The Northern The Northern RenaissanceRenaissance

Chapter 1 Sec. 2Chapter 1 Sec. 2

Where is North?Where is North? Until now most Until now most EuropeanEuropean cities were cities were

in in ItalyItaly

Developing European cities – London, Developing European cities – London, Paris, AmsterdamParis, Amsterdam

Ideas spread through Ideas spread through tradetrade routesroutes

With the spread of trade comes the spread of humanist ideas to Northern Europe

The Book RevolutionThe Book Revolution

Johannes GutenbergJohannes Gutenberg – creator of – creator of movablemovable type type

Until this invention Until this invention textstexts had to be had to be copied by copied by handhand First publication was 1,282 page First publication was 1,282 page BibleBible Made access to books Made access to books easiereasier– Enabled more people to learn how to Enabled more people to learn how to

readread– Allowed for the Allowed for the spreadspread of Renaissance of Renaissance ideasideas

Philosophers & WritersPhilosophers & Writers ErasmusErasmus

– PriestPriest in the Netherlands in the Netherlands– Christianity should be pure & Christianity should be pure & simplesimple – Later Later censoredcensored by the church by the church

Thomas MoreThomas More– Friend of ErasmusFriend of Erasmus– Best known work is Best known work is UtopiaUtopia

Criticized English gov’t, society, etc.Criticized English gov’t, society, etc. Blue-print for ideal Blue-print for ideal societysociety

Philosophers & Writers Philosophers & Writers (cont.)(cont.)

ChristineChristine de Pisan de Pisan– Wrote about women’s role in societyWrote about women’s role in society– WidowWidow – used writing to support family – used writing to support family– One of the first to argue for equality & ed. for One of the first to argue for equality & ed. for

womenwomen

William William ShakespeareShakespeare– English playwrightEnglish playwright– Previous plays focused on Previous plays focused on religiousreligious

morality (teaching a lesson)morality (teaching a lesson)– Plays focused on lives of Plays focused on lives of realisticrealistic

characterscharacters– Theatre became a popular pastimeTheatre became a popular pastime

ArtistsArtists

Albrech DurerAlbrech Durer– GermanGerman– Painted mostly with Painted mostly with oilsoils– Able to reproduce detailAble to reproduce detail

Jan van EyckJan van Eyck– Used symbolismUsed symbolism– Single lit Single lit candlecandle or or lightlight = God = God

The Protestant The Protestant ReformationReformation

Chapter 1 Sec. 3Chapter 1 Sec. 3

Problems with the churchProblems with the church ‘‘Wealth & worldliness’Wealth & worldliness’

– FinancialFinancial corruption, abuse of power, corruption, abuse of power, immoralityimmorality

– Clergy begin to lose respectClergy begin to lose respect Source of disrespect comes from Source of disrespect comes from taxationtaxation

– Renaissance works paid for with taxes (middle Renaissance works paid for with taxes (middle class/peasants)class/peasants)

– Church begins the use of Church begins the use of indulgencesindulgences Paying to be forgivenPaying to be forgiven

– NationalismNationalism beings to emerge in Europe beings to emerge in Europe People belong to country not churchPeople belong to country not church

Martin LutherMartin Luther

Martin LutherMartin Luther

The The 9595 theses theses– rebuked the church rebuked the church

Indulgences, power of the pope, wealth of Indulgences, power of the pope, wealth of churchchurch

– Not intended for people, but Not intended for people, but church church leadersleaders written in academic written in academic LatinLatin

– Spread to university intellectuals via Spread to university intellectuals via printing pressprinting press

Martin Luther (cont.)Martin Luther (cont.)

Content of the thesesContent of the theses– Good worksGood works ≠ God’s grace≠ God’s grace– Declared Declared JesusJesus the head of the church the head of the church

not the not the PopePope– Christian practices only come from BibleChristian practices only come from Bible

Translated the Bible from Translated the Bible from LatinLatin to to GermanGerman– Enabled more people to read Enabled more people to read scripturescripture– Freedom from Freedom from churchchurch

Martin Luther (cont.)Martin Luther (cont.)reaction to his thesesreaction to his theses

1520 1520 excommunicatedexcommunicated (expelled) (expelled) from the churchfrom the church– Pope Leo XPope Leo X

Emperor Charles V – Edict of Emperor Charles V – Edict of WormsWorms– Luther declared an outlaw, writings Luther declared an outlaw, writings

condemnedcondemned 1530 – 1530 – LutheranismLutheranism recognized recognized

branch of Christianitybranch of Christianity– Charles V tries to suppress, Lutheran Charles V tries to suppress, Lutheran

princes issue a princes issue a protestatioprotestatio (protest) = (protest) = ProtestantsProtestants

John CalvinJohn Calvin

Influenced by Influenced by ErasmusErasmus, supported , supported LutherLuther

Preached Preached predestinationpredestination– Those who followed Calvin = Those who followed Calvin = CalvinistsCalvinists

People are People are sinfulsinful by nature by nature Laws enacted to regulate Laws enacted to regulate behaviorbehavior

– Clothing color regulated, feasting, dancing, Clothing color regulated, feasting, dancing, singing, etc. were forbiddensinging, etc. were forbidden

Believed they were making the world ‘fit’ for Believed they were making the world ‘fit’ for the chosenthe chosen

Protestants in EnglandProtestants in England

King King Henry VIIIHenry VIII – – ““Defender of the Defender of the FaithFaith””– Devout Devout catholiccatholic / protested Luther / protested Luther– Henry & Henry & Catherine of AragonCatherine of Aragon

(wife) have daughter = no (wife) have daughter = no

heir to throneheir to throne– Henry wanted Henry wanted annulmentannulment, ,

Emperor Charles V would Emperor Charles V would

not allownot allow

Henry convinces Henry convinces parliamentparliament to to separate from the separate from the CatholicCatholic church church– Henry becomes the head of the Henry becomes the head of the Church Church

of Englandof England– Closes monasteries & Closes monasteries & conventsconvents – gives – gives

land to noblesland to nobles– Subjects ordered to take oath Subjects ordered to take oath

Declared Henry “supreme head of Church of Declared Henry “supreme head of Church of England”England”

Henry secretly marries Henry secretly marries Anne BoleynAnne Boleyn– Marriage to Catherine was annulled by Marriage to Catherine was annulled by

parliamentparliament– Anne gives birth to a girlAnne gives birth to a girl

Then what Then what happens?!?!?happens?!?!?

Edward VIEdward VI – male heir by 3 – male heir by 3rdrd wife (Jane wife (Jane Seymour)Seymour)– Henry was married 6 timesHenry was married 6 times– Edward ascended the throne at 9 yrs. old Edward ascended the throne at 9 yrs. old

– dies before he’s 16– dies before he’s 16 Continued with father’s protestant reignContinued with father’s protestant reign

– Henry’s daughter Henry’s daughter MaryMary (Catherines’ (Catherines’ daughter) becomes queendaughter) becomes queen Hates father = hates Hates father = hates protestantsprotestants Return authority to the Return authority to the PopePope Hundreds killed for protestant beliefsHundreds killed for protestant beliefs

– ““Bloody MaryBloody Mary””

– Mary dies – Elizabeth (A.B.) becomes Mary dies – Elizabeth (A.B.) becomes queenqueen

Finally….Finally….

Elizabeth –Supremacy Act 1559Elizabeth –Supremacy Act 1559– Split from Rome (pope) againSplit from Rome (pope) again

Elizabeth is threatened by Elizabeth is threatened by CatholicsCatholics throughout her lifethroughout her life– Anyone practicing Catholicism is Anyone practicing Catholicism is

persecutedpersecuted Elizabeth firmly establishes the Elizabeth firmly establishes the

Church of England Church of England

The Counter-The Counter-ReformationReformation

Chapter 1 Section 4Chapter 1 Section 4

Protestants aren’t the only ones mad Protestants aren’t the only ones mad at the Catholic Churchat the Catholic Church– Before Luther some Before Luther some CatholicsCatholics had been had been

working to reform the churchworking to reform the church– Because of Luther inspired reform the Because of Luther inspired reform the

churchchurch begins its own series of reforms begins its own series of reforms = = counter-reformationcounter-reformation

‘‘Bonfire of vanities’Bonfire of vanities’

Girolamo SavonarolaGirolamo Savonarola– Preached against the abuses of the Preached against the abuses of the

churchchurch– Called for churches to melt down their Called for churches to melt down their

silversilver and and goldgold ornaments to buy bread ornaments to buy bread for hungryfor hungry Convinced the people to do soConvinced the people to do so

– First allowed by the church, eventually First allowed by the church, eventually excommunicatedexcommunicated for spreading his for spreading his ‘dangerous’ ideas‘dangerous’ ideas

JesuitsJesuits

Founded by Founded by Ignatius of Loyola Ignatius of Loyola nobleman and former soldiernobleman and former soldier

Ran like a Ran like a militarymilitary organization – organization – obedienceobedience to church was emphasized to church was emphasized

EducationEducation was seen as a way of was seen as a way of combating the Protestant Reformationcombating the Protestant Reformation

Est. missions, schools, universities, Est. missions, schools, universities, etc. etc. – Slowly began to regain ground on Slowly began to regain ground on

protestant reformationprotestant reformation

Council of TrentCouncil of Trent

Convened by Convened by PopePope Paul III Paul III– Examined criticisms made by the Examined criticisms made by the

protestantsprotestants– ClarifiedClarified Catholic teaching Catholic teaching

Instituted reforms address corruption Instituted reforms address corruption of the clergyof the clergy– Training of priests regulated/financial Training of priests regulated/financial

abuse curbedabuse curbed Sale of Sale of indulgencesindulgences abolished abolished

Catholics reforming the Catholics reforming the churchchurch

Charles Borromeo - Charles Borromeo - Archbishop of Archbishop of Milan 1560 – 1584Milan 1560 – 1584– Took steps to implement reform put in Took steps to implement reform put in

place by the Council of Trentplace by the Council of Trent– Built a Built a schoolschool for the education of for the education of

priestspriests Francis de SalesFrancis de Sales

– Worked the mission field of Savoy to Worked the mission field of Savoy to regain ‘lost’ Calvinist followersregain ‘lost’ Calvinist followers

The InquisitionThe Inquisition

Church Church courtcourt est. to counteract est. to counteract reformation – reformation – Roman InquisitionRoman Inquisition

Those accused of being protestant, Those accused of being protestant, practicing practicing witchcraftwitchcraft, or breaking , or breaking church lawschurch laws

Spanish were much harsherSpanish were much harsher– Imposed religious uniformityImposed religious uniformity– sought to punish Jews, Muslims, & sought to punish Jews, Muslims, &

ProtestantsProtestants

Inquisition (cont.)Inquisition (cont.)

Index of Foreign BooksIndex of Foreign Books– People warned not to read books = lost People warned not to read books = lost

soulsoul Church’s image damaged by Church’s image damaged by

executions and tortureexecutions and torture– Typically seen as an abuse of powerTypically seen as an abuse of power

Renewed Catholic faith spreads due Renewed Catholic faith spreads due to Jesuitsto Jesuits

Protestants break from Catholic Protestants break from Catholic church into many factionschurch into many factions– Problems between catholic & non-Problems between catholic & non-

catholicscatholics Problems also began to appear Problems also began to appear

between Lutherans, Calvinists, etc.between Lutherans, Calvinists, etc. Opened religious criticism, brought Opened religious criticism, brought

criticism of all religionscriticism of all religions

JewsJews and and MuslimsMuslims werewere generally generally viewed as heriticsviewed as heritics– Many forced to convert or leave their Many forced to convert or leave their

settled areas of Europesettled areas of Europe Others were scared of witches Others were scared of witches

roaming the land/working with the roaming the land/working with the devildevil– Fears increased during Fears increased during droughtdrought, , poorpoor

harvestharvest, etc., etc.– Most accused were women or poor Most accused were women or poor

individualsindividuals

Protestant Reformation indirectly Protestant Reformation indirectly encouraged the formation of encouraged the formation of independent states and nationsindependent states and nations

How???How???

Rulers and merchants wanted church Rulers and merchants wanted church to be less involved in affairsto be less involved in affairs

PoliticalPolitical power became separated power became separated from the from the churchchurch– Often still aligned themselves in-order to Often still aligned themselves in-order to

have greater powerhave greater power

The Italian WarsThe Italian Wars

1494 – King Charles VIII (France) 1494 – King Charles VIII (France) invades invades ItalyItaly– During the Italian wars control of Italy During the Italian wars control of Italy

would switch between these 2 playerswould switch between these 2 players– England and several popes would also England and several popes would also

become involvedbecome involved 1527 – ended with the sack of 1527 – ended with the sack of RomeRome

by Emperor Charles Vby Emperor Charles V

Italian wars are credited with Italian wars are credited with expanding the expanding the renaissancerenaissance through through EuropeEurope– TroopsTroops returning home brought returning home brought

renaissance ideas from Italy with themrenaissance ideas from Italy with them– ArtistsArtists fled north from Italy during the fled north from Italy during the

wars bringing their ideas with themwars bringing their ideas with them

QuizQuiz

This woman’s This woman’s father had 6 father had 6 wives and wives and started the started the Church of Church of EnglandEngland

This machine was This machine was used by who to used by who to make copies of a make copies of a 1,200+ page Bible?1,200+ page Bible?

Which man Which man translated the Bible translated the Bible from Latin to from Latin to German, thus German, thus allowing thousands allowing thousands of people to be of people to be able to read it for able to read it for the first time the first time withoutwithout the help of the help of the clergythe clergy

What was the What was the name of Thomas name of Thomas Mores’ book that Mores’ book that focused its focused its criticism on the criticism on the English English government and government and society rather than society rather than the church?the church?

John Calvin John Calvin preached the idea preached the idea that life is already that life is already determined for determined for you, what is this you, what is this term?term?

What did Christine What did Christine de Pesan do?de Pesan do?

Name one of the Name one of the Northern Northern Renaissance artists Renaissance artists that we studied.that we studied.

What was the What was the name of the name of the religious group that religious group that was started by was started by Ignatius of Loyola?Ignatius of Loyola?

The name of the The name of the church established church established court used to court used to counter act the counter act the reformation was…reformation was…