The NMR of Solid Polymer: an overviewhysz.nju.edu.cn/wangxl/download/The NMR of solid polymer...2.FT...

78
The NMR of Solid Polymer: an overview

Transcript of The NMR of Solid Polymer: an overviewhysz.nju.edu.cn/wangxl/download/The NMR of solid polymer...2.FT...

Page 1: The NMR of Solid Polymer: an overviewhysz.nju.edu.cn/wangxl/download/The NMR of solid polymer...2.FT and 2D NMR (1991) For his contribution to the development of the methodology of

The NMR of Solid Polymer:

an overview

Page 2: The NMR of Solid Polymer: an overviewhysz.nju.edu.cn/wangxl/download/The NMR of solid polymer...2.FT and 2D NMR (1991) For his contribution to the development of the methodology of

McBrierty, V.J. and Packer, K.J.(1993) in Nuclear Magnetic

Resonance in Solid Polymer, pp.1-348, Cambridge University Press

Page 3: The NMR of Solid Polymer: an overviewhysz.nju.edu.cn/wangxl/download/The NMR of solid polymer...2.FT and 2D NMR (1991) For his contribution to the development of the methodology of

3

―Why just NMR? –Because there is

hardly another technique that is so

informative for so many different types

of applications, and because there is no

other technique that provides so much

fun.‖

—Richard R. Ernst

Page 4: The NMR of Solid Polymer: an overviewhysz.nju.edu.cn/wangxl/download/The NMR of solid polymer...2.FT and 2D NMR (1991) For his contribution to the development of the methodology of

Contents

1. Overview of NMR

2. background of liquid and solid state NMR

3. Liquid NMR

4. solid state NMR on structure and motion

5. structural heterogeneity in polymers

6. Examples of Polymer questions and trends

Page 5: The NMR of Solid Polymer: an overviewhysz.nju.edu.cn/wangxl/download/The NMR of solid polymer...2.FT and 2D NMR (1991) For his contribution to the development of the methodology of

References:

Page 6: The NMR of Solid Polymer: an overviewhysz.nju.edu.cn/wangxl/download/The NMR of solid polymer...2.FT and 2D NMR (1991) For his contribution to the development of the methodology of

Reference:

Page 7: The NMR of Solid Polymer: an overviewhysz.nju.edu.cn/wangxl/download/The NMR of solid polymer...2.FT and 2D NMR (1991) For his contribution to the development of the methodology of

静态哈密顿量和谱线宽度之间的关系

Page 8: The NMR of Solid Polymer: an overviewhysz.nju.edu.cn/wangxl/download/The NMR of solid polymer...2.FT and 2D NMR (1991) For his contribution to the development of the methodology of

用脉冲序列操控核自旋

Infinityplus-400 NMR Spectrometer

选择不同

尺度信息

Page 9: The NMR of Solid Polymer: an overviewhysz.nju.edu.cn/wangxl/download/The NMR of solid polymer...2.FT and 2D NMR (1991) For his contribution to the development of the methodology of

9

Page 10: The NMR of Solid Polymer: an overviewhysz.nju.edu.cn/wangxl/download/The NMR of solid polymer...2.FT and 2D NMR (1991) For his contribution to the development of the methodology of

10

Sample preparation for Liquid NMR

Page 11: The NMR of Solid Polymer: an overviewhysz.nju.edu.cn/wangxl/download/The NMR of solid polymer...2.FT and 2D NMR (1991) For his contribution to the development of the methodology of

For a large variety of spinning ranges

and sample volumes

-> from 14 mm down to now 1.2 mm

Choice of sample volumes Wide range of module types

ChemagneticsTM PENCIL

rotors and modules

Page 12: The NMR of Solid Polymer: an overviewhysz.nju.edu.cn/wangxl/download/The NMR of solid polymer...2.FT and 2D NMR (1991) For his contribution to the development of the methodology of

Temperature baffle

Air bearings

VT gas inlet

Sample coil

Temperature controlled area

spacer

Drive tip

Drive jets

Sample Bearing

exhaust

400-900 MHz

T3 HXY Probe

(narrowbore)

Page 13: The NMR of Solid Polymer: an overviewhysz.nju.edu.cn/wangxl/download/The NMR of solid polymer...2.FT and 2D NMR (1991) For his contribution to the development of the methodology of

液体NMR: J偶合

理论基本完善

常规测试(小分子等)

(几百台)

固体NMR: DD,CSA,…

理论复杂/高功率硬件

极具挑战性和吸引力领域

(高分子等材料,生物大分子):

(十几台)

2000年后迅猛发展!

7人5次Nobel奖

(方法学突破)

0.2~1,~100nm

0.1-0.5化学键

高分子链

NMR

原子

Page 14: The NMR of Solid Polymer: an overviewhysz.nju.edu.cn/wangxl/download/The NMR of solid polymer...2.FT and 2D NMR (1991) For his contribution to the development of the methodology of

The history of NMR 1.CW NMR(1952): In 1945, F.Bloch and E.M.Purcell

discovered and developed new methods for NMR precision

measurements.(1939 I.I. Rabi,1944)

New century of structural analysis for organic molecules!

Page 15: The NMR of Solid Polymer: an overviewhysz.nju.edu.cn/wangxl/download/The NMR of solid polymer...2.FT and 2D NMR (1991) For his contribution to the development of the methodology of

2.FT and 2D NMR (1991)

For his contribution to the development of the methodology

of high resolution NMR spectroscopy

FT NMR(1966, 2D NMR(1975-), NMR imaging

Powerful method of organic structural analysis: the most strict and accurate method.

Developing of new spectrometers and methods

Attractive field.

Page 16: The NMR of Solid Polymer: an overviewhysz.nju.edu.cn/wangxl/download/The NMR of solid polymer...2.FT and 2D NMR (1991) For his contribution to the development of the methodology of

2002 The Nobel prize in Chemistry

ETH: Kurt Wuthrich Professor Wüthrich received the award "for his development of nuclear

magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional

structure of biological macromolecules in solution"

Page 17: The NMR of Solid Polymer: an overviewhysz.nju.edu.cn/wangxl/download/The NMR of solid polymer...2.FT and 2D NMR (1991) For his contribution to the development of the methodology of

Bio-macromolecules:

Conformation of proteins and DNA in solution

生命是复杂性发挥作

用的最终范例.生命物质

和无生命的物质都可由相同结构单元组成: C、

H、O、N和P原子

它们唯一的区别是这些

原子在三维空间中的排列方式。

结构生物学 它已成为生命科学

研究的前言领域和热点,核磁共振波谱学是研究结构生物学的重要手段之一,在20年来的

飞速发展中,许多重要进展都与结构生物学密切相关。

Page 18: The NMR of Solid Polymer: an overviewhysz.nju.edu.cn/wangxl/download/The NMR of solid polymer...2.FT and 2D NMR (1991) For his contribution to the development of the methodology of

2003年磁共振波谱学家获 诺贝尔生理学和医学奖

表彰他们在核磁共振成像(Magnetic resonance imaging, MRI)技术领域的突破性成就(for their discoveries concerning "magnetic resonance imaging")。他们取得的成就是医学诊断和研究领域的重大成果。

Paul Lauterbur

Peter Mansfield

Page 19: The NMR of Solid Polymer: an overviewhysz.nju.edu.cn/wangxl/download/The NMR of solid polymer...2.FT and 2D NMR (1991) For his contribution to the development of the methodology of

Inova 900 installation at Yokohama

University, Japan

Going to High

Field

for Solids

Page 20: The NMR of Solid Polymer: an overviewhysz.nju.edu.cn/wangxl/download/The NMR of solid polymer...2.FT and 2D NMR (1991) For his contribution to the development of the methodology of

时间尺度 (s)

10-9

102

10-6

10-3

空间尺度

(nm)

0.5

0.2

原子

102

NMR核自旋探针的多尺度特性

HCS HJ / HQ HDD 自旋交换 自扩散

尺度2

尺度3

尺度1

链重取向

及扩散等

慢运动

链间协同

运动

化学基团

局域运动

化学结构

与链结构

链间

相互作用

界面相及

相区结构

NMR研究高分子多尺度结构与动力学

孙平川; 郭鸣明 In 高分子科学前言与进展; 1st ed.; 董建华, Ed.; 科学出版社: 北京, 2006, p 418-471.

Page 21: The NMR of Solid Polymer: an overviewhysz.nju.edu.cn/wangxl/download/The NMR of solid polymer...2.FT and 2D NMR (1991) For his contribution to the development of the methodology of

Applications

J. Clauss, K. Schmidt-Rohr, A. Adam, C. Boeffel, H. W. Spiess, Macromolecules 1992, 25, 5208.

Stiff macromolecules with aliphatic side chains: side-chain mobility,

conformation, and organization from 2D solid-state NMR spectroscopy

Page 22: The NMR of Solid Polymer: an overviewhysz.nju.edu.cn/wangxl/download/The NMR of solid polymer...2.FT and 2D NMR (1991) For his contribution to the development of the methodology of

Software of NMR chemical shift

calculation

(1) ChemOffice(ChemDraw): 由结构式自动计算化学位移

(2) ChemWin+13C:

(3)ACD

Software and website

Page 23: The NMR of Solid Polymer: an overviewhysz.nju.edu.cn/wangxl/download/The NMR of solid polymer...2.FT and 2D NMR (1991) For his contribution to the development of the methodology of

Search for NMR spectroscopy on WWW:

SDBS (Japan)有机化合物综合谱图数据库 (1H, 13C) 10000

FREE http://riodb01.ibase.aist.go.jp/sdbs/cgi-bin/direct_frame_top.cgi

Page 25: The NMR of Solid Polymer: an overviewhysz.nju.edu.cn/wangxl/download/The NMR of solid polymer...2.FT and 2D NMR (1991) For his contribution to the development of the methodology of

http://www.nmrdb.org/

Page 26: The NMR of Solid Polymer: an overviewhysz.nju.edu.cn/wangxl/download/The NMR of solid polymer...2.FT and 2D NMR (1991) For his contribution to the development of the methodology of
Page 27: The NMR of Solid Polymer: an overviewhysz.nju.edu.cn/wangxl/download/The NMR of solid polymer...2.FT and 2D NMR (1991) For his contribution to the development of the methodology of

27

300M, 500M liquid state NMR at 203, 204 in chemistry building

http://chem.nju.edu.cn/ggyqzx.asp

400M, 600M liquid state NMR at 302 in chemistry building

400M solid state NMR at 1st floor in science and technology

building

http://ssnmr400.nju.edu.cn/

Where to do NMR in NJU?

Page 28: The NMR of Solid Polymer: an overviewhysz.nju.edu.cn/wangxl/download/The NMR of solid polymer...2.FT and 2D NMR (1991) For his contribution to the development of the methodology of

核磁共振仪

磁体:永久磁体、电磁体 (低频谱仪)

超导磁体(高频谱仪)

射频频率:60,80,100,300,400,600MHz

射频源:连续波波谱仪,脉冲傅立叶变换波谱仪

Page 29: The NMR of Solid Polymer: an overviewhysz.nju.edu.cn/wangxl/download/The NMR of solid polymer...2.FT and 2D NMR (1991) For his contribution to the development of the methodology of

脉冲傅立叶变换核磁共振仪

— 固定磁场:超导磁体(含铌合金在液氮温度下

的超导性质。

— 脉冲方波 (强而短的频带,一个脉冲中同时

包含了一定范围的各种射频的电磁波)

可将样品中所有的核激发。

— 自由感应衰减信号(FID信号)

— 经傅立叶变换得到NMR图谱。

脉冲 自旋核 FID 谱图 照射 共振 傅立叶变换

Page 30: The NMR of Solid Polymer: an overviewhysz.nju.edu.cn/wangxl/download/The NMR of solid polymer...2.FT and 2D NMR (1991) For his contribution to the development of the methodology of

30

Fourier Transform Pulse (FTP) NMR

Page 31: The NMR of Solid Polymer: an overviewhysz.nju.edu.cn/wangxl/download/The NMR of solid polymer...2.FT and 2D NMR (1991) For his contribution to the development of the methodology of
Page 32: The NMR of Solid Polymer: an overviewhysz.nju.edu.cn/wangxl/download/The NMR of solid polymer...2.FT and 2D NMR (1991) For his contribution to the development of the methodology of

32

Free induced decay (FID)

Page 33: The NMR of Solid Polymer: an overviewhysz.nju.edu.cn/wangxl/download/The NMR of solid polymer...2.FT and 2D NMR (1991) For his contribution to the development of the methodology of

33

Fourier Transform

( ,0)( )

(0, )

4 1( ) (sin sin 3

3

1sin 5 )

5

Af x

A

F f A x x

x

Page 34: The NMR of Solid Polymer: an overviewhysz.nju.edu.cn/wangxl/download/The NMR of solid polymer...2.FT and 2D NMR (1991) For his contribution to the development of the methodology of

34

Fourier transform pair

dtefHth

dtethfH

fHth

fti

fti

2

2

)()(

)()(

)()(

Page 35: The NMR of Solid Polymer: an overviewhysz.nju.edu.cn/wangxl/download/The NMR of solid polymer...2.FT and 2D NMR (1991) For his contribution to the development of the methodology of

但在很长时间内,这种分析方法并没有引起更多的重视,最

主要的原因在于这种方法运算量比较大。直到1965年,Cooley

和Tukey在《计算机科学 》发表著名的《机器计算傅立叶级数

的一种算法》论文,FFT才开始大规模应用。

Page 36: The NMR of Solid Polymer: an overviewhysz.nju.edu.cn/wangxl/download/The NMR of solid polymer...2.FT and 2D NMR (1991) For his contribution to the development of the methodology of

36

Examples of FT pairs

Page 37: The NMR of Solid Polymer: an overviewhysz.nju.edu.cn/wangxl/download/The NMR of solid polymer...2.FT and 2D NMR (1991) For his contribution to the development of the methodology of

?

How does NMR work?

Page 38: The NMR of Solid Polymer: an overviewhysz.nju.edu.cn/wangxl/download/The NMR of solid polymer...2.FT and 2D NMR (1991) For his contribution to the development of the methodology of

38

Liquid NMR

High solution NMR refer to liquid NMR

whose line width are less than 1 Hz.

This spectrum affords considerable

information concerning structure,

composition, microstructure, conformation,

defects, branching, and in some cases,

number-average molecular weights of

synthetic polymer

Page 39: The NMR of Solid Polymer: an overviewhysz.nju.edu.cn/wangxl/download/The NMR of solid polymer...2.FT and 2D NMR (1991) For his contribution to the development of the methodology of

Basic Principles

研究对象: NMR可观测核具有不等于零的磁矩(magnetic

moment),它由旋转的带电原子核产生。

磁场的产生

带正电的核具有磁矩u就象一个旋转的陀螺仪。

磁矩:

:磁旋比 I:原子核自旋量子数:

Page 40: The NMR of Solid Polymer: an overviewhysz.nju.edu.cn/wangxl/download/The NMR of solid polymer...2.FT and 2D NMR (1991) For his contribution to the development of the methodology of

Larmor Precessional Frequency: 共振频率和能级差

400M/9.4T

Z:H0/Grv.

NMR现象的量子力学描述:

自旋量子数I ≠ 0的核在外加磁场中

产生能级分裂,处于基态的核可吸收在垂直B0方向外加射频场的微波辐射能量,

跃迁到高能级态,这就是核的磁共振现象。

NMR involves transitions between different

spin states of atoms and molecules

Resolution: B0

Sensitive: (B0)3/2

I=1/2 N-

N+

B0=0

Page 41: The NMR of Solid Polymer: an overviewhysz.nju.edu.cn/wangxl/download/The NMR of solid polymer...2.FT and 2D NMR (1991) For his contribution to the development of the methodology of

•经典力学描述

总的核磁化矢量M0

Net Magnetization

Page 42: The NMR of Solid Polymer: an overviewhysz.nju.edu.cn/wangxl/download/The NMR of solid polymer...2.FT and 2D NMR (1991) For his contribution to the development of the methodology of

核磁共振

g B0 n射 = —— 2π

hg ⊿E = —— B0

• 磁场强度与射频频率成正比。

• 仪器的射频频率越大,磁场强度越大,谱图分辨率

越高。

在垂直于B0的方向加一个射频场B1,其频率为n射,

当E射= hn射 = ⊿E时,自旋核会吸收射频的能量,

由低能态跃迁到高能态(核自旋发生反转)。

Page 43: The NMR of Solid Polymer: an overviewhysz.nju.edu.cn/wangxl/download/The NMR of solid polymer...2.FT and 2D NMR (1991) For his contribution to the development of the methodology of

要满足核磁共振条件,可通过两种方法来实现:

扫频 — 固定磁场强度,改变射电频率对样品扫描

扫场 — 固定射电频率,改变磁场强度对样品扫描

实际上多用后者。

对于1H 核,不同的频率对应的磁场强度:

射频(MHZ) 磁场强度(特斯拉)

60 1.4092

100 2.3500

200 4.7000

300 7.1000

500 11.7500

Page 44: The NMR of Solid Polymer: an overviewhysz.nju.edu.cn/wangxl/download/The NMR of solid polymer...2.FT and 2D NMR (1991) For his contribution to the development of the methodology of

核弛豫:1H 核可以通过非辐射的方式从高能态转变为低能态。

只有当激发和辐射的几率相等时,才能维持Boltzmann分布,不会出现饱和现象,可以连续观

测到光谱信号。

N+---- 低能态的核数

N- ---- 高能态的核数

k ----- Boltzmann 常数

T ----- 绝对温度

N-/N+ = 1-E/KT= 1–( γh/2 )B0/KT

Boltzmann分布(低能态的核数>高能态的核数):

B0越大, N-/N+越大,即低能态的核数越多。

Page 45: The NMR of Solid Polymer: an overviewhysz.nju.edu.cn/wangxl/download/The NMR of solid polymer...2.FT and 2D NMR (1991) For his contribution to the development of the methodology of

A(质量数)=Z(质子数)+N(中子数)XZ(质子数/原子序数)

A

Z

I

example

奇、偶

半整数

1H1,13C6,

19F9,15N7

,31P15

整数

2H1,14N7

12C6,16O8,

32S16

Page 46: The NMR of Solid Polymer: an overviewhysz.nju.edu.cn/wangxl/download/The NMR of solid polymer...2.FT and 2D NMR (1991) For his contribution to the development of the methodology of

46

Page 47: The NMR of Solid Polymer: an overviewhysz.nju.edu.cn/wangxl/download/The NMR of solid polymer...2.FT and 2D NMR (1991) For his contribution to the development of the methodology of

47

Page 48: The NMR of Solid Polymer: an overviewhysz.nju.edu.cn/wangxl/download/The NMR of solid polymer...2.FT and 2D NMR (1991) For his contribution to the development of the methodology of

48

Page 49: The NMR of Solid Polymer: an overviewhysz.nju.edu.cn/wangxl/download/The NMR of solid polymer...2.FT and 2D NMR (1991) For his contribution to the development of the methodology of

49

A nuclear magnetic moment μ in H0

a)relationship between two frames

b)movement of μ in rotating frame

Page 50: The NMR of Solid Polymer: an overviewhysz.nju.edu.cn/wangxl/download/The NMR of solid polymer...2.FT and 2D NMR (1991) For his contribution to the development of the methodology of

50

Magnetization

0Hg

ptH1g

N

i

iM

Larmor frequence

Pulse angle

Page 51: The NMR of Solid Polymer: an overviewhysz.nju.edu.cn/wangxl/download/The NMR of solid polymer...2.FT and 2D NMR (1991) For his contribution to the development of the methodology of

51

Page 52: The NMR of Solid Polymer: an overviewhysz.nju.edu.cn/wangxl/download/The NMR of solid polymer...2.FT and 2D NMR (1991) For his contribution to the development of the methodology of

52

Free induced decay (FID)

Page 53: The NMR of Solid Polymer: an overviewhysz.nju.edu.cn/wangxl/download/The NMR of solid polymer...2.FT and 2D NMR (1991) For his contribution to the development of the methodology of

53

Fourier transform pair

dtefHth

dtethfH

fHth

fti

fti

2

2

)()(

)()(

)()(

Page 54: The NMR of Solid Polymer: an overviewhysz.nju.edu.cn/wangxl/download/The NMR of solid polymer...2.FT and 2D NMR (1991) For his contribution to the development of the methodology of

54

Examples of FT pairs

Page 55: The NMR of Solid Polymer: an overviewhysz.nju.edu.cn/wangxl/download/The NMR of solid polymer...2.FT and 2D NMR (1991) For his contribution to the development of the methodology of

The PPM scale for chemical shifts 化学位移

电子云屏蔽一个原子中心的核,对孤立的原子是对称的

Shielding in molecules

by electron clouds

Shielding and

electron clouds

:屏蔽常数

Page 56: The NMR of Solid Polymer: an overviewhysz.nju.edu.cn/wangxl/download/The NMR of solid polymer...2.FT and 2D NMR (1991) For his contribution to the development of the methodology of

定义:

(扫频法,H0固定,无量纲)

High frequency

Deshielded

Low frequency

shielded

Low field High field

0 200

0 10

电子云密度 增加 减少

Page 57: The NMR of Solid Polymer: an overviewhysz.nju.edu.cn/wangxl/download/The NMR of solid polymer...2.FT and 2D NMR (1991) For his contribution to the development of the methodology of

诱导效应:电负性大小影响

去屏蔽

电负性增加

影响因素很多:

原子屏蔽、分子内屏蔽、分子间屏蔽

Page 58: The NMR of Solid Polymer: an overviewhysz.nju.edu.cn/wangxl/download/The NMR of solid polymer...2.FT and 2D NMR (1991) For his contribution to the development of the methodology of

环电流效应:

苯分子中的电子具有离域性或流动性,在外磁场下形成的环流产生局域磁场,由于1H处于去屏蔽区,谱线向高频处移动。

H0

Page 59: The NMR of Solid Polymer: an overviewhysz.nju.edu.cn/wangxl/download/The NMR of solid polymer...2.FT and 2D NMR (1991) For his contribution to the development of the methodology of

1H NMR spectrum of

CH3CH2OH

3:2:1

1951/2

化学位移参考物质:

结构分析、定量分析的基础

TMS,DMSO……

分子结构与化学位移:

Page 60: The NMR of Solid Polymer: an overviewhysz.nju.edu.cn/wangxl/download/The NMR of solid polymer...2.FT and 2D NMR (1991) For his contribution to the development of the methodology of
Page 61: The NMR of Solid Polymer: an overviewhysz.nju.edu.cn/wangxl/download/The NMR of solid polymer...2.FT and 2D NMR (1991) For his contribution to the development of the methodology of
Page 62: The NMR of Solid Polymer: an overviewhysz.nju.edu.cn/wangxl/download/The NMR of solid polymer...2.FT and 2D NMR (1991) For his contribution to the development of the methodology of
Page 63: The NMR of Solid Polymer: an overviewhysz.nju.edu.cn/wangxl/download/The NMR of solid polymer...2.FT and 2D NMR (1991) For his contribution to the development of the methodology of
Page 64: The NMR of Solid Polymer: an overviewhysz.nju.edu.cn/wangxl/download/The NMR of solid polymer...2.FT and 2D NMR (1991) For his contribution to the development of the methodology of
Page 65: The NMR of Solid Polymer: an overviewhysz.nju.edu.cn/wangxl/download/The NMR of solid polymer...2.FT and 2D NMR (1991) For his contribution to the development of the methodology of
Page 66: The NMR of Solid Polymer: an overviewhysz.nju.edu.cn/wangxl/download/The NMR of solid polymer...2.FT and 2D NMR (1991) For his contribution to the development of the methodology of
Page 67: The NMR of Solid Polymer: an overviewhysz.nju.edu.cn/wangxl/download/The NMR of solid polymer...2.FT and 2D NMR (1991) For his contribution to the development of the methodology of
Page 68: The NMR of Solid Polymer: an overviewhysz.nju.edu.cn/wangxl/download/The NMR of solid polymer...2.FT and 2D NMR (1991) For his contribution to the development of the methodology of

自旋-自旋偶合机理

(n+1)规律

核的等价性

Page 69: The NMR of Solid Polymer: an overviewhysz.nju.edu.cn/wangxl/download/The NMR of solid polymer...2.FT and 2D NMR (1991) For his contribution to the development of the methodology of

偶合常数与分子结构的关系

• 偶合常数的大小和两核在分子中相隔化学键的数目密切相关。

• 偶合常数随化学键数目的增加而迅速下降,因自旋偶合是通过

成键电子传递的。

• 两个氢核相距四根键以上即难以存在偶合作用。

• 谱线分裂的裂距反映偶合常数J的大小,确切地说,反映了J的

绝对值。J是有正负号的,但在常见的谱图中往往不能确定它的

符号。

Page 70: The NMR of Solid Polymer: an overviewhysz.nju.edu.cn/wangxl/download/The NMR of solid polymer...2.FT and 2D NMR (1991) For his contribution to the development of the methodology of

Homonuclear coupling constants 同核偶合常数

多重峰的出现:

通过A、B核外电子云的间接传递作用,使A、B核磁矩产生自旋-自旋间能量偶合

(间接),如I=1/2时:

/自旋-自旋偶合/J

偶合/标量偶合

Page 71: The NMR of Solid Polymer: an overviewhysz.nju.edu.cn/wangxl/download/The NMR of solid polymer...2.FT and 2D NMR (1991) For his contribution to the development of the methodology of

• 质子与质子(1H,1H)之间的偶合

通过两个键之间的偶合

---同碳质子间的偶合

通过三个键之间的偶合

---邻碳质子间的偶合

大于三键之间的偶合---远程偶合

• 其他核(19F, 31P, 13C, 2H, 14N)与H的偶合。

Page 72: The NMR of Solid Polymer: an overviewhysz.nju.edu.cn/wangxl/download/The NMR of solid polymer...2.FT and 2D NMR (1991) For his contribution to the development of the methodology of

• 高场下,简化为一级(近似)谱,高分辨;

• I=1/2:n+1规则;

• nJHH 随化学键的增加迅速减弱。

• NMR只能反映不等性核AB间的JAB,不能反映JBB,即NMR谱中不能

从NMR谱中求得等性核间的J偶合,尽管它存在(需要同位素置换)。

CH3CH2OH

Page 73: The NMR of Solid Polymer: an overviewhysz.nju.edu.cn/wangxl/download/The NMR of solid polymer...2.FT and 2D NMR (1991) For his contribution to the development of the methodology of

Heteronuclear coupling constants

异核偶合常数

13C satellites in the 1H spectrum of 1% chloroform(CHCl3)in

deutero acetone: 1JCH = 210Hz

Page 74: The NMR of Solid Polymer: an overviewhysz.nju.edu.cn/wangxl/download/The NMR of solid polymer...2.FT and 2D NMR (1991) For his contribution to the development of the methodology of

I=1/2, 符合(n + 1)规律。

• 1JC-H ;2JC-C-H ; 3JC-C-C-H :变化范围大。

• 13C 的天然丰度 1.1%,对1H的偶合一般

观察不到。

• 如 CHCl3 峰

98.9% 12CHCl3 , 1.1% 13CHCl3

13C -1H

Page 75: The NMR of Solid Polymer: an overviewhysz.nju.edu.cn/wangxl/download/The NMR of solid polymer...2.FT and 2D NMR (1991) For his contribution to the development of the methodology of

2nI+1规律

I = 1, 符合(2n + 1)规律

常见氘代试剂中氘对残存氢的偶合

2JD-C-H ~1Hz

CD3CN δ 2.0 五重峰

CD3COCD3 δ2.1 五重峰

CD3SOCD3… δ2.5 五重峰

2H (D) -1H

五重峰的强度比为1:2:3:2:1

Page 76: The NMR of Solid Polymer: an overviewhysz.nju.edu.cn/wangxl/download/The NMR of solid polymer...2.FT and 2D NMR (1991) For his contribution to the development of the methodology of

One-dimensional liquid state NMR spectroscopy

1H NMR

(1) Natural abundance 99.9%, high sensitivity; One of the most widely distributed element in organic molecules, almost all functional groups are related to proton atoms directly or indirectly.

(2) Chemical shift range: 0-20ppm, reference: TMS(0ppm)

(3) J-coupling

13C NMR

Natural abundance 1.1%, very low sensitivity;

Chemical shift range: 0-300ppm, 20 times greater than that of 1H

Backbone of the organic molecules

Long relaxation time

Decupling of protons

Page 77: The NMR of Solid Polymer: an overviewhysz.nju.edu.cn/wangxl/download/The NMR of solid polymer...2.FT and 2D NMR (1991) For his contribution to the development of the methodology of

Other:15N,31P,29Si,19F

DEPT( 13C)

Three important parameters:

(1) Chemical shift (ppm)

(2) J-coupling (Hz) (decoupling)

(3) Relaxation time (T1,T2)

Page 78: The NMR of Solid Polymer: an overviewhysz.nju.edu.cn/wangxl/download/The NMR of solid polymer...2.FT and 2D NMR (1991) For his contribution to the development of the methodology of

Structural analysis using NMR