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The New York Times
Thomas Bassett
Andrea Marpillero-Colomina
Mobility Networks in the Americas: Local Politics and Cultural Paradigms
Tuesdays at APA - ChicagoMarch 13, 2012
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ECPA
Energy and Climate Partnership of the Americas
http://ecpaplanning.org/http://ecpaplanning.ning.com/
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MOBILITY ISSUESIN THE AMERICAS
rapid urbanization » no infrastructure planning
no public investment in mobility infrastructure
corruption
The City Fix
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METHODOLOGY
in-depth interviews
historical research
examination of statistical data
INTERVIEWS planners government academics bus operators officials
HISTORICAL RESEARCH political urban transit socio-cultural
DATA
population ridership impacts approval
INTERVIEWS planners government academics bus operators officials
HISTORICAL RESEARCH political urban transit socio-cultural
DATA
population ridership impacts approval
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Google images
CURITIBA-1974
low-cost
exclusive right-of-way
prepaid fare
coordinated entry/exit
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Bogotá - 2000
population ≈ 8 million
vehicle trips per day - 10 million
BOGOTA - 2000
Population = 8 million
10 million vehicle trips per day
6 million of these on public transport
ITDP
ITDP
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All photos: ITDP
AFTER TRANSMILENIO
BEFORE TRANSMILENIO
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TRANSMILENIO
two part system
segregated trunk lines
free feeder buses
Phase IPhase I
Phase IIPhase II
Feeder RoutesFeeder Routes
Source: ITDP
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FEEDER BUSES
access to informal settlements
poor road infrastructure
smaller buses navigate easily
ITDP
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FINANCING
government builds infrastructure
operations privately contracted
operational costs covered entirely by fare collection
max 70% national government (World Bank Loan)
30%+ local government
50% Municipal gas tax
trunk corridors
stations
pedestrian bridges
public space
main stations and depots
control center
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NEGOTIATIONS
flotas fear revenue loss
flota operators » bus drivers
flotas remain primary mode
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IMPROVEMENTS
public parks
libraries
integrate with bike lane
network
private commercial
development
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BRT expanded to other
large cities
funding structure:
- 70% national government
- 30% local government
EXPANSION
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Megabús
assumes 46% of transit
demand
PEREIRA - 2006
Dosquebradas
Cuba
Pereira
interchangesstations
feeder bustrunk bus
Megabus SA
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Photos: Megabus SA
IMPROVEMENTS
design for 1 way streets
sank utility lines
run-off mitigation
tie-in beautification
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PEREIRA TERMINUS
roof is public space
community gathering spot
supports local commerce
encourages mobility
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Mio
assumes 94% of transit
demand
connection planned to
cable car system
CALI - 2009
METROCALI, SA
METROCALI, SA
METROCALI, SA
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Metroplus
to assume 60% of
transit demand (with
metro)
MEDELLÍN - 2011
METROPLUS, SA
METROPLUS, SA
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under construction
Planned integration with
Metro
Evidence of resident
displacement
MEDELLÍN - 2009
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metro
metrocable
PRE-EXISTING TRANSIT
Metroplus, SA
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tied with public amenities
navigates steep terrain
connectivity for poor
communities
METROCABLE
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severe overcrowding
higher bus frequency inhibited
metro construction planned
BACKLASH IN BOGOTA
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NYC MTA
“Select Bus Service” – 2008 pilot
two phases currently operational
partial implementation of BRT
NEW YORK - 2008
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bus lanes
pre-payment
stations
branding
bus priority
passenger information
FEATURES
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Graphics: The New York Times
34th Street redesign demanded
COMMUNITY OPPOSITION
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NYC DOT
34th Street redesign demanded
B44 rejected by community board
COMMUNITY OPPOSITION
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Our Town
Streetsblog
opposition
enforcement
clarity
CHALLENGES
Streetsblog
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defensive
preemptive
PUBLICITY
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population = 6 million
military dictatorship until 1990
neoliberal development policies
complex national government structure
SANTIAGO, CHILE
Roadlesstravelled.com
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created to regulate buses, formalize system
modeled after Transmilenio
SANTIAGO - 2007
Volvo - Chile
Rebellioncorp
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national initiative (Ministry of Transport)
operated by privately contracted companies
police enforcement
STRUCTURE
1. National Ministry of Transport
stations, street infrastructure
2 . privately contracted companies
own buses, organize / run routes
3. national police
enforce traffic laws
1. National Ministry of Transport
stations, street infrastructure
2 . privately contracted companies
own buses, organize / run routes
3. national police
enforce traffic laws
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no city government
decentralized power
competing / conflicting interests
GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE
Newworldencyclopedia.com
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abrupt implementation
no public outreach
ROLL OUT - 2007
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drivers given monthly salary
integration with subway
reduction in congestion
improved over time
TRANSANTIAGO
Plataformaurbana.cl
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All visuals in this presentation are the work of the presenters unless otherwise indicated.
ITDP
THANK YOU! [email protected] [email protected]