 39 .
9 7 , 9 2 9 3 9 9 9 9 , 9 99 1 00 1 1 00 3 1 00 4 1 01 3 1 01 4 1 02 2 1 03 2 1 03 5
1 05 2( + 2 7 .
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8 9 1 8 9 4 9 02 9 05 9 0 , 9 0 , 91 1 9 15 9 17 9 1 , 92 2 9 23 9 25 -92 , 9 32
, 9 3 9 5 9 73 9 7 , 9 2 9 3 9 8 , 99 1 9 97 9 99 -10 01 10 02 1 004 1 014 1 019
0 3 2 1 0 35 1 04 0 1 0 41 1 04 9 1 0 5 2 1 0 53 1 05 ( + 8 9 .
a ( + 1 5 .
+ 1 .
9 97 9 99 .
2 1 9 22 9 27 9 2 , 9 39 95 , 9 77 9 3 1 000 1 044 ( + 4 .
90 , 9 39 9 47 -9 49 9 51 9 52 9 55 -9 57 9 6 , 9 8 , 9 9 9 71 9 72 9 91 -9 94 .
9 7 , 9 2 9 3 ( + 2 .
: 8 9 , 9 0 4 9 4 0 9 4 3 9 52 9 5 , 9 5 9 71 1 01 3 1 0 17 1 02 5 1 0 49 1 05 0( + 1 .
8 8 , 8 9 , 9 04 9 57 9 5 1 01 3 1 0 17 1 02 5 1 03 2 1 03 , 1 04 0 1 05 2.
9 7 , 9 2 9 3 9 99 1 00 3 1 00 4 1 00 9 1 02 , 1 03 5 1 04 5.
9 2 .
eI I : 8 9 4 9 5 3 9 2 9 3 9 9 , 1 00 3 1 00 4 1 02 2 1 04 1 1 05 2( + 2 .
4 .
: 8 9 5 1 04 .
9 5 1 04 .
+ 2 .
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1 3 .
92 , 952 9 2 9 3 9 6 , 1004 1022 1040.
- 9 1 8 9 3- 9 , 8 9 - 90 2 9 03 -9 10 9 12 -9 1 , 9 21 -9 2 , 9 30 9 32 -9 49 9 51 9 52
9 2 -9 4 9 7 -1 00 1 1 00 3- 10 0 , 1 00 - 10 14 1 01 , 1 01 7- 10 2 , 1 02 9- 10 33 1 03 5
3 1 0 45 1 0 47 1 0 49 . 1 05 0 1 0 52 - 10 5 ( + 3 3 7 .
1 9 3 10 04 ( + 5 .
: 1 0 00 .
L V E R :
0 8 , 1 0 1 1 10 1( + 2 .
0 8 .
1 0 8 , 1 0 8 a 1 09 1 1 09 3 1 09 5 1 09 , 1 09 , n o1 1 103 1 112 ( + 3 2 .
- 10 8 , 10 5 1 0 7 10 8 , 10 90 1 09 2 1 09 , 1 0 9 , 1 10 1 1 103 1 10 -1 10 1 11l
( + 1 5 5 am ul et s .
, 1 0 5 1 0 7 1 0 8 , 1 0 9 1 09 2- 10 94 1 09 , 1 0 99 " o 1 11 03 -1 10 , 1 1 12 1 11 3
.
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01 .
0 5 1 0 7 1 093 1 09 , 1 09 , 1 10 1 1 10 3 1 10 9 1 11 5( + 2 ) .
09 , 1 10 ( + 2 .
0 6 , 10 8 , 10 5 10 7 10 8 , 1093 109 , 1101 1103 110 -110 , 1115 ( + 1 ) .
1 01 .
0 0 1 0 71 1 1 12 .
) .
: 1 1 14 1 1 1 .
ic a : 1 1 14 1 1 1 .
.
09 , 1 10 1 ( + 1 .
4 1 09 3 1 09 , 1 10 1 1 10 , 1 11 5( + 3 .
10 8 , 1 09 3 1 09 , 1 09 9 1 10 1 1 10 ( + 6 1 .
ch s: 10 9 , 1 10 1 1 11 , ( + 1 2 .
15 ( + 1 .
) .
u t: 1 1 02 .
te s: 1 0 8 , 1 10 1 ( + 1 .
1 0 3 .
1o 1( + 2 ) .
09 .
: 1 0 0 1 10 1. .
er a n d N a c h r i ch t en : 1 1 01 .
, 1 0 5 1 0 7 1 09 2 1 0 93 1 09 - 10 9 , 1 10 1 1 1 03 1 10 , 1 1 07 m 1 1 1 12
10 8 , 107 , 1 0 0 10 5 10 7 10 8 , 10 8 a 1093 109 , " ooa 1101 1103
4 .
1( + 4 .
o d le ia n: 1 0 0 1 10 3 ( + 1 .
al ve rt : 10 4 ( + 1 .
o hn st on : 10 79 ( + 1 .
h e di vi al : 10 7 1 1 01 ( + 1 0 .
wa hh id s: 10 5 1 0 7 1 0 8 , 1 09 3 1 0 9 , 1 10 1( + 1 9 .
03.
01 ( + 3 .
1 0 8 , 1 09 , 1 115 1 11 ( + 2 .
1 1 01 .
1 0 6 , 1 0 8 - 1 07 0 1 0 73 1 07 5 1 0 7 , 1 0 5 - 10 8 , 1 09 2- 10 94 1 09 , 1 09 , 1 1o 1
-1 11 3 1 11 5( + 5 17 ) .
a : 1 0 3 1 0 8 , 1 0 9 , 1 10 1( + 4 .
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1 0 8 , 1 0 5 1 0 8 , 10 93 1 09 , 1 09 , 1 101 1 115 ( + 1 1 .
1 0 8 , 1 07 0- 10 7 , 1 0 5 - 10 8 , 1 09 2- 10 9 , 1 09 , 1 09 9 1 10 1 1 1 0 - 1 11 .
.
: 10 2 10 6 ( + 1 .
1 0 6 , 1 0 8 , 1 09 9 1 1 10 1 11 4.
m: 1 09 3 1 09 , 1 10 1 ( + 1 .
1 0 6 , 1 0 8 , 1 09 3 1 09 , 1 10 1 1 10 3.
1o1.
eI I : 10 8 , 1 07 4 1 0 5 1 0 7 1 09 5 1 09 , 1 0 9 , 1 10 0 1 10 1 1 10 3 1 10 ,
+ 9 9 .
: 10 93 1 09 ( + 1 .
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1 10 - 11 1 ( + 3 23 .
.
, 1 101 ( + 1 .
1 0 5 1 0 0 1 09 , 1 10 1( + 1 3 .
0 6 , 1 10 1( + 4 .
1 .
h : 1 0 5 1 10 1 1 1 03 ( + 7 .
E R :
1 12 1( + 1 .
0.
1 21 .
21 .
2 .
V E R :
1 .
+ 1 .
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+ 1 .
1 .
te s : 11 2 2.
1 12 4 -1 1 29 ( + 5 3 .
1 .
u wa h hi d s: 1 1 22 .
1 23 ( + 1 .
e H : 1 12 3 ( + 1 .
: 1 1 22 .
V E R : no ne re po rt ed .
E R :
1 4 .
11 3 , 1 14 1 1 14 3- 11 45 1 15 1 1 15 2 ( + 4 5 0 .
( + 1 .
ng e r a nd N a c hr i ch t en : 1 1 4 .
4 ( + 3 .
.
1 1 39 ( + 3 .
14 4 1 1 4 , 1 14 7( + 1 .
13 5 1 13 7 1 13 , 1 14 3 1 14 - 11 50 .
m: 1 1 49 .
1 14 ( + 3 .
13 5 1 13 7. " 3 9. " 4 0. " 4 . " 4 9 ( + 7 .
R :
.
+ 1 5 .
.
8 ) .
E R :
5 ( + 3 .
er a n d N a c h r i ch t en : 1 1 5 .
E R : n o n e r ep o rt e d.
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P P E R : n o ne r ep or te d.
E R : n on e re po rt ed .
E R : n o ne r ep or te d.
P E R : n o n e r ep o rt e d.
P P E R :
+ 1 .
1 15 7 1 1 0 ( + 3 .
3 .
E R :
1 .
1 8 ( + 1 .
1 9 .
hn is s : 1 1 9 .
1 5 .
11 5-11 7 ( + 1 .
1 .
11 5.
1 1 3 .
P P E R :
71 .
E R : n o ne r ep or te d.
E R :
te s : 11 7 3 1 1 74 .
P E R : n o ne r ep or te d.
E R : n o n e r el i ab l y re p or t ed .
E R : n o ne r e po r te d .
E R : n o n e r ep o rt e d.
R : n o n e r ep o rt e d.
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C I P T S
4 4 a 8 7 1 - 9 57 9 5 9- 9 4 9 6 - 9 77 9 1 - 10 0 0 1 0 0 2- 1 01 1 1 0 13 1 0 17 - 10 2 1
1 1 03 1 1 57 - 11 9 .
9 1 9 5 , 9 5 1 05 3 1 05 4 1 05 , 1 10 3a .
7 , 9 0 1 01 2 1 01 , 1 02 3 1 05 7- 10 59 1 0 1 .
3 7 6 3 , 8 6 2 .
5 7- 57 0 5 74 5 77 57 , 5 79 5 1 - 0 , 6 0 - 3 , 6 3 9- 7 , 6 8 1 - 8 5 6 8 7- 90
5- 9 7 6 9 9- 70 3 7 0 5- 6 1 8 6 3 - 7 0 H 1 -H 1 4 M 1 9 7 9 1 00 1 1 0 14 1 01 5 1 02 2
- 11 0 2 1 1 04 - 11 2 1 1 1 24 - 11 5 , 1 1 70 - 11 7 4.
t: 5 2 -5 6 , 5 71 -5 73 5 75 5 7 , 5 77 a 5 0 6 0 7 6 7 9 6 8 0 6 8 6 , 6 9 1 6 9 3
4 1 1 22 1 12 3.
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E N O M N AT O NS
I NAR W E I GH TM D A
NAR
4-50 , 511-525. 52 , 530-533. 537. 53 .
45 5 47 -5 50 5 53 .5 55 -5 57 5 2 5 4 5 7 5 9 -5 72 5 74 -5 2 5 4 -5 9 .5 92
6 0 1- 1 4 6 1 - 1 9 6 2 - 2 9 6 3 1- 33 6 3 7- 42 6 4 4.
5 2- 5 , 6 59 - 6 3 6 6 5 6 7 0 6 71 .
6 7 , 6 7 9 6 8 2 - 8 6 , 6 8 9 - 9 3 7 13 7 15 -7 33 7 35 ~ 74 1. 74 9- 75 5 7 59 ~ 77 9
1 793-79 , 8 0 2 8 0 - 1 , 8 1 , 8 1 9 8 21- 27 8 2 9 8 3 1 8 3 3
47 8 5 5- 6 6 .
12 .
-2 4 a.
0 9 2 -2 0 9 2 1 1 - 44 .
4 9 -4 95 . 49 7- 49 9 5 09 5 10 5 2 , 5 27 5 29 5 34 5 35 .
5 54 55 , 5 59 5 3 5 5 5 6 , 5 8 , 5 73 5 3 590 593 6 1 5 6 2 0- 23 6 3 0
7 6 5 , 6 6 4 6 6 6 , 6 6 7 .
6 7 7 6 8 0 6 8 1 6 8 7 6 9 4- 99 7 14 7 34 7 42- 744 7 4 - 74 , 7 5 -7 57 7 0 7 1
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E I G H TS AND D I AM T R S
hid goldislistedfirst followedbythelatergold theelectrum the
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d D i a m et e rs
cmensMa imumA verageMa imumMinimum
eighedWeightWeightDiameterD iameter
I R A T
L E D I R H E M
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NTS
ts withthoseinAfrica precedingthoseinSpain.I ntheinterests
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sarealla.h.D iacriticalmarksareomittedfromdynasticnames.Abbre-
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4 0 M u wa h hi d 1 0 g: 5 1 4
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5 5 M u wa h hi d 1 + 1 A g : 47 5
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in id 7 g :7 15 7 15 a 7 1 ; s : 11 3
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hh id 2 g :4 5
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A T S
icalmarksareomittedfromnamesofmints anddynasties.
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T E S
abicalphabeticalorder.Therulers listedarethoseto whomthe
cessarilythosewhostruckthecoins. D iacriticalmarksareomittedfrom
0 92 1 , 1 1 1
3- 11 0 1 12 -1 3 1 9 -1 7 ,
1 95 2 01 -2 04 2 11 2 22 -2 27
7 3- 2 7 , 1 1 3
22 , 2 29 272 279
2 1 90 -1 93 1 9 - 2 00 2 05 -
5 , 2 0 - 29 4 3 0 0- 3 05
3 31 -3 3 , 3 39 -3 54
3 27 . 35 5. 3 5
3 37 3 57
3 0 - 31 0 3 1 - 32 0 3 29
3 5 - 44
7- 11 0
0 -5 33 . 53 7 5 3 , H 3 H 4
, 5 0 -5 94 6 0 1 6 0 2 6 0 ,
2 9 6 3 1- 34 6 37 6 3 , 6 4 1 6 4 2
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90 11 1
, 9 00 -9 04 9 14
1 7 2- 1 0 2 34 2 3 ,
34 . 93 , 9 3 , 9 59 -9 3 .
10 12 1 01 5 1 01
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n
95 4 97 4 9 , 5 0 0 -5 02
4 -5 3 5 5 3 7 . 53 , 5 4 ,
59 4. H 3 H 4 H 5 M 1
1 0 5 -1 09 , 1 09 -1 11 ,
1 1 71
2 3 5- 2 37 2 3 9- 4 03
939-944. 947-949.
, 9 70 -9 7 9 90 -1 00 ,
1 1 2 -1 1 9
1 0 25 - 10 3 0 1 0 33 - 10 3 ,
1 0 4 - 1 05 2
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ateMedievalNorthAfrica
1 14 9
0 92 1n 11 1
3- 11 0 1 12 -1 3 1 9 -1 7 ,
1 95 2 01 -2 04 2 11 2 22 -2 27
7 3- 2 7 , 1 1 3
22 , 2 29 272 279
2 1 90 -1 93 1 9 - 2 00
4 4- 2 5 , 2 0 - 29 4
2 1- 3 2 , 3 3 1- 3 3 ,
27 3 55 3 5
3 3 7. 3 5 7
3 0 - 31 0 3 1 - 32 0 3 29
3 5 - 44
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- 0 o 6 0 2 - 0 7 6 0 9 .H 7
- 19
2 7
, 5 03 5 3 , 53 9 5 42 -5 45 .
5 5- 5 57 . 5 0 5 2 - 59 3 .
41 6 4 4 H 6 , 1127
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R O P E R NAM S AND E P I TH E T S
tedin strictArabicalphabeticalorder includingtheprefi esal-
min
9 6 0 4 - 0 7 1 03 4- 10 3
6 0 9 6 6 5 - 6 8 , 8 2 7 1 17 3 1 17 4
8 8 - 90 H 7 1 1 1
2 2 3
95 . 5 9 , M 1
7 .5 8 , 5 74 -5 7
5 0 , 5 . 5 12 5 57 -5 6 , 5 77 -5 79 .
6 41- 4 4 6 6 3 6 6 4 6 6 9 6 71 7 7
1075
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H 2 H 3 H 4 H 5 M1 10 5-1074
5 - 53 9. 55 4. H 1 H 2 H 3 H 4
H 1 H 2
5- 6 8 , 8 00- 03 8 05- 30 H 1 3 H 1 4
1 5 , 1 1 73 1 1 74
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me s a nd E p i th e ts
ah
- A ll a h
l a - d in - al - ha q
h
h-wahdihi
b-al- alam1n
llah
n-Allah
l-nabi
97 -7 99 .8 6 9
4 3 93 -3 95 4 04 -4 0 , 4 0 - 41 2
4 3 7- 4 43 5 4 0 5 4 1 1 1 17 - 11 2 0
7- 11 0
95 4 97 4 9 , 5 00 -5 02 5 04 -5 09
5 40 5 4 , 5 51 5 54 5 5 , 5 59
2 H 3 H 4 H 5 M1
6 0 - 13 6 1 - 19 6 2 7 6 29 6 3 1
1 6 47 6 5 - 6 4 6 7 0 6 7 1 77 , 779
7 9-792 8 3 3 8 34 H 7 1127 1150
52- 5 , 7 9-777 H 1 2 1 155
0- 23 6 2 5 6 29 6 3 1 6 37 6 3
5 30 5 33
32
-5 6 , 5 71 -5 73 5 77 -5 79 6 0 2 6 0 4 - 0 7
8 0 1 8 0 2 8 07- 19 8 2 1- 30 8 3 ,
6 0 H 6 , H 1 4 1 121
57- 11 0
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ayn
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5 4 -5 9 5 97 -5 99 .6 0 2 6 0 - 2 3
7 6 3
8 , 6 2 9 6 5 5- 57
1 9
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5 9
4 4
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1 9
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1- 3 4 6 3 7 6 3 , 6 4 1 6 42 H 6 , H 7
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me s a nd E p i th e ts
4 0 - 41 0 8 9 1- 9 7 9 0 0 9 0 1 9 0 2a
5 0 0- 5 09 5 - 5 39 . 5 42 5 4 3. 5 4 5.
8 3 2 H 1 H 2 H 3 H 4 H 5 M1
0 29 - 10 3 1 1 0 34 - 10 3 , 1 0 39 - 10 4 ,
1 5 0
- 90 1 1 1
1 4 1 1 4 2 1 5 2- 3 13 . 3 21 - 33 0
3 75 . 37 , 3 0 -3 92 3 9 - 40 5.
427-429. 433-435. 437-443.
- 91 2 9 14 -9 25 9 2 - 93 1 9 39 9 47 -9 49
9 70 -9 73 9 75 9 77 .9 7 . 9 0 -9 4
3 1 0 07 1 01 7 1 1 2 1 1 3
0 5
57- 11 0
7- 11 0
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19 . 6 5 9 - 6 2
40 72 -745 8 6 0 - 6 7 H 8
2 7 9 02 -9 7 9 70 -1 01 7 1 15 5 1 1 2 -1 1 9
5 9 5
0 77
1 2
5 04 -5 0 , 5 1 1 5 1 2 5 5 7 -5 2 5 4 . 5 6 ,
2 , 6 4 1 - 4 4 6 5 3 6 5 5 - 5 7
7 7 9-792 797-799 8 3 5 8 6 8 - 70
8 7 2- 79 1154
23
5 1 8 3 3 8 3 4
9 8 3 7 8 3 , 8 5 0 - 5 2 1 12 4- 11 29
4 3 2 7 13 9 0 , 9 2 - 9 31 9 53 9 5 9 1 -9 7
1 0 20 - 10 2 3 1 0 34 - 10 3 , 1 0 39 - 10 4 ,
9- 3 43
12 5 45 -5 5 , 5 7 .5 8
51 1 5 12 7 13 7 14 H 1 H 2
30 -1 32 1 35 -1 40 1 43 -1 51 4 1 -4 9 .
5 22 -5 39 5 54 H 1 H 2 H 3 H 4
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N V E NT O NA I N SCR I P T O NS
l— D J L r * u U l al
u luy - .l
ul t U l
j < u l
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1 0 5 -1 11 9 1 12 2 1 12 3 1 13 7 1 14 1- 11 47 1 15 0 1 17 0
13 < u < 15 ^ . V l
701 77 , 779 7 2-7 5 « ul J c j T ^ ) l ( j )
5 < u lJ i i L l
6 40 6 6 6 , 6 73 6 7 , 6 7 7 6 79- 8 1 6 8 4- 8 7 6 91- 97 734 < uJ - l( j )
75 5 7 59 -7 8 , 7 99 - 0 2 8 0 7 8 0 , 8 1 7 8 2 0 8 3 4
8 45- 47 8 55- 6 6 , H " , H 14
5 45 6 4 , 6 49 6 9 , 8 7 0 1 0 5 -1 07 4 1 105 1 135 .O j l l J l * u J - ( j )
1 14 , 1 14 9 1 15 1 1 15 4 1 15
5 11 5 12 5 20 -5 25 5 2 , 5 30 -5 33 .5 37 .5 3 , 6 5 0 6 5 2 7 2 - • o < u J - l( j )
4 9 .7 5 1- 7 55 7 > 9 - 7 77 7 9 3- 7 9 . 8 0 2 8 0 7 8 0 ,
, 8 1 9 8 21- 2 , 8 2 , 8 2 9 8 33 8 3 - 39 H 3 -H 5 H 1 0
-5 57 .5 2 5 4 .5 7 5 8 , 5 70 -5 72 .5 74 -5 o 5 4 -5 9 « * 2 > s> l J / l( j )
0 1. 6 0 2 . 6 0 4- 1 4 6 1 - 1 9 6 2 5 - 2 9 6 3 1 - 3 4
6 4 1 6 4 4 6 4 5 6 7 4 6 75 6 7 , 6 8 2 6 8 3 6 8 9 6 90 714
759-7 8 , H 6 , H 9 H H
r 4
5 -5 57 5 2 -5 8 , 5 70 -5 0 5 3 -5 90 5 95 5 97 -5 99 6 0 1 - < u p i ( j )
5 6 6 6 , 6 7 3- 8 7 6 8 9 - 9 7 7 04 749-755 759-7 8 , 8 0 , 8 0 ,
, H 9 H 11
755 8 07 8 0 , 8 3 O i J j J l ( j )
6 , 6 8 8 , 6 9 1a- 94 70 0 7 04 7 14- 72 5 7 50 -75 4 7 59 -7 8 , 8 0 , 8 0 9 « u i i l ( j )
6 7 , 6 8 2- 8 5 6 8 9 6 90 7 5 - 7 8 , H 12 <a1 01 j i 1
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1 07 - 10 3 1 0 5 - 10 9 , 1 09 - 11 20 1 12 2 1 1 23 1 14 1- 11 47 b < u l
" o il
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6 7 7 6 7 9- 8 1 6 8 6 , 6 8 7 6 9 1- 9 , 7 14 749 8 0 2 8 07 8 3 7 « u d ftil ( . )
5- 55 7. 57 4- 57 . 59 2 6 4 5 6 7 4 6 7 5 6 7 , 6 8 2 6 8 3 « u H l ( ) )
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55 3 . 55 5 -5 5 7. 5 9 . 5 74 - 57 , 5 1 5 2 5 9 4 . 6 4 5 . < a l J - j l l
, 6 8 2- 8 5 6 8 9 6 90 759-7 8 , H 1 2
91 7 04 7 07 -7 09 7 12 < u l c ^ -l
7 33 7 3 - 7 42 7 44 .8 3 4 < a lV - l
< u l1 ^ l
u l L > l
ul ol
( J . ^ i l bl 0 » V l J j J l j X mO il J l
l ^ dCa ^ j d Cl cl _j t i « ; j J s L > c Sl j ^ l « » i lt iX J j i i 1 3 b " i L ' l
l 4 l
» \ < u l4.
6 7 2 7 7 - 7 6 , 8 0 0 8 0 3 8 32 8 5 3 8 6 1- 6 7 H 13 O il .-u l
8 1 , H 8 J ( l -r <ul
L * < u l« a> l
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nd er n o. 6 4 b
n de r no . 6 5
v1
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4a M U R A B I T G ol d: 2 - 44
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o ld C o in s : 44 a - 53 0 a n d Me d al : M l
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40 -5 41 H A S D G o ld :5 4 - 4 4
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6 4 - 7 1 E a rl yM AR l N D G ol d: 6 7 - 70
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14 - 3 1
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9
er : 8 7 4- 8 7 M U R A B I T S il ve r: 8 8 8 - 1 0 52 M U W A H H I D S i lv er : 10 2 -1 09 7
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i lv e r: 1 1 01 - 11 0 4 A m ul e t: 1 1 1 n o te H U D I D S i lv e r: 1 1 17 - 11 2 1
12 3 -1 1 29 M A R I N D S i l v er : 1 13 5 -1 1 50 N A SR I D S i l v er : 1 15 3
11 5 4- 1 15 ; M U R A B I T C op p er : 1 1 9 H A S D C o p pe r : 11 7 3 A m u l et : 1 17 4 n ot e .
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F CAU L O N A
NNU M SMAT CSO C E T
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E S R V E D
NU M SMaT CSO C E T
G R M AN AT J . J . AU G U ST N G U c STAD T
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NT NTS
e10
32
rd59
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N
Cauloniawasstartedmanyyearsagointhe reasonable
tprovideinformationthatwouldparallelor clarifytheprocedure
rsandaddvaluabledatato thehistoryoftheseGreekcities in
ctionofC aulonia in3 9/ 3 b. C . withtheconse uentstoppage
eddateofconsiderablesignificanceandsomeconvenience.
rysources forCauloniamakestheevidencewhichthecoins
rtance.
asno intentionofattemptingtofindadefinitivee planation
yearswhichhave intervenedhaveshownthistobea wise
hinthediscussionI citemanyw hohaveattemptedane planation
w isdom leavetheso lutionof thissphin - l ik equestiontosome
e— someonewhowillperhapsbringanunbiasedapproach
he creatorsofthissymbolismhadin mind.
ntforthecourtesiesreceivedduringthepreparationofthis
againthenamesof themanycabinetsandcollectorslisted in
s.Casts photographsandinformationhavebeenfurnishedwith
Curatorsofall thegreatnationalcollectionsandmythanksto
dentirelyinade uate.Manyindividualcollectorshavebeenno
arenolongerwith ustoreceivethis e pressionofgratitude.An
tMr. Newell sgatheringofthecoins ofthismintwasunusually
tomycolleaguesisgreat.To P rofessorAlfredR .B ellingerand
a ldw inB rettI amundergreatobligationforhe lpfuladv ice . To
andtoMr.SawyerMcA.Mosserand themembersofhiseditorial
perationandencouragementthatbeggarswords.To Mr.R ay-
uethecreditforthephotographicresults o f tenwrungf rommateria l
astbutnotleast totheAmericanNumismaticSocietyandthe
museum I amgladtomakeacknowledgementfortheoppor-
r completingthiswork.
fall istoestablisha se uenceinthecoinage whichstartedwith
tomary inthisregion andlater a f teraperiodw hose lengthhasbeen
ecture changedtothedouble-reliefform( customaryelsewherein
leifanyeffortto placethedouble-reliefstatersinorder hadbeen
ample theengravedreproductionsofC are ll iandGarrucciare
inade uate.
o inageofSouthI ta lyk now itw asthepracticeofmany
sing thesurvivorofapair ofdieswiththenewlycut die
none.B ecausetheupperdiehadto withstandgreaterstress it
weronewhoselongerlife wasduetothebolstering orbuttressing
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nwhichitwasset. Althoughthereislittle dataotherthanthe
gardingthematerialfromwhichthedies weremade wedofind
tenoutlastthreepunchdiesandsometimesmore.O ncethishas
ssibletobuildup groupsofconnecteddies— groupswhichoften
nt. B yemployingothercriteria suchastheevidenceprov idedby
ceofsymbolsprobablyto beidentifiedasthebadgesof magistrates
doubtastowhichof twogroupsmusthaveprecededtheother.
engathered ase uencef re uentlymaybeestablishedw hich
ptfortheplacementofa relativelyfewsingletonsforwhichno
e istasyet.Generally theinterpolationoftheseisunlikelyto
angement.
dheredoesnotclaimfinality.P erhapsanunpublishedvarietyin
atecollectorwillbeall thatisneededtoclarify uncertaintyinthe
double-reliefstaterstherearemanyknownbyasingle specimen
f thef lansaretoosmallfo rthedies thesymbolandtheformof the
tain.Thecoinsshowthat dieswereoftenusedaftercracksor
dlongbeyondthepoint atwhichtheywouldhavebeendiscarded
tdmints. I t isthegrowthof thesedefects how ever w hich
oubtasto whichoftheaccompanyingdies whetherobverseor
ther.
e feelingthatthedatein theH istoriaNumorumforthe
aulonia( 550 istooearly . I tw ouldbemosthe lpfulifw ecould
e atthismintto coinshavingbothsidesin reliefandthehoard
ded(p. 59 prov idesreasonforplacingthisbefore473b. C . The
iaaretobedatedshortlybeforethecity sdestruction theyareof
ductionofsymbolsin additiontothetypeoccurs soonafterthe
ble-relief.Thesesymbolsprecedetheintroductionof single
eusuallyconsideredtobe theinitialsofdie-cutters.At Caulonia
ondatwo-letterform.1
T a re n tu m c f . E v a ns T h e H o r se m en o f T ar e nt u m ( L o n do n 1 8 9 , p . 4 5.
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a scointypeshouldprecede thecatalogue.Adiscussionof
wthethorninessofthe problem.Thereisverylittleevidence
cavationof thesitebyOrsi2w asdisappo intinginthatitdisclosed
purposes.
cointypeisgiven byMacdonald:3" Nakedmalefigure
tedin advanceoftheother hairboundwithdiademandfalling
hthandabranch onle f tarm w hichisoutstretched asmallf igure
dturnedback ho ldingabranchineachhand inf ront astagon
d. Theidentificationofthelarger figureasApolloseemsto be
4butseveraldifferinginterpretationse istconcerningtheidentifi-
e . 5Head o f feringanuni ue interpretationtobothf igures states
levethattheorigina lnameof thetown( K ocuA cov mayhavehadasimpler
K auX 6 s , avegetablew ithasinglesta lk suchforinstanceasthePastinaca
thestalkofwhichis flankedbyarowofpinnate leaves.Therootsofthisplant
veryremotetimesasa valuableesculent.Subse uently hereaselsewhere a
ymousoek istw ouldnatura llybesoughtforandidentif iedasKotO X os sonof
andthe loca lplantw ouldbeassignedtohimasanemblem j ustasthecrfX ivov
ftheeponymousheroofSelinus. O nthecoinsof Cauloniatheprincipalfigure
mythicalfounderholdingin hisraisedrighthandthe irapdoTmovofthecity
geniusrunningat fullspeedandcarryingapparentlythesameemblemin
stco insofC aulonia l ik ethoseofsomanyothercities w erechie f lyusedon
recurrentagonisticfestivals... thenthesmallrunninggeniuswithwingedfeet
forapersonif icationof ' A y vorH ermesdycoviosor8p uios. ..
ntonthefoundingofC auloniashow sbutlittleconnectionbetw een
ndthecointype hise planationofthattypeshowsits signi-
ousandhisusualacumenin analy ingpublishedopinionstobe
basedasit isonaseries ofassumptions disclosesitsweaknessas
e— theidentificationofthebranch— ischallenged.Thesi eof
13 1915. Thesee cavationsaffordevidenceregardingthetempleandthew alls
r thef loorandthefoundationsa loneremain butitw aspossibletoreconstruct
hafacadeofsi co lumns hav ingaroofo fParianmarbletiles. Thismaybean
fthe citywasgreaterthanthe e tentofitscoinagewouldhave ledoneto
swereconstructedofbouldersfrom thebedsofthestreamson eithersideofthe
C o inTypes the irOriginandDevelopment( Glasgow 1905 , p. 132.
y d " O n t h e T y pe s o f th e Co i ns o f Ca u lo n ia " N C X ( 1 4 7 -4 ) ; M . R a o ul -
rvationssurletypedumonnaiesdeC aulonia etsurce luidequel uesautresm dailles
a S ic i le " M i mo i re s d e Nu mi s ma t i u e e t d A n t i u i U ( P a r i s 1 4 0 ; E . S . G .
gon Z a n kl e- Me ss an a an d th e Sa mi an s " J H S L X I ( 1 94 ) .
o yd o p .c i t. R a o u l -R o c h e tt e o p . ci t . R o b in s on o p . ci t .
C r e a
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tothelaurelthanto thepastinacasativa.F urthermore the
natewhereasthoseofthepastinacasativaare irregular.
identifiedbyR aoul-Rochette7as Apollo.H epointsout
f igure istobe identif ied if thisispossible by thedistinguishing
sorsymbols.Thelonghair ofthisbeardlessfigure aswellasthe
hich canbeassociatedwiththeyouthfulApollo.H efeelsthatthe
armos apersonif icationof thegeniusof lustrationandre ects
andB oreasaspossibil ities. Thesubordinationof thew ingedf igureto
e suggestionofH ermesandtheabsenceofa singleoccurrenceof
ymbolsonthe coinageofthecityis surelyconclusiveevidencethat
s.Thelustralbranchesmakeitunlikelythat thisfigureisP erseusas
rsymbolsassociatedwithhim.
seemsapreferable identif icationforthesmallerf iguretoL loyd. H e
hthe traditionq uotedbyP ausanias9thatCauloniawasfounded
phonofAegium.An unconvincingefforttoconnectTyphonwith
sis notpressed butsupportisclaimedfrom thenamegivento
weenC auloniaandL ocri asthe indicationofa loca lculto f this
ocerta inclimaticcondit ionsC aulonia sda imontypew asa
anothersouthernI taliantownreflectsitsclimaticconditions
theearofbarleywhichwas anindicationofitsagricultural wealth.
ecoastin amountainousregion seemstohavederivedits chief
earbyforests.Apparentlythis townen oyedaratherconstant
thestreamsAlaroson thesouthandP recariti( themodern
0Ly ingonthesouthernslopeof thew atershed C auloniaw asinthe lee
ctedfromthewestandnorthwestwindsin thewinter.D uringthe
bree etemperedtheheat11andthe southandsoutheastwinds
sefavorableconditionsmaypossiblyhavebeenattributedby
god.
carriesalustralbranch anessentialpartofeverysacrifice.12
catethatCauloniawascleansedfroma pestilence Thisisnot
osperousCrotonwhoselatertypeshowsH eraklesO ikistasholding
oul-Rochette14points out.AlthoughsouthernI talyisknowntohave
aticconditions thefactthatCauloniawassurroundedbyforests
agefacilitieswouldseemtoindicatethat sheen oyedhealthful
op. cit . p. 25.
o y d " O n t h e t y pe s o f th e C oi n s of C au l on i a " N C X ( 1 4 7 -1 4 ) , p p . 1 -2 0 .
v idR andall-Mc ver Greek Cit iesinI ta lyandSicily ( O x ford 1931 ,
NormanDouglas OldC a labria p. 413.
eek Studies ed. L eonardWhibley ( C ambridge 191 ) , p. 405. C f . Dictionnaire
e s et R o m a i ne s e d . C h. D a r e m be r g E d m . Sa g li o a nd E . P o t t i er ( P a r is 1 9 05 , I I I ,
nos. 17 -1 1 w herethef ille t ishangingoverthearmof thegod.
op. cit. pp. 33-37.
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eforethemorewarrantablyconcurwithR aoul-Rochette sbelief
efertothe city shavingbeencleansedfroma pestilence.
gtheassociationoncoins ofoliveandbaywiththe headof
ctionas godofmiddaylightandheat recentlysuggestedthe
gardingthecointypeinq uestion:
tthis aspectofthegodwaswell-knowninthis particularcornerofI taly
edinthefamiliarcoin typeofneighboringK aulonia:ayouthfulfigure
shandandwitha secondaryfigure sometimeswithwingedheels also
nng a lo ng h is o ut st re tc he d ar m ( T r ai ts I I I 1 P I . L X X 1 4- 5 P I . L X X I 1 -5 .
timebeeninterpretedasariver-god butthedeerthatalwaysaccompanies
A pollo the lustra lbranchw hichheissw ingingisthemeansof ferti l ity and
hisarmsymboli esthesamepowerasthe swastikaortriskeles towhich
esemblance.I tisinterestingto noteinthisconnectionthat onanearly
M. C. I ta ly p. 33 , No. 1 ) A po lloastype isreplacedby thetriske les andthatona
statersthehair ofthestridingfigureis deliberatelytreatedsothatthelocks
s...15
montoa swastikaortriskelesandtheinterpretationofthe
nsof ferti l ity donotcary fullnessofconviction.
onsbyfourdistinguishednumismatistsshowhowdifficultit
ge positionof themeaningof thetype. L etusconcludemere ly
obably thato fA po llo presentedasthecity sfounder thatthe
entification andthatthestagis theparasemonofthecity.
ofGreeksculpture andnumismaticshaveq uestionedwhether
dby adie-cutterorwasderivedfrom asculpturalprototype.
sthe lattersuggestionw henhew rites " e actandserv ile imitationsof
everbeautifuldidnotsuggestitselfto themindoftheartists who
andconcludes " aslongasGreek artw asa live ane actorslavish
fw asa llbutunk now n. 1 R eglingho ldsasimilarv iew butatthe
persistenceofacointypealmost unchangedfor150yearsmay
statue.17R aoul-Rochette1 aswellasMacdonald19considerthe
nthecaseof theA po llo f igure. Macdonald how ever re ectsthe
eanintegralpartof agroupbecauseitrests uponaseparate
titudeofdependancyore pectancytobeseenonthe partofthe
fthestagseemto metoindicatea relationshipbetweenthem.
edevenbythecrudestdie-cuttersup tothetimeofthe disap-
sfromthe obverse.Theseparategroundlineofthestagmight
e possibilityofasculpturalprototype.
positiontoanyconsiderationoftheobversetypesas derived
theroundbecauseofthetechnical difficultyofsupportingit
wnremainsofothergroupsprovidea satisfactoryanalogy.The
" R h e gi on Z a n kl e- Me ss an a an d th e Sa mi an s " J H S L X I ( 1 94 ) , p . 1 .
h e Ty p es o f G re e kC o in s ( C am b ri d ge 1 8 3 , p p . 6 8 - 9 .
H a n d bu c h de r A rc h do l og i e e d . W a lt e r O t t o ( M u n c he n 1 9 39 ; " A n ha n g:
p 1 34 -1 3 .
l o c. c i t. p . 2 .
pp. 97and132.
p. 132.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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atL ocribyOrsi 21mayhavebeeninspiredbysuchanearlier
markablemetopesfoundatP aestuminrecentyearsbyD r.
monstratehowlimitedtheknowne amplesofsculpturefromMagna
stthatimportantadditionsto whatweknowmaybeawaiting
ratthesitesofotherGreek cit iesinI ta ly . B utevenontheearliest
thetreatmentofthereversedetails especiallythedelineationof
a ir remindoneof the likecaretakenw iththefo ldsof thechlamys
reversesofthe incusestatersofP oseidonia.23Andcertainlythe
ethangsoverthearmof thefigureonthelatest staters
dX X ) impliesthatthefigure isinanimate. A sforthestag theattachment
lateX I , 139-uni uepiecefromMr. New ell sco llection asw ell
sa g s n e ck ( P l a te s V I a n d V I I , 6 9 - 70 7 2 -7 5 a n d 77 a l so s e em
astatueand difficultotherwisetoe plainasaccessoriesofthe
estaterswithbothsidesin reliefistheanimalrepresentedas
1 02 -3 1 0 , 1 10 -1 14 .
maynotbeenoughto provethatthetypeofCauloniawas
ulptura lprototype theydoshow itseemstome thatsucha
AV AO H I ATAM whichdoesnotoccuruntil wellalong
isana logoustow hatisfoundontheco insofne ighboringCroton
ris( inasingle instance . The inscriptionoccurssometimesonthe
nthereverse andsometimessingularlyenough itoccurson
the interchangingof the lettersO and£2 anda lsothef ina lM
te2 . Thecustomary formofZ occursontheco insof the last
o f thek now nspecimensofnos. 119-23 1 0 and1 1show any
indiscussingthesignificanceof inscriptionsonancientcoins
eristicallyI taliotuseofthenominativesingularad ectiveof
gbyitselfis foundonCaulonia scoinsamongothers.24I nthe
Apolloontheobverseandthe stagonthereverseonemight
st and" parasemon respectively— thereby renderingthereadings
o ni a n ( o e k is t " a n d " ( t h is i s t he C au l on i an ( p a ra s em on .
stwoclear-cutdivisions namely incuseanddouble-relief.
cordingto flan-diameters.Four stepsorgradationsaredis-
tflan-diametersarefoundontheearliestcoinsand thechanges
areabruptratherthangradua1.Thelast incusestatersappro i-
ble-reliefcoins aswellascontemporarycoinsofthe neighboring
ontum andTarentum 25andtheSicil ianmintsofA grigentum Gela
astheoverstrikestestif y .
o c ri s e c. I I I a n d D . R a nd al l- Mc v er o p . ci t. P I . V I I I .
G .M . A . R i c ht e r A r ch a ic G r ee k A rt ( N e wY o r k 1 9 49 F i g s. 2 0 4- .
b e en f o un d w it h in t h e pa s t ye a r. C f .A J A V o l . 6 2 ( 1 9 5 ) p . 4 1 p i . 11 3 .
p. 97.
TheOrigina lSignif icanceof the I nscriptiononA ncientCo ins " P rocis-
duC ongrisI nternationa ldeNumismati ueetd A rtde laMidail leC ontempora ine
0 , p p . 2 7 s . 2 C f . AN SM N V I I , 1 9 57 p p. I 3 ff -
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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G
l at es I - I I .
ereinsub-dividedintofour groups.Thefirst andthelargest
argestflan( c. 30mm. . Throughoutthisgroup the inscriptionis
tersof thecity sname anditoccursontheobverseonly . F if teen
sevenreverseshaveheendistinguished.O nthereverse the
on beingincisedinthedie wouldhavebeensusceptible
butneitherthisnor anyothermodificationhasbeendetected.
theobversehasacableborder withthepossiblee ceptionof
risnotpreserved.
eorderwithinGroup Ashouldbesubmitted.Thesestaters
nscriptionsinlarger lettersthanaretobe foundforthesucceeding
theV isdif ferentinthe laterco insofGroupA w here ittak esa
blesY .Thereisalsosupport forthisse uenceinthepostureof
enconsideredtheearlier piecesheisshownwith hisrightheel
o f forw ardmovement. F orthepiecesonP late I I , andnotablyon
I , bothfeetaref latonthegroundline thereby lesseningthefee lingof
eonbothobverseandreverseis consistentlypresent.Theorder
la te I isdetermined' by thedie- f law betw eenthe init ia lle tters
ak behindtheheadofA po llo nottobeseeninno. 1 ispresentin
he postureofthereversedaimonshouldbenoted.There
ediameterof thef lansothatthetransit iontoGroupI isless
GroupsI I andI I I . I nthisshrink age it isthebordersw hichsuf fer.
onbecausethe branchesheldineachhandof thedaimon
htheirsignificancehas beenlost.Again becausethisfigurewearsa
nddirectthanintheearlierform. F orno. 15 theda imonf igure
reverse aconditionwhichrecursin succeedinggroups.The
(nos. 1and11 show thisf igurecarry ingabranch. C anthereason
nthat itofferedmorecomplicationthanthedie-cutterwas
s I I a n d I I I ( n o s. 1 - 2 ) , a s h ar p ly b e nt l e ft a r m di s ti n gu i sh e s
earmslantingupwardinstead ofhori ontalasheretofore.No.20
desribesfromaspecimeninhis possessionasbearingintiny
( A . Thef irstthreeof these lettersarereadbyhimtothe le fto f the
with hisarm theotherfourfollowtherim infrontofthe
hI havee aminedshowthatthisreadingis unwarrantedand
L e M on et e de ll I t al ia A nt ic a ( R o ma 1 8 5 , p . 1 6 , s ec . 17 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
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l a t es I I I a nd I V
flansare slightlyreducedandatinycir cleorannulet
center isf re uentlyplacedabovetheobversestag. Thisis
ctlyidentifiedasthe lettertheta althoughR eglingreadsitasthe
7Thisletter if it isa letter a lsooccursonthereversesofnos. 27
3 and39-40 butisisnotuniformlyplaced. Thesereverseoccurrencesand
tprecludeassociatingitwith theethnic.Anotherletter re-
maretrograde occursbetweenthefeetofApollo ononeobverse
ndisa lso foundonthereverseofoneof thevarietiesassociatedw iththisdie
stfourlettersof thecity snameoccuronthereverseswiththree
2 , 29 . Theassignmentof thevarietiesatthebeginningof thegroup
thecableborder.Thisis almostimmediatelyreplacedbya
wolinearcircles.B esidesthis thesefirstthreevarietiesshare
roupAtheomissionof anyreverseinscription.Toreplacethe
A po llo issometimesgivenasecondlustralbranch(nos. 30-32 3 ,
verhis shoulderbeingindicatedverysummarilythroughoutthe
nchinf ronto f thestag.
l a te I V .
sthedistinctionof beingclassedseparately sincethereare
ngleobversedie.Theshrinkageofflanis nowmoremarked
nscriptionisinf ive lettersandnow appearsonbothobverseand
aterbirdresemblingaswanreplacesthe letterabovetherumpof
reversesomittheda imonf igure w hich how ever doesnothave
ycustomary.
P l a te V .
groupsshowsfurthershrinkageofthe flan( from24to21 mm.
agrowingcrudity inthedie-cutting especia lly forthereverses( cf .
usua llyoccurringw iththree lettersbutsometimesw ithf ive letters is
c e pt f o r no s . 49 5 3 5 4 5 , a n d 57 . O n n o s . 59 6 0 a n d po s si b ly
eoccupiesthereversespaceusua lly reservedforthe inscription para l-
ton.Theinterval betweenmayhavebeenconsiderablesince
tsof theincuseprocessseemtohavebeen forgotten.
turesofthese incusestaterscallfor comment.I ntheir
eor nothingthatmightbecalledprimitiveabout eitherthetypeor
useformatitselfmarksanadvancedstagein coining and
mightbee plainedbyitshavingbeenborrowedfromCroton
dforthetype. F orana logy regardingthetype w emustgoto
efigureofP oseidonimmediatelyremindsoneoftheheroicstatue
e G r i ec h is c he n M ii n e n d er S a mm l un g W a r re n ( B e r l i n 1 9 0 ) , p . 2 2 n o . 1 3 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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rtemesion.2 A shasbeenmentioned R eglingmak esaspecif ic
aandP oseidoniatypesinformulatinghisopinionthatthe die-
nspirationfromstatuesuntiltheH ellenisticperiod.29I nstudying
ofthe Cauloniatype wenotetheeffectivenesswithwhichit
eniceplacementof the inscriptionandtheda imon sf igure and
nsofthestag.Theavoidanceof awkwardnessintheApollofigure
thetorsofrontal theheadandlowerlimbs inprofile.Theshorten-
uisedbythe hairtresses sothatthecontrastis lessnoticeable.
earliestissuesofPose idoniaare lessf inishedandmuchmore
lonia.F orCroton therearetoofewelementsinc ommonto
ferenceinincidence.W edonotknowhowlong thedisasteratthe
theco inagebeginningsatC roton( H eaddatesthe latteras550b.C . .
daseveresetback however inwhichCauloniawouldhave
ort distancefromtheSagras.AtCaulonia suchrefinementsasthe
aimonsuggestan intervalbetweenthecoinageonwhichitfirst
her citiesusingtheincusec onvention.Moreover theoutlining
sesisatechnicalitynot foundatMetapontumuntilwellalongin
heseconditionspointtoanearlier beginningatMetapontum it
snot yetsufficientdataforestablishinghowmuchearlier.
e E . M yl on as " T he B r o n e S ta tu e fr om A rt em is io n " A J A X L V I I I ( 1 94 4 ,
innote17.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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L I E F CO I N AG
P l a t es V I a nd V I I
ningbehindthearrangementofthe double-reliefstaters itis
osesofc omparisonthisgroupdoesnotgreatlyoverruna single
ciculi30of theSylloge thetypeforthereversew iththebranchinf ront
) isgivenprecedenceoverthisgroup( E ) , andforthatreasonthe
bemadeclear. I nGroupE, theobverse inscriptionsareof three
upF theyareconsistentlyoffourletters.Thecableborder a
theincuseformat givesplacetoadotted borderbeforewe
. Whetherthebranchcharacterist ico fGroupF isconsidereda
maybeopentoq uestion butthevarietieswithoutthisaccessory
han tofollowitsintroduction andstylistically theycome
egroupissimplifiedby thediecombinationswhichdictate
efoundbutsevenobversescombinedwithsi teenreverses theremust
nted.No.6 2isplacedat theverybeginningbecauseoftheform
ause6 4awhichimmediatelyfollows( byreasonofthescale of
occursinthehoarddiscussedhereafter( cf . p. 59 . Thisstateris
sues inthathoard— alongwithitis asingledouble-relief
ehoardmusthavebeensecretednotlong afterthetransition
adtakenplaceatC auloniaandPose idonia andto j udgef rom
andCrotoninthis hoard beforethechangetookplaceat
scalelettersof theinscriptionforGroupE giveplacealmost
s.Thereversesofthis groupbearnoinscription.Thoseshowing
w ithaw reathabouttheneck of thestag( nos. 69 6 9a 6 gd
toobversesa lsocombinedwithaw reathlessstagw hichshow by the
rsediethat thewreathlessformprecededtheother aswasto
no. 62 hasareverse uni ueamongdouble- re lie f staters w hichhas
aborder ofdots— aformobviouslyderivedfromtherimof the
erofdotson thereversewhichimmediatelyfollowsisminimi ed
corative importance inGroupF .
1 P l at es V I I , V I I I a nd I X
rsesandreversesbearinscriptions. I nadditionthereverseshave
front ofthestag.These uenceisachievedbyworkingback-
asthelongestinscriptionsso far isplacedlastbecausea tendency
becomescommoninthefollowinggroup.I talsosharesthe same
I X .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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e
w herethere isacomple o fbranchesonthereverse . B ecause
ycopiedf romno. 87 thecomple o fbranchesissimplerforno. 8 7than
isreasonablethatthe simplerbranchshouldprecedethemore
lthoughwemaynotdeterminethe progressiondiebydie itis
edevolutionisconfirmedbychangesin theinscriptions bythe
gure andbytheproportionsofthe stagonbothobverseand
nthatnos. 7 and79 w iththe leaf insteadof thebranch be longat
The threeletterreverseinscriptionandthescale ofthestagseem
ce.
la tesI X andX
n stylebetweenthisgroupandGroupF .I fthearrangement
ereisaclear indicationofane tendedintervalbetweennos.101
boththef iguresof theobverseA po lloandthereversestag insteadof
uietpose arerepresentedinmotionwitha vigorlittleshortof
thandultimatelyreturningtoa staticposition.Thereisnotable
ttingwhichseemstopartakeof thenewvigorinthe types.
ntroductionofsymbolsor accessoriestothetype.E x ceptforthe
e placedontheobverse.F orthesucceedinggroup theseadditions
alforthis group thedaimonfiguredisappears.Althoughit
m i edtosomee tent itherereachesa limito fcrudityand
rgementsofnos. 104and107onP latesX I X andX X respectively .
edfromnos. 105 10 , 11 and117whiletherearepossible
I I . O nno. 104thestagisbadlyplacedandonno. 105w hichshares
o stagatall.Thestag isagainomittedonthe obversesofnos.no
socasualthatit mighteasilyevadeobservation.Theobverse
hasbeenshow nwithheadreverted indicatingadependentre-
inningw ithno. 112thestag sheadislikethatonthereverse—
e ceptinno. 11 , continuesinthisposit ion.
e plainedbyworkingbackwardfromno.117.Nos.115-117
ndonthis reverse theprogressionofthedie breakshowsthatthis
3-115share thesameobversedie thedeteriorationofwhich
eboundingstagofnos.110-113ties themtogether.O nnos.107-109
rybut theobversefigureofApollois not.I tagreesperfectlywith
ecedesorno. now hichfo llow s. Nos. 105and10 ( sameobverse
tagswhileacommonreversebringsno. 104intoplace.Nos.102
bverse thelatterbeingmoreworn.P erhapstheleavesonthe
ty li a tionof thebranchofGroupF ratherthanasymbol. Onthe
hesprayofthreeleavesseemsto betheprototypeofthereverse spray
a lthoughtw oberrieshavebeenaddedtothe latter.
setypefor thisgroupareveryinteresting partlybecause
ssification.Theirnatureisq uitedifferentfromthemorepersonal
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ar o inochoe etc. w hichareaccompaniedby the initia lso f thenamesof
rthcenturystaters ofMetapontum.I nthefifthcentury thereare
eMetapontinesymbols.Theiroccurrenceon thereversegenerally
elationor connectionwiththemaintype.F orifthereverse
toGroupF atC aulonia isasymbolforw oodsortheforest( a
ontoindicatethehabitatof thestag , thebranchaddedtothe
1wouldhavethesamesignificance althoughitsappropriateness
clear.Theconnectionbetweenthe conventionali edtreeform
sestagisalmostobvious butthesprigon thereverseofno.102is
odepriveit ofanyconnectionwiththestag. Thewreathonno.112
and113are lesseasilyassociatedwithApolloalthoughthebirds
dlif e . Moreover onno. 10 themask ofafo orhindinaf rameof
ameimplication.
onthatthe regularitywhichhadmarkedGroupF has
vationinGroupG acharacteristicwhichcarriesoverinto
egree.
40 P l a te s X a n d X I
markedbythebranchon thereverses thisgroupisdistinguished
riesora singleleaf.Thedaimori whichdisappearedinthe
completelylackinghere.Thereseemsto beaslightdeteriorationin
echangesinthetreatmentofthe inscription includingits
seandreverseonnos.119-123.The figureofApolloisgenerally
esenseofmovementonbothsides whichmarkedtheissuesof
pearedbytheendof GroupH .Thediemulingsbring intoclose
swhichonewouldhavehesitatedtoassociateotherwise.
hebeginningofthisgroup asalreadynoted haveincommon
twoberriesinthefield ofthereverse.I tseemsreasonabletosee
the obverseofno.11 theprototypeofthisreversesymbo1.
alreversesofGroupH areinferiortothose ofnos.115-117which
betweennos.117 and11 .D iecombinationsandprogressingdie
ownas willbeseenfromthediagramof diecombinations.
ontoan earlierforminthatthe headoftheobversestagis
pG weoccasionallyfindobverseadditions.O nnos.121-123
nmy j udgmentnotacicada w hichalsooccursonnos. 127-129
relationbetweenthesecoins althoughthemuhngsseemto
eversesymbolonno. 129isatree whichisfarmoreconventional-
formsdescribedpreviously.O nnos.130and131 thereversespray-
ent whichmarksatimeseparationfromtheform usedon
ulonia stypeI gavereasonsforthinkingthattheplacingof the
arategroundlinewasperhapsanindicationthat thetwofigures
alcultstatueof Apolloaccompaniedbyastagwithsome
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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e
ossibletofollownow.I nGroupGwe findthestag sgroundline
ghouttheincuseformat undergoingachange.O nnos.107-109
ngresemblingthecapitalofacolumnbeneaththe stag.O n
asbeenmodifiedso thatitisvery muchlikeastatue-basis
roportions. Onnos. 124-12 how ever thisbasis w hichordinarily
fthestag bearsastrangeanimalwithoutantlersandwith a
din somewhatthesamewayastheheadof thechargingbullon
epresented.Grosscarelessnessseemsamorelikelye planation
utionforthefigure ofthestag.
groupareknownina singleorina smallnumberof
9isoneof theformer. Inscriptions a lthoughw ornandinshortened
othdies. Thefilletshangingfromtheantlersof thestag however
tdistinction.Theirdelicatelineartreatmentisbest seeninthe
I X . Sty list ica lly thespreadlegsof thisstagare lik ethoseof
p.Thesi eoftheletters oftheinscriptionmightgiveit aplace-
hanisshownhere.
no . 140arek nowntoe ist one isinParisandtheotherin
eenknownandR aoul-Rochette31has writtenaboutthistype.
edthesecoins considerthemsuspect. L ook ingatthereversef irst
rpositionofthe inscriptionwiththreelettersin averticalline
e lsew here inthiscity sco inage. Theposit ionof thestag santlers
estance withthespreadforelegsisemployed.I tisthe obverse
uestionable . B oththethick groundlineandtheheavy clumsybody
areincontrastto thepresentationwehavecometoknow.
of symbolsisnotfoundelsewhere.Thefountainis notunlikeone
157 butthelion s-headwaterspoutwouldmoreappropriately
asitdoes onthestatersofTerina thanintoastationaryfont.I n
hyphallichermfacingtoright withafilletedbucraniumaboveit.
figure ofApolloorto eachother andsuggestahandor amind
o ledesign if suchitcanbecalled bearstheearmark sof the
ormore ago.
diecombinationsunknowntomemayalterthearrangement
ple nos. 127-129withtheobverse insect andnos. 130-131w iththe
maycomelaterrather thanwheretheyhavebeenplaced.The
o. 127andA onno. 12 mightw ithe ua lappropria tenessentitle
roupI andthe longvertica linscriptionintiny lettersonthe
ightfollowratherthanprecedenos. 132-134.
1 P l a t es X I I a n d X I I I
ofsome oftheprecedingclasses providesevidencethatthe
argeone andthatstrictregularityof procedure whetherstylistic
g.Asinpreviousgroups diecombinationsbringtogetherstaters
o p. c it . p. 2 4 n ot e 1 P I . I I , 1 0.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ommon( cf . nos. 150-151 . F orthisgroupanivy leafsymbolisto
or reverseofsomeofthepieces. O thersymbolssuchasthe crab
metimeswiththeleaf onthesamedieand sometimeswiththe
. The letterphi( isthisasignaturesuchasw ef indatTerina?) is
e . I t isfoundbeneaththerightarmofA po lloonno. 142 be low the
s.143-147andon thereversesofnos.149-151and154 Theletter
appearsontheobverseofno . 150andintheformG ontheobverses
ereversesofnos. 155-15 asw ellasonthebron epieces( nos.
u z ling differingformssometimesoccurringonthesame
1and102wehavethe fifthletter anomicron.Thisisrepeatedly
at e r di e s ( n o s . 12 4 -1 2 5 1 3 0- 1 31 1 3 5 1 3 9 1 4 , 1 5 0 1 5 2 1 7 0 - 17 ,
aettero f the inscriptionw hengiveninfull issometimesN sometimes
andonthe lastdies sigmainitsnormalform. Thearcha icform
e herepersistsaslateasno. 1 6 . 32
es.Theobversestagis sometimespresent sometimesnot.
hegroup heresemblesagoatmorethanadeer. Thestag ssi e
fApollogrowssteadilyheavier— almostpugilistic.H isattitude
of runninginnos. 15 -1 1. Hisha irisusua lly short butin
verhisshoulderareclear. Aknotatthe backoftheheadis visible
branchinhisrighthandinterferesw iththe inscriptioninnos. 141-145
issomodif iedthatitw ouldscarce lyberecogni edasabranchif there
blishthisintention.Thereversestagis fre uentlyheavyand
herthanrightinno. 1 1.
are intriguing e.g. thebirdwithupraisedwingsin afont
5-15 andontheobverseofno . 155w hatseemstobeana ltar( cf .
X ) . Thepa lmettesatitscorners thestrutandthemannerin
edtothetopindicate astructuremadeofmeta1.
3-154there arelongfilletstied tobotharmsofApollo.33
toe pla inthepurposeof thesef il le ts. Thetetrobo lsonP lateX V
w hichisconnectedw iththisgroupby thepresenceof the letter< t> ,
edwithoutthef il let andthenw iththef il le t. I sitpossiblethat
eenaddedtothecity scultstatue( w hichmayorigina llyhave
duringanagonisticcelebration andhavebeenusedon thecoinage
mplication? Thisisbutone oftheunresolvedq uestionsraisedby
1 P l a te sX I I I a nd X I V
nsandthe styleofthesecoinsleavehardlyany alternativeas
etop-knottedApollocontinueson theearlieststatersinthis
3 , giv ingw ay toagodw ithclippedha irw hichbearssomeresemblance
ofinscriptionalformsseeMacdonaldreferencecitedin note24.
o fco insw ithf i l le tsseeP latesX I X andX X .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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e
1 1there isarunningA pollow hichisreplacedonnos. 1 2-1 6 by
weightontheleftfoot amuchmoreawkwardstancethanthat
hichwehadbecomeaccustomed andtowhichthereis areturn
eheavy -bodiedf igurecontinuestotheendof theco inage.
e mostlyontheobverse e.g. turtle dolphins starand
esingle letters— A onthereverseofnos. 1 8 -173 0onthe
andE onthereverseofno. 175. I f these lettersare init ia lso f
neletteronthe obverseandanotheronthereversewouldshowthat
workingconcurrently anindicationofastepped-upcoinage
relativelylargenumberofsurvivingspecimensofnos.179and
hetwo dolphinsisdifficulttofathom.Thefillet laidacrossthearm
of the lasttype isofa familiarform i. e . w oo lw ithtermina l
symbolonnos. 17 -1 1hasneverbeensatisfactorilye pla ined it
any morethanitdoesa birdtrap.Theincreasedscaleof the
consistentthroughoutthisgroupasopposedtothat ofGroupI .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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S
shownonthetwoplatesof enlargementswasgivencareful
tisdesignedtoemphasi esomeofthe ideaspresentedinthe
andtherefore itdoesnotfollow these uentia lorderinthecata logue. The
numbershownmaybesupplementedby theotherplates. I tw ouldhave
seriesofenlargementsdevotedtothedaimonhadbeenincluded
rmwhichoccurbeforefinaldisappearancefromtheobverse.
presentations( nos.73and104 appearonthesetwoplates.
necessaryforthe incusestatersastheyare forthesmaller
seoftheirgreaterflandiameter.
1 0 4 1 0 a n d 11 3 o f P l a te X I X t h e in c re a se d s tr i de o f t he m ai n
ismostmark edonno. 102 w hich inmyopinion providesaclear
beingpresentedas movingfromtheverybeginning— nearlyor
esubsidiaryda imon. Thestaticstagonthereverseofno . 62 w hich
gof thedoublerelief changesforonlyafewdies toarealistic
eversesofnos. 102and113 . Thereturntothequietposit ionis
e llasonno. 155ofP lateX X .
mphasi ede tendfromoneplateto another.Thesuggested
stobecomparednot onlywithno.112but alsowithnos.121and
et tobothobverseandreversetypesis shownfortheentire
tssignificanceisfar fromobvious fordiscussionseepage6
ta logueentries( 105 139 153and17 -1 1 .
tshaveindividualinterest.No.73 forinstance isnot
think butinsomemannerthediehasbeenin uredandrecutfor
tmusthavebeendeplorablybadfrom thebeginning.Thereare
ombinationswithdifferingreverses.Thestyli edtreeonno.107
orms comparealsothereverseofno.129. No.121bisnoteworthy
olandforthelong-hairedheadofApollo.No. 112hasafine
hemuchlater dieofno.151.B othobverseandreverseofno.155
etodisplaythealtar whichseemstobeentirelyof metaltoj udge
hesupportsforitstop andthereverseto il lustratethestyli ed
the stagaswellas thebirdwithupraisedwingsin apedestalled
0 connectthisw iththeobversesof thebron eissues.
no.21 ) showsthekantharossymbolwhichdoesnotoccur
her thefilletofthe obverseisalateraddition tothisdie.Thefine
231and232deservesattention— I amunabletofindany
mighthavebeenderived. Ex ceptonthebron eco ins headssuch
Caulonia sco inage andasconceptionstheyareofoutstanding
riginality.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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irlyclear indicationsthatthefourdivisionsof thesefractions
sharpseparatione istsbetweenthetwolaterdivisions.
minationsintheincuse formisnotprolific.This conditionis
tapontumforitsincusecoinage.V eryfewoftheincuse
ae aminedbymehavebeeningood condition thereisseldom
evidenceofcirculation.Thismakesitdifficult tofindstylistic
staters.Thethree-letterobverseinscriptionon nos.201and202
ononnos.203-205do notoccuramongthediesof theearly
cf . P la teV ) . L ik ewise thereverse inscriptionssuchasthoseof
mbered203onP lateX V ) 204and205appearre lative ly la te
olbearsthe triskelesforitsobversetype( nos.20 and207
nceivedas acorrelativeofthedaimonas R obinsonsuggests.34
hthe incusepiecesisshownbythe reverseborderwhichislike
trobo ls( cf . P la te I V andno. 20 ) .
nos.20 -214 withthelaterissueshavingthe subsidiary
sinterestingfortheoccasionalchange inorientationforboth
s( anysignif icanceforw hichescapesme andfortheminimi ingor
onfigure.Thestriding attitudeismorepronouncedherethan
erwithinthegroupbecomesclear bycomparingtherimof
62of thestaters. Thisreverserim sunkenatf irst changestoa
antforthekantharossymbolwhichdoesnotoccur amongthe
eisa furtherdistinctivepeculiarityinthefillet whichhangsfrom
inthecircumstancethat thishasbeenaddedto adiealreadyin
hesprigw ithtw oleaves( obv . ofno . 217 isa lso foundamongthestaters
a lthoughinthe latteroccurrence itbearsthree leavesandtw oberries.
urthgroup ( nos.229-232 hasbeenthoughtbyGagliardi3
ecauseofthehorn-likepro ectiononno.231.I nearlierdiscussions
avehadbettercla imtobeingthatofA po llo. Thee q uisitesty le
ivyleaf symbolonthereverseofno.230 ( paralleledon
marksthemaslatein thecoinageofthecity andthereforenot
donottraceanynotableresemblanceto theissuesofneighboring
ee ceptionofTerinaw herecerta instatersandlatesi thsbeara
it . p . 1 .
usdiscussion.
A l cu n e Mo n et e i n B r o n o d i C au l on i a A t ti e M e mo r ie d e ll I s t it u to I t a li a no d i
1 9 30 , p p . lo o ff .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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U E S
oniapresentproblems someofwhichhavebeenoutlined
tisgenerallythoughtthat theintroductionofbron eforcoins
muchantedate400b.C.3 andsinceCauloniawasdestroyedin
esprovidesignif icantdata . B eforethe introductionofbron efor
flow denominationsseemtohavesufficedforcurrencyneeds.
cescitedby Gagliardi39twoareofthesamedenominationanda third
i 40w ithstrongprobabil ity re ectsasthecoreofaplatedco in.
sconclusionis lesslikelybecauseofthe patinationandthe
heco in. Thisco inseemstometobew hatR eglingca llsa" mysti-
entif icationof theheadonthef ractionsandonthebron esasa
ompleteconviction althoughthesuggestionisanintriguingone.43
ect itw ouldseemthatw eshouldhaveagreaternumberofap-
lsorotherindicationsassociatedwitha rivergodthancanbe
whichoccurontheobversesof twovarietiesalsooccuron thestaters
scantynumberofbron epiecesk now nisindicativeof theirintro-
destructionof thecity.
9 9. H e a d d a te s Cr o to n s b r on e c o in a ge a s b eg i nn i ng ' B e f o r e ci r c .b . c . 40 0 .
p. 150.
. 99-100.
otheauthor.
101.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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loguewhichfollowsare oftherespectivediesratherthan
llustratedwhichmayhave beenselectedforitssuperiorcon-
he designisoff-flan.I nsomecasesallof theknownspecimens
auseofw earorover- ea louscleaning inconse uenceofw hichthe
willhavebeentaken fromaspecimenwhichisnot illustrated.As
e isbutasinglee ampleofno . 155w hichgivesthereverse inscription.
ofenlargements( X X ) .O ccasionallytheoff-flanportionis
tywhosereverseis combinedwiththatofthefirst.
trust beself-evident.Thegreatnationalcollectionsarein-
ecit ies—P aris V ienna Glasgow w ithaddedcitationofcata-
sgow H unter234. " B M- loydSNG207 is be inginterpreted
Museum f romtheL loydB e uest i l lustratedintheSy lloge
loyd No. 207. A NS- TNindicatesthatthespecimenisinthe
NumismaticSociety fromthebenefactionofE dwardT.Newel1.
oneillustratedonthe plates.When otherpiecesfromthe
ratedanasteriskappearsbeforeitscataloguelisting anditsletter
mberontheplates.Thosespecimenswitha daggerbeforetheir
stratedinenlargedsi eonP latesX I X -X X andcommented
.R eferencetoillustratedauctioncataloguesisby thenameof
w iththeyearof thesale andthenumberinthecata logue. The
he platesindicatethedie-combinations.Thus3 —39 40
3 and39werestruckfromthe samedieandthatthe reverses
esamedie.
S
k wise . Nak edf igure
tressesand
ancingtor. onashort
dright hand
es.O nhis
smallnakedfigure
r. lookingbackw ard
inhisr.and a
ncuse.Thebodies
intaglio.The
anchinonehand , the
branchheldby
rsofhisout-
edbylines which
faceandhairof
ncuseformat
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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nr. f ie ld onasecond
tagstandingr. but
pollo.Cable
es 6 8 2 8 . 2 1
o th e by 1 9 5 2 1 7 . 4
die-break j ustbe-
o llo srightarmand
.B orderintaglio
rentlycontrolled
hedie.
i F e b . 1 9 35 4 7 . 40
a tt 1 9 22 1 7 1
1 9 09 7 7 . 7
9 14 1 7 . 70
1 9 8 . 0 1
eak back of the
pearanceofa
k ing o f thesurface
edbetweenthefirst
n.
N av il le X I I , O c t .
Co l l. 4 3 8 . 0 7
ol l . 9 2 8 . 1 0
1 7 8 . 2 0
t e by F e b . 19 2 9 1 1 8 . 4 2
5 71 8 . 2 2
91 0 1 4 8 . 2 0
1 90 , 1 1 1 8 . 20
5 72 8 . 0 2
manC oll. Sotheby
le V I , J a n. 1 92 3 2 5 7 . 8
M ay 1 90 5 R o u so po ul os
imondoesnot
ilso f theheadof
u ly 1 92 9 6 1
ay 1 93 2 1 24
24 1 92 7 2 59 1
27 1 5 0
, 19 13 23
904 6 3
F e b .1 90 7 2 91
D e c. 19 0 , 1 59
3 3 07
8 C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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sclesofr.arm
mphasi ed. The
edaimonpoints
hornsofthe
uckup sufficiently
3
o ll. 917.9
, 1 9 30 1 02 4 e N a vi ll e V ,
( B r i t is h Mu s. D u p l. 7 .7 9
M ay 1 91 2 9 5 8 . 30
th e by M a y 19 1 , 1 9 2 8 . 0 4
p. 12 , 27. 92
, F e b . 19 35 ( H e r -
3 7 . 0
( N o e5 0 7 , C f .
7
5 a n d 6 . F i g ur e
earmelongated.
rda imon nearly
nches.
g.
eofA curved
rynearlyupright.
W a rr e n 1 3 9 B r e tt 1 7 3 8 . 2 7
r Co l l. 9 2 7 . 94
. 7
N ov . 19 05 1 27 7 . 0
M a y 19 32 1 23 8 . 9
9 2 , 3 4 3 38 . 3
, 6 6 6 8 . 2
2 e R o l li n an d
9 0 , 3 23 e H . P .
J u n e 19 0 5 4 3 - .—
D e c. 19 0 , 1 5 8 . 33
, N o v .1 91 2 7 8 . 00
, 6 6 7 e E n g e lG ro s
e c . 1 9 21 1 0 8 . 1 3
e by F e b . 19 0 9 9 9 8 . 4 2
9 09 2 3 34 8 . 2 4
ongerthaninNo. 5.
mdistinct.
d ( N o e 50 7 , C f.
1 41 e C a hn L X V I I I ,
Sambon-Canessa
4 7 8 . 10
1 92 , 1 34 8 . 0 5
u ly 1 93 0 2 2 8 . 0 3
W e b er C ol l. 4 40
ee ception-
mesnot visible.
ward.
7. 5
, F e b . 19 3 5 ( H e r m i ta g e
0
tt 1 9 22 1 7 2
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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nnC oll.
.5.The
tretchedhandis
rinscale and
heretofore.
- a r re n 1 3 B r e tt 1 72 7 . 2
4 0 7 . 2
o v. 1 9 07 5 2
earschlamys
ldsswordor club
eetofA pollo fo llow
monfigure
S al e 4 4 V o l . I I I 7 . 9
thebranch held
sible.
n Ca t . p. 1 2 , 1
mbon Dec. 1901
5 8 7
2 7
90 , 7 5
sin No.
rim.
93 3 3 04
1 90 4 3 7
2 3 7e H i r sc h X X X I I I ,
adiebreak connects
ollowiththe rim.
r sc hX X V I , 1 91 0 4 28 . 1 5
an i D e c . 1 9 24 1 5
o u r g ey A p r. 1 9 0 , 4 0 7 .9 3
ie-break atk nees.
C ol l . 1 5 91 P I . 5 0
W a rr e n 13 5 B r e t t 1 9 8 . 2
e P I . 8 , 1 7 8 . 2 9
i s h Mu s . D u p l. , J u n e
ear ofApollo
( butnotthehorns
mNos.11and 12.
1909 10078. 20
6 9 7 . 93
soheavily
ed.
e I . N . P h e l ps S t ok e s
bsentand the
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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arinformtothose
aimondoes not
ranchheldinhis1. hand
. B oston
oon thecoin
sedlines. The
mallin scale.
tdaimonwears
wingedsandals.
actthaninNo. 1 .
WarrenC oll. 137
ined. A po llo s
outantlers.
es C ol l. 6 7 9
islargerin
andtreatmentofhair
Santamaria Mar. 1910
9 29 8 6 8 . 4 0
l y 19 3 0 2 2 5
u ar d en t J u n e 19 1 3 3 9
branchis
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w ithdifference in
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t> be low elbow
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yA po llo isshort.
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he inscription
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doclesC oll. - . —
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4 .
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rmat
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Apolloshowsdie
riptionKA .
aratedantlers.
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ameter11mm.
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r. KA V in1. f ie ld
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in1. f ie ld.
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at eX V I ) .
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Mreadingcounter
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TA I ANH O AR D
beenfoundin1929 southeastofTarantonearthecoast.The
beengenerouslycommunicatedtomeby anumismatistwho
Accordingtohis information thehoarddidnotcontain more
milarhoardspreviouslyunearthedinSouthI talyhavebeen
ifata ll andthereforetheva lueofstudyingthisf indisenhanced.
mthishoard couldprobablyhavebeendeducedfromearlier
curate statementregardingthem.Sincealmostallofthe pieces
heplatesand sincethosenotsoreproducedhavetheir dies
ecestowhichreferenceis comparativelyeasy thedescriptions
heentry intheHoardB ibliographyNNM7 isunderNo. 507.
ings uid. R ev . H ippocamp1. w ithsca llopshe ll. D iesofMcClean533
N ot o n P l at es . 7. 5
nr. w ithshe ll. R ev . Oek istseatedr. ho ldingk antharos. V lasto Taras
w B M L loydSNG131. 7.92
hM Tonr. R ev . B arleyearincuse.
I , 5 7 . 5
59. 6. 92
8 5 . 7 . 5
d. Cf . Metapontuml 8 9forobv . 94forrev . 7. 4
. 7. 4
w . M TA in1. f ie ldandram sheaddownw ardonr. R ev . Die-break inr.
L l o yd C ol l . S y ll . l l 3 0 . 7 . 3
nonr. A new obv . die . C f . MetapontumI , 73-7 forobv. and7 forrev. 7. 6
tum I , butcf . 134. 7. 79
2 . 7 . 94
1 . 7 . 5
9 . 7 .9
1 7( inscriptiondif fersslightly . 7. 5
Mine ergue. R ev . Sametypeincuse. 7. 7
X V I , 2 2 . 7 .7
d. 7. 1
brokenaw ay . Notil lustrated. 6 . 7
nscriptionisabovethebull. 7. 5
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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letterinscriptionin1 field.R ev.Tripodincuse.8 .20
smallerthanabove.Notillustrated7 6 1
1.fieldandthree-letterinscriptionin r.R ev.Typeincusew.chelysin 1.
ptiononr. 7. 8
arper.7-53
bove butf lanreducedto23mm. R ev . D o lphininr. f ie ldandthree- letter
nscriptionto1. o f tripod heronorcraneonr. R ev . w ithoutinscriptionor
nscriptionreadsupw ard. Navil leSa leX V L 324. 7.95
27abovee ceptthatinscriptionisonr. andheronin1. f ie ld. 7.<> 4
letterinscriptioninsmallletters on1.R ev.E agleflyingr.onsunken
N av i ll e S al e X V I , 3 2 . 7 . 3
p. 22. 7. 5
e 6 ginC ata logue p. 22. 7. 7
p. 25. 7. 7
99
e p. 27. 8 . 13
e p. 27. 7. 9
gu e p . 3 2. N ow A N S e H e l b i ng S a le L X X , 1 9 22 4 2 7 an d Na v il l e X V I , 3 0 9.
o fSe linus. 7. 0
A
four-le tterinscription. R ev . B ull l . f our- le tterinscription. C f . B MC 25. 7. 99
ousbullr.R ev.Nikecrowninghorsesdrawingbigator. Tetradrachm.
6 , P I . L X X V I I , 1 3. 1 . 77
isSouthI ta lianhoardhadtobemadef romcastsorphoto-
othecoinsthemselvese ceptina fewinstances deductionsfrom
ndable.Nos.2 3 and37indoublereliefarecomparativelythe
oseidoniaseemsweaklystruckratherthanworn.Thestatersof
antheearlieststaters ofMetapontum andthelatesmall-flan
erthanthespread- f lanvarieties. There is conse uently con-
eliefin thegradualconstrictionoftheflans forthecoinageof
ThepresenceofthetetradrachmofGelasuggestsa relationship
ndSicily ( notsuff iciently recogni edhitherto forw hichover-
o f fersupportingev idenceasI havetriedtoshow inaseparatepaper. *
oseidonia( no.37 alongwiththeoneof Caulonia( no.3 )
oekisttype( no.2 havegreatsignificanceconsideringthelength
ectivemints.Tarentumhadalwaysfavoredthesmallflanstaters
1 95 7 p p. 2 4f f.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ngw iththe incuseform w hich how ever neverapproachedthe
by thef inestincusepiecesofnearbyMetapontum(cf . no . 8 ) .
eontiniw eregrow inginimportanceatthist ime anda llthree
nsive issuesofdidrachms. Canitbethatthe ire amplehadsome
P ose idonia? A pplyingKeary stheoryofmorpho logy 45thecho ice
nnedformmighthavebeeninducedby competitioninamarketin
valent.V eliaandNapleswouldhaveprovidedthiscondition for
rofthesecities hadstruckincusecoins.O nlyinweightdothese
ianstatersstruckat thistime.
ed thechangetothesi eof theSiciliandidrachmsatMeta-
herclose ly sinceaMetapontumstater( no . 234 isstruck overa
usew hichB oehringer47datesaf ter474b. c. I f thisisso theMeta-
havebeenstruckafter474b.c. atpresentamoree actdate
nthoardissaid tohavebeenfoundnotfar tothesoutheast
st itseemsstrangethatthereshould havebeenonlytwocoins
ty-eight.E vans4 thoughtthattheseated-oekisttypewas
whichyearthearmyof theTarentineswasdefeatedbytheMessa-
ngermen ofthecitywereslain. V lasto4 datestheintroductionof
heoekist-typecoinin thishoardshowswear.Thestyleseemsto
an473b. c. V lasto sdate therefore seemspreferable.
escouldhaveprovidedampleinducementfor thesecretion
enumericalpreponderanceofstatersfromMetapontumand
farfromTarentumisstriking.A fleeingciti enofTarentum
edthesecoinsin thebeliefthattheywouldhavebeen more
anthestatersofhis owncity.Thepreponderanceofissuesotherthan
etedasindicatingthe holdingsofamaritimetrader.I tis
oreadanysignificantevidencefromthemake-upoftheaccumulation.
so fSybaris destroyedmorethantwodecadesprev iously musthave
rentum.Thetotalamount seventy-eightdrachms hardly
.I believethatthesesparsefindingspointto aq uickgathering
erthanto savingsmadeoveraperiodofyears.
edbyanyofthethree comparablepublishedhoards.The
udgefromtheportionpublishedbyB abelon 50isearlier butitgivesvery
F ind( B ibliography253 isinade uate lydescribedandis
eemstohavebeen buriedshortlyafterthisone.TheCuringa
nsiderabledistancefromTarentum andhadnoTarentineissues
itofferstheclosestanalogies especiallyastothe dateofburia1.
oportionof Metapontumstaters thesameinclusionofa few
M o rp h ol o gy o f Co i ns ( 1 8 6 ) .
ts n o. 20 7 , P I . L X V I , 1 .
i e Mi in e n vo n Sy ra ku s ( B e rl in 1 92 9 n o. 4 97 P I . 3 0 Z 4 .
p p . 3 an d 3 2.
T ar as O i k is te s N NM 1 5 ( 1 9 22 , p . 23 .
T r ou v ai l le d e T ar e nt e " R N X V I ( 1 9 12 , p p . 1 -4 0 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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owingofthestatersofCrotonand Cauloniasimilartothatin this
thoughtheC uringaH oardisnotintact there isgoodreasonto
oss-sectionisprovidedin whatisrecorded.I tsburialmusthave
possiblya litt le la ter.
wardifwecouldusethe presenceofno.3 tofi thedatefor
mtheincuse formtodoublerelief forweshouldthenhave
heperiodduring whichthecoinagehadbothsides inrelief since
nof thecity in3 9/ 3 8 isun uestioned. Withintheseyears a
century thereareseventy-si obversediesrecordedinthis study.
rehavebeen noadditionstothislist despitediligentsearching
blenumberseemimprobable.B uttoreasonthat wecanestimate
versedies bydividingthenumberofyearsin thisperiodbythe
plification.I nthefirstplace thereareindicationsthatthe coinage
olonyofCrotonwasnotcontinuous.R eglingisofthe opinionthat
whereherecordsonlythirty-eightobversediesfor itsentire
eststhatinsomecities coiningmayhavebeencoincidentwithagonistic
erthanannua1. 2Thestatercommemoratinggamesinhonorof
offersanillustrationofsuch anissue.Agroup ofCaulonian
anamphora andthissymboldoesnotoccur inthestaterissues.
lytetrobols werestruckseemshighlyprobable.Secondlya
silver oreisunlikely.Thecoinageneedsof thecitymusthave
ina lly theobversedie f re uentlyoutlivedthereverse . Thereare
oneobversewithtworeverses ninewiththreeandonewith no
conse uencetheremusthavebeenvariance intheperiodduringw hichthe
s. Underthesecircumstancesthe" lif espan canhavelitt le
ty.
efeatoftheTarentinesin 473b.c.causedthesecretionof
ndthevalueofour findmaybegreaterforcomparisonthanfor its
arlyseemstoi ndicatethatP oseidoniaandCauloniahadchanged
o doublereliefsomeyearsbeforeitwas buriedandthatCroton
oneso andthisdeductionissupportedby theCittanuovoand
sto sdate( c. 4 5 forthe introductionof theseated-oek isttype53gains
vans.Thepresenceofthesingle tetradrachmofGelabolstersthe
relationswithSicilywhichis furtheremphasi edbyoverstruck
ally thecontinuingcirculationofthe statersofSybarisisan
r i na " P r o g r am z . W i n c ke l ma n ns f es t e 1 9 0 .
p . 1 5.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
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