The New York

FOREST OWNER

"A publication of the New York Forest Owners Association

.J ~~

May/June 1993

THE NEW YORK

FOREST OWNERVOL. 31, NO.3

OFFICERS & DIRECfORS

Stuart McCarty, President4300 East AvenueRochester. NY 14618(716) 381·6373

Don Wagner Ist Vice PresidentRD #1. B01l203CUtica. NY 13502

Robert M. Sand, Recording Secretary300 Church StreetOdessa. NY 14869·9703

Clara Minerd, Treasurer1123 Cold Spring RoadLiverpool. NY 13088

John C. Marchant, Executive Director45 Cambridge CourtFairport. NY 14450(716) 377·7906

Deborah Gill, Administrative SecretaryP.O. Boll.180Fairport. NY 14450(716) 377·6060

1993David J. Colligan, BuffaloVerner C. Hudson, ElbridgeMary S. McCarty, RochesterSanford Vreeland, SpringwaterDon J. Wagner, Utica

1994Norman Richards, SyracuseRobert M. Sand, OdessaCharles Mowatt, Savona

1995Elizabeth Densmore, MachiasRichard J. Fox, MoraviaJohn W. Krebs, Honeoye FallsStuart McCarty, Rochester

AFFILIATE REPRESENTATIVESCharles Sprague-THRIFTDinnie Sioman-Catskill Forest Assoc.

CHAPTER REPRESENTATIVESPeter Childs-Allegheny FoohillsWendell Hatfield-CayugaDennis Colliton-Capital DistrictThomas L. Ellison-Central New YorkRobert S. Davis-Lower HudsonWes Suhr-Northern AdirondackTom Casey-Niagara FrontierErwin Fullerton--Southeastern AdirondackLarry Lepak-Southern TierPatrick J. McGlew-TiogaEileen VanWie-Western Finger Lakes

All rights reserved. Contents may not be reproduced with-out prior written permission from the publisher. Opinionsexpressed by authors are their own and do not necessarilyreflect the policy of the publisher.

COVER:30 NATIVE YORKERS

(See page 19 )

NY FOREST OWNER

FOREST OWNERA publication of the New York Forest Owners Association

Editorial Committee: Betty Densmore. Alan Knight. Mary McCartyNorm Richards and Dave Taber.

Materials submitted for publication should be addressed to: R. Fox, R.D. #3, Box 88,Moravia, New York 13118. Articles, artwork and photos are invited and are normallyreturned after use. The deadline for submission forJulylAugust is June 1.Please address all membership fees and change of address requests to P.O. Box180, Fairport, N.Y. 14450. Cost of individual membership subscription Is $15.

Ntt."N'.'.-.u.tJr.UIIW~

NYFOA

Chapters and Affiliates

CAY Cayuga, 1985 65.STC Southern Tier, 1985 ..........................•...................•.................... 108T10 Tioga, 1986 89WFl. ...western Finger Lakes, 1988 ............................................••........ 252AFC Allegheny Foothills, 1989 ...................................................•..•... 113NFC Niagara Frontier, 1990 .........................................................•..•. 128CDC Capital District, 1991 ............................................••....•................ 88SAC Southeastern Adiorndack, 1991 87LHC Lower Hudson, 1991 .......................................................•.......... 43CNY Central New York, 1991 .......................•...................................... 84NAC Northern Adirondack, 1991 72

CFA Catskill Forestry Assoc., 1982 127THRIFT Tug Hill Resources, Investment lor Tomorrow, 1982 132

With membership as of April 1,1993.

Table of ContentsPresident's Message 3Hemlock & Hides, John T. Hastings 4Master Forest Owners, Gary Goff 7It's Coming! - Or Is It Already Here, Robert K. Morrison 8Logging Ordinance Drafted, David Skeval 9Chapter/Affiliates 10New York State's Forest, Francis "Mike" Demeree & Michael C. Greason 12Hemlock Woolly Adelgid, Douglas C. Allen 14Timber Theft, J.P. Lassoie 16Before You Whack Your Weeds, Dr. Jane Sorensen Lord 18

MAY/JUNE 19932

PRESIDENT'S MESSAGEGeneral Douglas MacArthur went

out with the line "Old soldiers neverdie, they just fade away". I have acoffee mug inscribed with a similar

theme, "Old bankers never die, they justlose interest". Since I was once a soldier(not old) and a banker (older) and am nowfacing retirement as President of NYFOA,I am wondering what applies to old forestowners. Here are a few thoughts on thesubject:

Mary and I were recruited to joinNYFOA by President Bill Lubinec in 1974,shortly after acquiring our woodlot inWhitney Point. In looking through theForest Owners accum ulated since then, it'sreally enjoyable to realize how many ofthose acti ve in the seventies are still aroundand doing their thing in forest management- the Eberieys, the Palmers, the Sands,Dave Taber, Vern Hudson (a director nowand in the mid seventies), the Roberts andthe Strombecks to name a few. Incidently,Lloyd Strombeck, a past President, re-cruited Mary as a director in 1978 and wehave been involved in NYFOA in onecapacity or another ever since.

My conclusion is that old forest ownersnever die, they just keep caring for theirwoodlots. They don't fade away and theydon't lose interest. What a great group!And as Mary and I leave the NYFOABoard and take a less active part in theaffairs of the association, we think of thosewho have been such towers of strength inthe past two years in managing NYFOA.

John Marchant has brought NYFOA upto a whole new level of recognition in andout of the state. As I have said a number oftimes, my main objective as President hasbeen to keep John as our volunteer Execu-tive Director. He is just too valuable as ourleader even to think of trying to do withouthim or to replace him.

Dick Fox has done an incredible job asEditor of the Forest Owner and before thatas Chair of the Editorial Committee. Itseems to me that he spends full timeat whatis billed as a part time position. We oweDick so much for his dedication and hisselflessness.

Where does this lead me? Dick will start"editing" my message if I go on too long,but I must mention many others.

Bob Sand, our senior board member, isalways there when needed to help with

NY FOREST OWNER

President Stuart McCarty and Past President Mary McCarty

program and to do the minutes of the Boardmeetings. Charlie and Marion Mowatt standtall as enthusiastic workers for the cause,doing all sorts of things that seem beyondourreach. Betty Densmore, a key player inthe Allegheny Foothills Chapter and Chairof the NYFOA Editorial Committee, hasbrought a new spirit to the organization.

Behind the scenes Helen Marchant andDebbieGill, our Administrative Secretary,have worked diligently to keep the officegoing in a friendly efficient manner. Everyorganization should be so lucky! To ClaraMinerd, our new Treasurer, thanks forstepping in late in the year to take over thebooks.

Norm Richards has been an activeNYFOA Board member for a number ofyears, chairing many programs and arrang-ing for our use of Marshall Hall at ESFunfailingly. We appreciate this relation-ship with ESF. Mary and I have found JohnKrebs, a new director last year, to be mosthelpful and always ready to jump in whenthe need arises.

To Sandy Vreeland who retires after sixyears of service on the Board and to Dave

3

Colligan, retiring after three years, thanksfor your help. Dave promises to continue tohelp with legislative matters which is goodnews.

The chapters and affiliates have addeda whole new look to NYFOA in recenttimes. I am particularly grateful to theirleaders and to those who have taken theinitiative to start new chapters. They havereally been stars in our growth and out-reach. In the past two years Joe Messina,John Hastings, Bob Davis, Tom Ellisonand Wes Suhr organized new ones. KathleenFarnum, past head of the Catskill ForestAssociation, and a new elected Boardmember, is one of our most enthusiasticsupporters.

Don Wagner, President-elect and Pro-gram Chairman for the Annual Meeting,has really worked hard at preparing for hisnew position and in doing so has been agreat help to me this past year. Good luckto Don as he takes over on April 24.

Finally, to Mary, my senior advisor,principal critic, enthusiastic rooter, keyBoard member and best friend, THANKS!It has been fun working with you.

MAY/JUNE 1993

Hemlock &Hides &Warren CountyBy John T. Hastings

In 1831 the first major tannery inWarren County began operations inWarrensburg. Seventy-five yearslater the last tannery, Garnar Leather

Works, closed its doors for business. Noother industry had as much impact on thegrowth and development of Warren Countyin the 19th century as did the tanningindustry. Their establishment, growth anddevelopment, closely paralleled that of thevillages in which they were located.

By the early 19th century many smallsettlements had sprung up in northern NewYork. When transportation in the form ofcanals, railroads and plank roads devel-oped, many of these villages became in ter-connected. As transportation became easierand cheaper and the towns grew in popula-tion, conditions were ripe for industrialdevelopment. The presence of vast amountsof hemlock and many free flowing streamsprovided the key to the establishment ofthe first major industry in many of thesecommunities - tanning.

The first tanneries in operation weresmall in size, usually operated by one ortwo people, and supplied the needs of thelocal community. Hides were brought infrom nearby farms and the tanner wouldwork them for a share of the finishedproduct. Two early tanneries in WarrenCounty, one in Lake George and one inWarrensburg, were established for thispurpose and were in operation before 1810.

Later, as transportation systems devel-oped, the shipment of hides to and fromlocal communities became easier andcheaper. It was more economical to shipthe hides to the tanneries due to the weightand bulk of the large quantities of hemlockbark which were needed to treat the hides.

In 1823 the Champlain Canal was com-pleted to Whitehall, and nine years laterthe Feeder Canal was constructed fromFort Edward to Glens Falls. With thesewater routes open, hides could be movedfrom Albany to Glens Falls by boat, andthen by wagon to the local tanneries to thenorth. As such, Glens Falls soon becamethe center for the distribution of the hidesto the tanneries in Warren County and thesurrounding areas.

A year after the Feeder Canal wasopened, the Mohawk and Hudson opened

NY FOREST OWNER

Hemlock bark rock on Erwin and Polly Fullerton's Tree Farm.

the first railroad to Saratoga and fifteenyears later, in 1848, a line was extended toWhitehall through Fort Edward. Finally,the Adirondack Railway was constructedfrom Saratoga to Luzerne in 1865, ex-tended to Stony Creek in 1869, and toNorth Creek in 1871. The railroads pro-vided further, as well as cheaper, means ofgetting the hides, which came from as faraway as South America, Australia, Cali-fornia, and Mexico, to the tanneries.

Although highways in the 1800's werenotoftoday's standards. they still provideda better means for the movement of hidesand bark. These "highways" or plank roadsconsisted of heavy boards laid cross-wayson timbers over a graded surface. The firstplank road was laid between Lake Georgeand Glens Falls in 1848. The followingyear it was extended to Warrensburg and in1850 to Chestertown, by the Warrensburgand Chester Plank Road and TurnpikeCompany. Many of the individuals activein the affairs of plank road companies wereprominent men in the tanning industry.

A final factor which was significant tothe tanning industry in Warren County wasthe Potato Famine in Ireland during the late1840's. The Irish immigrants moved in-land, settled. and often became employedby the local tanneries. This was especiallythe case in many of the tanneries in north-ern Warren County.

4

In the early 1800's many tanneries werelocated in the lower Hudson River Valleyand the Catskills due to the abundant sup-ply of hemlock. Gradually, they becameestablished in Warren, Washington andSaratoga counties as the hemlock becamescarce in the Catskill region. By the late1800's the tanning industry was present innearly every county in the Adirondacks.

The opening of the larger tanneries inWarren County proceeded from south tonorth, and tended to follow the majorwaterways, i.e., the Hudson and SchroonRivers. The need for large volumes ofwater in the tanning process necessitatedbuilding the tannery near a river or majorstream.

As the tanneries moved north so did thetanners. As the tannery closed and moved,many families would "pick up" and fol-low. The reasons for this were many. First,the tanning business was one of the firstindustries to supply steady year-roundemployment. Secondly, a tannery wouldoften owe back wages to many of its em-ployees. Therefore, to payoff this debt, orsimply as an incentive to move, a tannerywould offer a house and/or land as pay-ment or inducement to move to the newarea. This was a common practice em-ployed by the tanneries. Each tannery wouldsecure thousands of acres ofland, to supplythe mill with the needed tan bark, prior to

MAY/JUNE 1993

or upon moving to a new area. Once thehemlock bark was removed, the land hadlittle value to the tannery. As such, the landwas often used to pay off the debts incurredby the tannery.

H.P. Smith states in his History of War-ren County that"it is a noteworthy fact thatWevertown, North Creek, and Creek Cen-ter in Stony Creek date the origin of theirexistence as villages, immediately subse-quent to the erection of the tanneries whichnow keep them alive." Also, the growthand development of the villages ofWarrensburg and Horicon were directlyrelated to the establishment of tanneriesthere. Smith also goes on to say that theconstruction of the tannery at Wevertownby W. Watson and J. Wasson "stimulatedthe dormant energies of the inhabitants,giving employment to the men, creating amarket for bark and farm produce, andawakening hopes of other industries yet tocome." This stimulation was a result ofnumerous factors. As was mentioned ear-lier, many of the houses were built for theworkers by the tannery. In addition, manyother buildings were often constructednearby, such as dry goods store, acarpenter's shop, a harness shop, storagesheds, tannery office, a company boardinghouse, and barns for the horses. Further-more, a single tannery (depending on itssize) directly supplied jobs for up to fiftymen.

Many other forms of employment weredirectly related to the tanning industry.Teamsters were needed to haul the barkfrom the woods to the tannery, as well ashauling the hides to and from the railwaystations or canal. The Emerson tannery inHoricon required lS-20 teamsters to sup-ply the tan bark to the mill. Lumberjackswere also needed to fell the trees, peel thebark, and "rank" the bark out to log roads.Other associated jobs such as carpentry,blacksmiths and bookkeepers were neededto maintain the operation of the tannery.The effect of the tanning industry oncommunities in northern New York cannotbe over-stated.

The tanning industry also relied heavilyon the lumberjacks and woods workerswho cut and hauled the bark and logs forthemill. Most lumberjacks were of French-Canadian ancestry, especially in the north-ern section of the county.

NY FOREST OWNER

Felling and peeling of hemlock treesusually took place from late May throughAugust, when the bark could be easilypeeled. After peeling, the logs were left torot in the woods. However, later in thecentury (after 18S0), hemlock logs wereusually hauled out of the woods and floatedto the saw mills. The peeled bark wasstacked in the fall, and then hauled to thetannery during the winter, when the lakesand ground were frozen and covered withsnow, which allowed easier hauling bysleds. William F. Fox states in his HistoryOf The Lumber Industry In The State OfNew York that the best "axernen weredetailed for the felling of the large hem-lock. Others, with their axes, girdle thefallen tree trunks at intervals of four feet,and these are followed bymen with 'spuds'.an iron tool with which they peel or pryloose the bark. The first 'ring' at the baseof the tree is taken off before the tree isfelled; otherwise, the cutting at the stumpwould spoil this piece of bark. Anothergang works as 'swarnpers', or in piling orranking the bark ready for hauling. Withthe approach of autumn the sap ceases toflow; the bark consequently sticks to thetree, and the work of peeling is ended forthat year." The men who peeled the barkfrom the trees would pile the bark into one-half to two cord stacks at various locationsthroughout the woods. Many of the pilesstill exist today.

The bark scattered throughout the woodshad to be "ranked" out to the skid wayswhich were located on the woods' roads.From here it was hauled to the tannery. Thebark was fitted snugly into stack's contain-ing from two to forty cords. A "wood' shod"sled was made to draw the bark, which wasabout eight feet long, three feet wide, anddrawn by one horse. Two men could rankout 1O-1S cords per day.

Hauling was usually done on sleds whichcould haul one to four cords of bark. Atypical day consisted of getting up aroundfour in the morning, doing the chores,which included preparing the team, andbeing ready to roll by five. The men wouldusually get in the woods, some IS to 20miles from home, around nine or ten. Load-ing of the sled would take about an hourand a half. During this time the teamsterwould feed his horse, as well as "get a bit"himself. This consisted of three or four

5

slices of bread, and fat pork, raw or cooked.which was often frozen!

Sitting on top of the bark, the teamsterheaded for the tannery, arriving there aroundfour in the afternoon or later. Here hewould unload his bark and finally head forhome. This trip might be over 30 mileslong and result in a day's wages of 7S¢!

Bark at the tannery was piled eight totwelve feet high in rows up to 20 rods (330feet) long. Thousands of cords of barkcould be stacked in the yard at one time.The bark had to be piled tightly with therough side up.

The tanning procedures were relativelysimilar for most of the tanneries operatingthroughout the 19th century. The majordifference was in the size of the operation.

The tanning process consisted of fiveoperations.

1) Cleaning the raw hide or skin.Cleaning included extensive washing

and soaking to remove dirt, blood, manure,and other foreign materials lodged in theskin.

2) Removing the flesh, hair or woola) Hides were soaked in large vats of

milk of lime and then scraped with beam-ing knives to remove the hair and flesh.Next the hides were rinsed with copiousamounts of clean water to wash away theorganic waste.

or b) The hides or skins were hung in the"sweat pits" where the hair became suffi-ciently moistened so that they could bescraped by beam hands.

3) Softening.a) Hides or skins were stored in lofts

where they were sprinkled with water, andthen treated with oil. At the end of sixmonths they were scrubbed and cleaned.

or b) Hides that had been soaked in limewere then soaked in a mixture called bate(hendung, salt, water) to remove the lime.After a period of time they were removed,scrubbed and cleaned.

4) Leeching and Tanning.The hides or skins were then placed in

vats containing the tanning liquor. Thesevats were sunk into the ground and sepa-rated by a narrow wooden walkway. Thevats would vary in size, usually 8 to 12 feet

MAY/JUNE 1993

Hemlock & Hidesin diameter. The larger vats (or leeches)required about eleven cords of hemlockbark and could hold around 100-125 hides.As many as 200 vats could be found in thelarger tanneries. The tanning liquor wasproduced by first grinding the hemlockbark into a coarse dust. This was done bya machine similar to an old fashionedcoffee grinder, powered by water or ahorse which turned the mill as it walked ina circle. The bark was then mixed with hotwater and pumped into the vats. In sometanneries the tan bark was broken intochunks, which was then spread betweenlayers of hides in the vats, and coveredwith water. Some tanneries had hot waterpipes running through the vats to keep theliquor scalding hot. Fresh tan bark wouldbe added periodically to maintain thestrength of the liquor. Up to six monthswas needed to properly tan the hides. Theactual tannin was a chemical reactionbetween the tannin in the hemlock bark,the gelatin of the hide and the water,resulting in the preservation of the hide orskin.

5) Drying and Finishing.Finally, the hides were thoroughly

washed, hung singly, and left to dry forabout six months. Care had to be taken sothat the hides dried properly and did notmold. After thorough drying, they wererolled, which was a process to obtain auniform thickness of the hide.

Most of the tanneries inWarren Coun ty(except the Garner Leather Works and,later, the Bowman Tannery) were prod uc-ing sale leather for shoes, and other leathergoods. For this reason, the hides werefinished by rolling and polishing withtallow or neats foot oil to make one sideglossy and smooth.

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NY FOREST OWNER

Of the entire eleven Adirondack coun-ties, Warren was most influenced by thetanning industry. What happened here wasrepeated on a lesser scale elsewhere. Asearly as 1830 no records existed of anyproducts being transported from WarrenCounty tanneries over the Champlain Ca-nal. By 1864 ,however, one million dollarsworth was shipped by this method alone.One year later Warren County's leatherproducts were valued at $1,775,971.

The Tanning Era lasted a little over 100years in Warren County, the most produc-tive period being only 40 to 50 years, oruntil the Hemlock bark became exhausted.This same story occurred in most of theother Adirondack counties. Today .Iittle isleft to remind us of this period. Most of thetannery buildings have burned or been torndown. The forests have regrown, althoughtoday the hardwood predominate and fewlarge Hemlocks remain. The streams havenaturally cleansed themselves of the earlypollutants of tannin and lime. All thatremain are the much improved transporta-tion systems, now bringing "live hides" tothe Adirondacks.

John Hastings is a NYS DEC SeniorForester working out of the Region 5Warrensburg office as well as a NYFOAmember serving as the Newsletter Editorfor the Southeastern Adirondack Chapter,He resides with his Wife Pam inQueensbury.

This article is an excerptfrom an origi-nal published in AdirondackBits 'NPieces(1984). John recommended an additionalreading of the recently published book,Hides, Hemlock and Adirondack Historyby Barbara McMartin.

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If you are considering selling timbernow or in the future, call us first! Ourmarking & bidding process will assureyou of the highest possible price foryour timber. .EBEf evaluations.Call: Dana Batley

607-272-4768Consulting Forester

6

NWOA AppointsNYFOA's Exec as

Vice President for theNortheast Region

n March 1,1993 the National Wood-o land Owners Association (NWOA)announced the appointment of three

Regional Vice Presidents according toNWOA President Keith A. Argow. In-cluded in the group are a former commu-nity college president, a retired corporateexecutive, and recent town mayor who isalso a forester. All are private woodlandowners.

The immediate duties of the new VicePresidents will be a dual focus on gettingendorsements of the recent! y re-introducedReforestation Tax Act, as well as directingthe development of affiliated state wood-land owner associations (currently thereare 25 state affiliates of NWOA).

Representing the northeast fromFairport, New York is John C. Marchant.Born in Michigan and raised on a farm inOhio, Marchant is a physicist with degreesin mathematics and physics from MiamiUniversity of Ohio. His career spanned 31years with Eastman Kodak Co. where hedirected several divisions. His forestry ac-tivities include 23 years of management ofa 160 acre New York woodland. Longactive in the New York Forest OwnersAssociation, he became that organization'sExecutive Director in 1989.

MAY/JUNE 1993

A Call for Master Forest Owner/COVERTS Volunteer CandidatesBy Gary GoffT he third year of NY's Master Forest

Owner/COVERTS Program is nowunderway with this request for MasterForest Owner/COVERTS volunteer can-didates. Over the past two years, 66 expe-rienced forest owners (including severalwife/husband teams) have undergone thetraining to become certified Master ForestOwners (MFOs).

Candidates then must attend the 3-daytraining workshop to be held this year on23-26 Scptember.at Corncll's Arnot'Teach-ing and Research Forest, south of Ithaca.Topics covered at the training include treeidentification, wildlife and sawtimbermanagement, forest economics, findingboundaries, education techniques, andsources of forestry information in NewYork. All expenses for the stay at the

The 1992 class learning about a timber sale from Don Schaufler, Arnot Forest Manager.

training are paid by the program.Upon certification as MFOs, the volun-

teers are responsible for arranging a half-day, on-site visit with about 10 neighbor-ing forest owners over the next year. Typi-cally the forest owners are asked to explaintheir interests and objectives. Then basedon the discussions, the MFOs may providesome insight based on their experiencesand suggest sources of further informationand means by which to obtain technicaladvice or services.

The MFOs are encouraged to establishworking relationships with current MFOsand local natural resource professionalsincluding County Cooperative Extensionagents, NYS DEC foresters, private con-sulting foresters and others involved inforestry. The MFO/COVERTS programDirector provides continuing support fromCornell and handles all questions from anyperson involved with the program.

The NY MFO/COVERTS Program issponsored by the NY Forest StewardshipProgram and the Ruffed Grouse Society,

The goal of the program is to provideprivate, nonindustrial forest owners of NewYork with the information and encourage-ment necessary to manage their forest hold-ings to enhance ownership satisfaction.This is accomplished through the volun-teer efforts of MFOs who meet with local,less experienced forest owners, in theirwoodlots, to encourage and motivate themto practice sound forest management.

Candidates will be asked to complete atwo-page application form, that will be thebasis from which the program advisorycommittee selects the top 35 candidates. The 1992 class of Master Forest Owners.

The 1992 class discussing a logging job with timber harvester.David Reed. at Cornell's Arnot Teaching and Research Forest.

NY FOREST OWNER 7

with cooperation from Cornell Coopera-tive Extension, NYS DEe's Div. of Landsand Forests, and the NY Forest OwnersAssociation. The term "coverts" refers togood ruffed grouse habitat and as such,coverts is symbolic of the importance ofhabitat management for all wildlife.

Anyone interested in learning moreabout the program should contact theirnearest active MFO listed with CountyCooperative Extension Offices and Re-gional DEC Offices. Application forms forthe 1993 program are available, until June1, from: Gary Goff, MFO/COVERTS Di-rector, Fernow Hall, Cornell University,Ithaca, NY 14853 or call 607/255-2824.

MAY/JUNE 1993

It's Coming! - Or is It Already Here?By R.K. Morrison

Iam one of those philosophical indi-viduals who "owns" a small piece offorest land. I share the view of manyothers who believe that we truly do not

own the land but merely are allowed theprivilege of using, tending, caring, enjoy-ing, and reaping from the land in return forour investments. These investments in-clude the purchase price, annual taxes,regular maintenance costs and improve-ment costs (not to mention the physicalback-breaking labor this old body has hadto endure).

After years of investing in our forestland, we may be fortunate enough to real-ize some actual cash returns by a sale of

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NY FOREST OWNER

forest products. Now we have reached apoint where the margin of profit may benarrow at best. Any additional interferencein this small margin can be disastrous.Some examples might be a depressed mar-ket at the time of harvest, an insect ordisease problem that causes a loss of grade,a natural catastrophe that devalues the prod-uct, theft (the ultimate catastrophe), or anynumber of other factors that detract fromthe value we receive for the product.

THE SMOKETo me, the worst thing that could hap-

pen, would be for me to loose the right toharvest my forest products, or have some-thing happen that makes a sale so costly orcumbersome that it is all but impossible.But that is precisely what is happening, andit is happening right under our noses and weare barely aware of it. The newest challengefacing the private forest landowners in NewYork State today is not an insect epidemic,not a climatic catastrophe, not a newlydiscovered disease, nor out-of-control prop-erty taxes. It is a slowly, creeping (althoughthe pace is picking up); insipid problem thatnone of us wants. It is the continuing prolif-eration of local forms of harvesting ordi-nances. They may take the form of permits,ordinances, zoning restrictions, local laws,registration, or outright prohibition. But nomatter what form they take, they ultimatelywill take away or seriously impair yourrights in managing your own forest land.

THE SMOLDER AND HEATThe origins of these local laws are nu-

merous but tend, in my opinion, to fall intotwo categories. The first is from the stand-point of aesthetics, in that adjoining ornearby property owners are suddenly con-fronted with a visible harvesting operation.The abrupt change in the landscape, not tomention its temporary unsightliness, bringson the wrath of citizens demanding thattheir local government officials do some-thing about the problem. The second isfrom the standpoint of damage to roadbeds,shoulders and ditches and the obvious vis-ible effects. This leads to complaints to theroad superintendent or supervisor. Ratherthan taking other action that is presently

B

available under the law, they seem to steerin the direction of a new local loggingordinance. The same citizens hardly evercomplain about the farmer when heclearcuts his land by cutting the hay,combining his oats or harvesting his corncrop, nor do we hear about the mud andmanure when it ends out on the roadwayduring normal farming operations.

One of the causes of many of the com-plaints has been the continued push orexpansion of urban dwellers into the ruralenvironment. What they find when mov-ing into the rural area, is exactly what theyhope to preserve. Unfortunately for them,come spring, the farmer will be spreadingodoriferous manure and muddying up theroad while plowing his field, and thebeautiful view across the valley or nextdoor may be altered by a neighbor har-vesting his forest crop. Much of the blamecan be put on forest landowners, loggers,foresters, and mill owners (I mightas wellirritate everyone while I'm at it). Alandowner who sells his timber with noconcern for the environment but only adesire to maximize his return is as guiltyas the logger who harvests the timber in amanner that is the most economical with-out concern for the woodlots future. At thesame time, a forester who condescends toan owner's wishes no matter what effect ithas on the resource, or who encourages alandowner to cut as much as possible inorder to increase his fee, is as guilty as therest. Finally a sawmill operator who pur-chases logs from any logger, no matterhow unscrupulous in his harvesting prac-tices or business dealings, is also guilty ofnot protecting the resource that his futuredepends upon. To be sure, there are good,

MAY/JUNE 1993

It's Coming!conscientious forest landowners, loggers,foresters and mill owners. It's the bad onesthat are causing us the problems when itcomes to the increasing regulation of theforest industry. At the root of almost everynew proposal for a local cutting ordinance,we find that an ongoing logging operationhas stirred the pot.

I am not only opposed to the idea of alocal timber harvesting ordinance, but I amopposed to the many varieties of ordi-nances that ultimately will make it diffi-cult and costly to do business (if logging iseven allowed). We have ignored the prob-lem long enough in New York State. Al-though I am a government employee, I amopposed to costly government regulation.I am a forest landowner too; somethingmust be done to protect my interests in theenvironment and in my right to harvestforest products.

THE BIG BEARMany states have now begun to enactlegislation to deal with the problem. NewHampshire, among other states, has a "Rightto Harvest" law. West Virginia has enacteda timber harvesters licensing law. Manystates now regulate timber harvestingthrough their state forestry departments.New York State recently adopted a "Rightto Farm" law.

As of this writing, it is my understand-ing that the New York State Forest PracticeBoard, theNYSDEC -Division of Lands &Forests and the Empire State Forest Prod-ucts Association are all beginning to ex-plore the problem and to look for possiblesolutions. To date the Department and theIndustry has used the "put out the smallbrushfire approach" by dealing with theproblem on an individual, local or regionalbasis. Its time to look at the big picture!

Before it is too late, I urge you topreserve your rights as a forest landownerby speaking out at every opportunity onwhat I consider to be a very serious issue.

Robert Morrison is the Regional Foresterfor NYS DEC Region 8. This article wasreprinted from the Western Finger LakesNewsletter. For a criticism ofa local regu-lation see accompanying article by DavidSkeval .

NY FOREST OWNER

Logging OrdinanceDrafted for Horseheads

By David Skeval

The Town of Horseheads, NY hasdrafted a Timber Harvesting Ordi-nance that should concern any for-

estland owner in Horseheads or any othertown in Chemung County.

The draft Ordinance is four pages longand addresses the following topics: Sub-ject and Intent; Registration; RegistrationInformation; Fees; Insurance; Posting andBonding; Enforcement; Violations; andAppeals. Attached to the Ordinance is afive page documen 1referred to as the "Tim-ber Harvesting Standards of the Town ofHorseheads". The Ordinance states thestandards set forth in the "Harvesting Stan-dards", must be followed.

When reviewing any Harvesting Ordi-nance the forestland owners should askthemselves three questions:

1) Can this Ordinance ban me fromharvesting my timber given the lay of myland or its proximity to residential prop-erty?

2) Does the Ordinance detract from thevalue of my timber?

3) Do portions of the Ordinance dealwith aesthetic issues that have nothing todo with environmental integrity?

Upon reviewing the Horseheads Ordi-nance, the answer is YES to all of thesequestions.

Certainly there are legitimate issuesthis Draft Ordinance is trying to address,but the Ordinance is discretionary in natureand makes unreasonable demands on theforestland owner.

Wendell Hatfield(Over 35 years experience)

General Excavation,Road Construction,

Wetlands Enhancement,Ponds and Drainage

R.D. 2, Moravia, NY 13118(315) 497-1398

For example, it requires the forestlandowner to build a 200 foot gravel road intohis or her property to get the landing awayfrom the municipal highway. This wouldcost the forestland owner over $2,000.Don't be fooled into thinking the loggerwill be paying for the road because all thecosts of the harvesting come out of thevalue of your tim ber. The more it costs theharvester for the operation, the less moneyyou get for your timber. If you have aver-age quality timber, the first 6.8 thousandboard feet of timber (at $300/MBF) wouldbe paying for your new road.

Several factors have spawned this Ordi-nance. The single greatest factor is increas-ing political pressure from an expandingsuburban population. It is not necessary toturn this issue into a rural versus urbanconflict. The non-forest owning popula-tion doesn't understand the cost of owningand maintaining managed forestland; theydo know the pleasure of driving by forest-land or gazing at it from their kitchenwindows. Harvesting made more difficultby ill-conceived ordinances will have theeffect of converting forestland to otheruses, something both the urban and ruralpopulations can agree is not good.

David Skeval is employed on the extensiveforestlands of Cotton-Hanlon. This articlewas reproduced from the newsletter of theTioga Chapter.

-- VOSS SignsOcpL NYF. Box 553. Manlius. N.Y. 13104

Ph. (315) 682-6418(Mon.-Fri_ 9·5)

F'lmily Owned &; Operated for over 25 years

MAY/JUNE 1993

Our next woods walk will be May 22when we will visit a wildlife habitat im-provement consisting of small checker-board clear cuts near Hanging Bog in theTown of New Hudson, Allegany County.For more information 716-942-6600.

CHAPTER/ AFFILIATESWESTERN FINGER LAKES

Our chapter is grateful to Eric Randallfor hosting the March meeting on his prop-erty where he shared some of his knowl-edge on maple syrup production. Despitethe frigid temperatures and the blizzard of'93 closing in on us, some 30 people turnedout for the presentation. We learned howEric and his son, Jessie are applying newmethods to produce better maple syrup.Our reward for braving the elements was asample of warm maple syrup that wasdelightful alone or in our coffee.

A woodswalk is scheduled for May 15,10 AM at the junction of Purcell and AceRoads South of Route 20A between Hem-lock and Honeoye Lakes in Ontario County .We will inspect a timber sale of 25 acresthat is between the stages of harvest andcleanup. The trees were red and white oaksfrom 150 to 200 years old. For more infor-mation contact Dale Schaefer at (716)367-2849, evenings.

THRIFTConnie Smith, welcomed the council to

her wonderful office building at TwinMills Lumber Co., located at Russ Mills inOswego County. She gave us a brief his-tory of the long and successful business ofher company. She also treated us withcoffee and refreshments, which were en-joyed by all.

President Harold Petrie called the meet-ing to order. Robert Watson gave histreasurer's report. Robert Quinn reportedon the future financial well-being ofTHRIFT. Charlie Valentine reported onhis meeting with State Senator JamesWright, to discuss the efforts of LyonsFalls Pulp & Paper Co. to sell conservationeasements of its 50,000-plus acres of TugHill land to the state.

Mike Virga, Forest Manager for LyonsFalls P & P Co. gave his views of thepossible sale of easements to the state.

Mr. Valentine asked for ashowofhands,in support of Lyons Falls P & P Co. in itsefforts with the State, and received ap-proval by the majority.

A tentative group tour of Curtis Furni-ture Co. and/or Twin Mills lumber opera-tion is set for May 13th.

ALLEGHENY FOOTHILLSOur chapter visited Jamestown

Audubon Nature Center in theBurgeson Wildlife Sanctuary on March27. Our group was large enough (about40) to be divided into two groups; onewhich visited the native species Arbo-retum while the other toured some ofthe Sanctuary to view returning birds,including hundreds of Canada Geeseand many species of ducks. After ashort meeting and lunch, those whohad toured the Arboretum then touredthe refuge and vice-versa.

The meeting was chaired by JoannKurtis, who has agreed to be co-chairwith her husband, Mark. Nick Rattigave an update on the $500 gift to theNannen Arboretum; the money willfund an internship by a young personinterested in pursuing a career in anenvironmental-related field. The mon-ies will pay for improvements to bemade to the Pierce Whitney Forest inMachias.

SOUTHERN TIERThe March meetings was the occasion

for the annual potluck supper, completewith door prizes. R. Dean Frost, Chairmanofthe State ForestPractice Board, togetherwith other members, were observed in theserving line several times, getting secondsand thirds. Chad Covey,NYS DECRegion7 Associate Forester, addressed the groupon the state's ecological system of man-agement plans for public lands. The unitmanagement plans highlight habitat man-agement for ecosystem diversity.

The next meeting is May 11 at 7 PM atthe Extension Education Center, FrontStreet, Binghamton. The program will fea-ture Michael Greason from the CentralOffice, NYS DEC and an Open Forum.

SOUTHEASTERN ADIRONDACK

10

Opportunities Seminar and Trade Show,April 24. Our chapter will have a NYFOAForestry Exhibit at a Forest Expo/Compe-tition in Glens Falls on June 19,. a part ofthe Lake George Region Spring Festivalweekend program.

TREE FARM NEWSThe NY Tree Farm. Committee announced recently that Erwin and Polly

Fullerton were voted the Outstanding Tree Farmers for New York State in 1993.Besides the many forestry accomplishments on their 200 acre Tree Farm ..inThurman, the Fullertons have conducted tours of their woodlot, become MasterForest Owners, and been voted Conservationist of the Year by the Warren Co.SWCD. In addition, the success of the Southeastern Adirondack Chapter is largelydue to the contributionsof Brwin and Polly. The nomination was made bySt~yeWarne.

Current and upcoming events: An April10 meeting arranged by John Hastings andhosted by Frank LaBar at his sugar houseand orchard in Minerva, NY. Ron Cadeauxproviding a booth/display at AdirondackCommunity College for an Agricultural

From SACNewsletter.

People and Trees, Partners in crime,NY FOREST OWNER MAY/JUNE 1993

NORTHERN ADIRONDACK

This bunch has had cold, deep snow andcoyote chasing them for two months. Sofar, I've seen the remains of two dead deerfrom coyote predation on my woodlot, butwe'll see many more deer that this severewinter has taken.

This does bring me to the subject of ourfall woodswalk: deer management; that is,how on-going, local research is helpingresource managers and landowners pro-duce healthy deer and habitat. More aboutthat in a later issue of The NY FORESTOWNER.

Hopefully, spring will have arrived in

PhOlOS by Wes Suhr :

latter April along with many song birds.And that will be the subject of our springwoodswalk, sometime in May. We plan tohave a trip with ornithologist(s) attendingwho can identify the spring beauties andalso tell us landowners how we can bettermanage this priceless resource.

Have you heard the songbird popula-tion is on the decline? I have noticed thisdecline on my own woodlot. What's caus-ing it, and what can we do about it?

Our winter woodswalk on February 13,hosted by Jim Curran of Curran Loggingon theMassawepie Boy Scout Camp. About

CATSKILL FOREST ASSOCIATIONIn March, a CFA member called with

unfortunate news.Heis a farmer in SullivanCounty, and, separate from his farm, heowns a 48 acre woodlot. His neighborinformed him that a timber trespass hasoccurred in the woodlot. CFA intends tohelp him determine a strategy, investigatethe theft and, if necessary, find a forester toinventory the loss. Regardless of the extentof the damage, whether one tree was takenor thousands, this experience is criminal.Forest owners should prepare themselvesto avoid it. NYS DEC publishes an excel-lent pamphlet "Timber Trespass". It brieflydescribes methods to prevent trespass andoptions to consider after a theft has oc-curred. Don't honor these crooks by call-ing them loggers; these rascals are nothingmore than thieves.

After this year's packaged firewoodseason, CFA came out with a net gain and

Dave Riordan, CFA's Wood ProductsManager, gets the credit. Now CFA is onthe brink of gaining a self-sufficient ForestLand Improvement program. This year wesold 20,400 bundles, 50 cords of bulkfirewood and netted approximately$11,000.

CFA is reaching out to both its mem-bers and any other persons interested inhelping CFA increase its EndowmentFund.The A. Lindsay and Olive B. O'ConnorFoundation has offered to match everydollarCFA raises for the Endowment Fund,up to $15,000 (which means $30,000 intotal).

May 8 -NY ReLeafPlanting Workshopat the Stony Kill Environmental EducationCenter in Wappingers Falls; June 12woodswalk at Henry Kernan's forest inSouth Worcester, focus to be announced.Call CFA for details, 914-586-3054.

10 brave souls with cabin fever stumbledout into a snowstorm to see a very interest-ing and educational demonstration of au-tomated logging. We learned that the ma-chinery, and the care the loggers weretaking with the machines, amounted to asafe logging job - both for the logger andthe site. The camping sites will be muchsafer for the Boy Scouts to use in thecoming season. Thanks for an enjoyabletour, Jim; and Mike Jackson (PropertySuperintendent), thanks for the use of theCamp's facilities and your introduction torecreation management for the Camp.

AASE HEIBERGAase Heiberg, 91, died

March 29 at the home of herdaughter, Karen, Mrs. NormanRichards in Syracuse.

A native of Copenhagen,Denmark, Mrs. Heiberg livedin Syracuse since 1927. Herhusband, SvendO. who died in1965, was a former Dean of theSUNY College of Forestry andis credited with sparking theformation of NYFOA (FO 3/65).

'Think: (j[ova[{y, YLct Locallu, 'ToqetherNY FOREST OWNER 11 MAY/JUNE 1993

unmanaged. Of the 506,000 forest ownersrecorded in 1980, there are 2500 certifiedTree Farmers and 1600 New York ForestOwner Association members. These twoorganizations have significant overlap intheir membership. There are an unknownadditional number of forest owners who domanage their land. The Department ofEnvironmental Conservation provides ad-visory services to about 4000 landownerseach year. Yet, unfortunately, most forestland is in poor shape due to highgradingand is not being actively managed.

Good forest management can lead tofaster production of higher quality prod-ucts while improving water and air quality,wildlife, fisheries and threatened or endan-gered species of flora and fauna habitat,and recreational and aesthetic values. Allthese resource benefits contribute to agoodlifestyle in New York. Our forests are trulyamongst the finest in the world. Theirpotential is terribly under-utilized.

NEW YORK STATE'S FORESTSThe Opportunity - The Problem And The RemedyBy Francis "Mike" Demereeand Michael C. Greason

INTRODUCTIONEvery person in most countries in the

world uses forest products every day. Thebumper sticker stating, "In some way alogger has touched your life today," istrue. Most of us live in wood frame housesfurnished with wood and equipped withthe simplest wood products, including toi-let paper, paper towels, shopping bags,cartons and the like. We read books, maga-zines and newspapers and write checks,notes, letters and spend money - all onpaper made from trees. Wood fiber is afiber of our society; and one we take forgranted without thinking of its source. Orif we do, most of us assume wood comesfrom Maine or the Northwest. When infact, New York is mostly forested withsome of the finest, most resilient, renew-able forest resources in the world. That'sright - RENEWABLE. Trees are living,growing plants that reproduce and replacethemselves continually.

The 1980 New York forest inventoryrecorded 62 % of the state is forest and thatis 18.5 million acres. That reflects anincrease of a million acres since 1968 andup from seven million acres at the turn ofthe century. This forest is the resourcebase for a $4.5 billion a year industry, avery significant economic component tothe upstate economy.

With controversies aired in the me-dia about spotted owl habitat being de-stroyed by loggers, red cockaded wood-pecker habitat being cleared, tropical de-forestation and other timberrelated issues,many people have beenreceiving a stronglynegative impression about timber harvest-ing. Forest industry is becoming moresensitive to society's environmental con-cerns. Society needs torecognize the needfor wood fiber in a modern society and thatwood is a renewable resource, unlike mostalternative materials. The key is wise man-agement of the forest.

THE PROBLEMThe problem is twofold. On the one

hand, society, including most forest own-ers, doesn't recognize forests as a resource

NY FOREST OWNER

that can be managed. And due to this lackof recognition, forest land is taxed at advalorem, which is supposed "highest andbest use", not based on the land's potentialto grow wood economically. "Highest andbest use" translates into what someoneselling their property for development pur-poses received. One of the problems withthis is that not all land can be developed ata market opportunity that one individualmay have taken advantage of. Consequentlytax burdens become so extreme that manyowners are forced to subdivide and sell offtheir forest holdings. This subdivision isreferred to as "fragmentation". An articlein the NEW YORK CONSERVATION-IST (July - August 1989) by MichaelGreason described forest fragmentation inDelaware County. This is a rural forestedcounty; however, during the seven yearspreceding the article, there was a 62%increase in tax parcels. It can be assumedthis increase did not occur in the nineteenincorporated villages where the propertieshad already been developed.

Consequently most subdivision was oc-curring on rural forest land. During thissame period the absentee ownership esca-lated from 39.5% to 59.2% and the tax levyrose from $5,516,110 to $10,144,404. Thisrise in funding reflects that people needmore services than forests. Trees don'tsend saplings to school nor care about snowplowing highways or waste disposal. Inturn as fragmentation increases, budgetneeds increase and taxes are forced to risecreating more pressure to subdivide prop-erties to escape the unbearable tax burden.Forest fragmentation does not appear to bein society's best interest.

Most New York forest land is in privateownership. 15.J million acres are classi-fied as commercial forest, that is it is forestland that is not precluded from harvest asare the state owned forever wild landswithin the Adirondack and CatskiII forestpreserves. Of that 15.3 miIIion acres, onemillion is in public ownership, one miIIionis owned by forest industries and the re-maining 13.5 million is in nonindustrialprivate forest ownership (NIPF). A major-ity of the NIPF group do not considertimber production a primary reason forownership; therefore most of this land is

12

A REMEDYHow can we correct these problems and

best realize the benefits? We believe oneremedy is already available. A significantproperty tax exemption tied to a commit-ment to practice sound forest managementis one incentive that has merit. Providing aproperty tax that is related to the land'sability to grow a crop rather than its poten-tial value for development can encouragean owner to retain the property for forestuse. By obtaining a long term commitmenton the part of the owner to manage theforest according to sound forest manage-ment principles and to produce wood prod-ucts for forest industry, the forest can makea good economic contribution to the stateeconomy. This commitment is assured byserious penalties for land use conversion orbreach of the approved management plan.

Real Property Tax Law, Section 480-awas legislated in 1974. The older version,RPTL 480, known as the Fisher Forest TaxLaw had become perceived as inequitableand ineffective. It had frozen assessmentsat the time an owner committed; thereforeenrollees who had been in the programlongest continue to gain a substantial ben-efit over those who came in later. Penaltiesfor conversion are not significant in light of

MAY/JUNE 1993

prices paid for lands being developed; sothe exemption has often been used as ashelter for people holding their land forspeculation. Sound forest management andtimber production is not assured under thisversion. Lands committed to 480 continueto enjoy the benefits of that law and someofthe more than 700,000 acres are activelybeing managed for forestry. Since the en-actment of 480-a, 849 parcels containing306,577 acres have been certified. Be-tween the two versions of the forest taxlaws approximately one million acres re-ceive a forest tax exemption. Approxi-mately nine million acres are eligible toparticipate.

480-a is available to owners of 50 acresof contiguous forest land who apply. Theowner commits to follow an approvedmanagement plan for ten years followingthe last filing for exemption. The manage-ment plan must be prepared by a foresterand is a technical document with a workschedule which must be followed. Whenscheduled harvests occur, an approvedcutting prescription must be followed anda yield tax of 6% of the certified stumpage -value is paid to the county treasurer. Thisstumpage tax is in effect a deferred tax thatis paid at the time the property is producingincome. Plans can be amended to reflectmarket conditions or other situations; buteither doing something not in the plan ornot doing something in the plan can lead torevocation of the certificate. Violationslead to a penalty of 2 1/2 times the savingsfor up to ten years plus compound interest.Conversion of a portion of a certified par-cel leads to penalty of twice that for theportion so converted.

To calculate the exemption:

First: take the assessment per acreand multiply it by 80%;

Second: take the equalization rateand multiply it by $40, and subtractthat figure from the assessment peracre;

Now take the lesser amount andsubtract it from the assessment peracre to obtain the new assessment.

NY FOREST OWNER

To try to simplify this awkward conceptthe new assessment is the greaterof20% ofthe original assessment or $40 per acrebased on full value assessment.

AN OPPORTUNITYMinor improvements could make this

program more effective and fair.For the most important one, state reim-

bursement to taxing jurisdictions for thetax shift would eliminate local resistanceand appropriately place the burden on so-ciety as a whole. In this scenario the stump-age tax and any penalties would go to thestate to offset costs of reimbursement.Where Society benefits from forests andthis benefit accrues to all New Yorkers, itwould be fairer to have the cost distributedstatewide. When an owner schedules aharvest, the logger purchasing the timberisoften from out of town and may sell logs tomills in several other towns and/or coun-ties. Once milled or converted to paper, theproduct may be distributed anywhere. Themultiplier factor from stumpage to con-sumer is 25; that is, a dollar paid to alandowner develops $25 by the time thefinished product reaches the consumer.Therefore the economic contribution tothe state economy is widespread.

Second, a flat tax rate, say $3.00 peracre per year, revisited periodically andbased on the economics of forest cropproduction would be fairer than a reduc-tion in assessment. There are cases wherecertified tracts are still being taxed at a ratethat far exceeds what one can justify on thebasis of wood production. These tend to beparcels in urban areas that may be provid-ing "green belt", open space benefits. Per-haps the societal benefits associated withthese forests are more apparent than withmore rural forests and therefore deservespecial consideration. A flat tax rate coupledwith the stumpage tax eliminates the needto measure site capability to try to assesssoil productivity. The sites that producethe highest return pay the greatest tax andat the time the owner can best afford to pay.By having the stumpage taxes and anypenalties shifted to the state with the re-quirement for state reimbursement to thetaxing jurisdiction, the distribution of cost

13

over time is balanced.480-a can assure a resource base for

forest industry that could lead to industriesinvesting for the future. Knowing the for-est will be managed for the long termaccording to sound forest managementprinciples promises a continued flow ofacceptable quality wood. These managedforests will remain healthier thanunmanaged forests; so they will providemany other resource benefits also. If amajority of New York's forests were to bemanaged, forest industry's $4.5 billionannual contribution to the economy couldgrow substantially while providing otherimproved natural resource benefits.

"Mike" Demeree was recognized as theNational Outstanding Tree Farmerfor 1985and Michael C. Greason is Chairman ofthe New York Society of American Forest-ers. This article was previously publishedin the LEGISLATIVE GAZETTE.

Bruce E.Robinson,

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MAY/JUNE 1993

DamageAdelgids feed by inserting very fine

stylets (thread-like mouthparts) into innerbark cells. These cells distribute through-out the tree food that is man ufactured in theneedles through the process of photosyn-thesis. The stylets are hollow and functionlike a straw that the insect uses to suck plantsap from individual cells. When a largenumber of adelgids feed on a twig, manycells are destroyed and eventually the twigdies. The most obvious evidence of theinsect are clusters of bright, white egg sacs(Fig. 2). These cottony, globular massescover the female and eggs that she has laid.Feeding by high adelgid populations maycause foliage to turn first yellow-green,then brown and eventually needles dropprematurely.

HEMLOCK WOOLLY ADELGIDby Douglas C. Allen

T hehemiockwoollyadelgidisthoughtto have been accidentally introducedinto western North America from

Japan in the early 1900s. First reports of itin the east occurred in the late 1960s, butsignificant damage was not observed until1985. At this time mortality of both orna-mental hemlocks and scattered patches offorest-grown hemlock in Connecticutaroused concern throughout the northeast.

Since this initial outbreak, infestationsof the adelgid (pronounced ah-dell-jid)have been observed throughout southernNew England, southeastern New York(Dutchess, Ulster, Orange, Putnam,Rockland, and Westchester Counties), andalong the Atlan tic coast from eastern Pen n-sylvania south to northern Virginia. Smallpockets of hemlock mortality (i.e., smallgroups of trees) have been associated witha buildup of this insect in southeasternNew York. Mounting concern in the north-east recently prompted Maine, New Hamp-shire and Vermont to adopt a quarantinethat prohibits the free movement of hem-lock seedlings and nursery stock, logs,lumber with bark intact, and chips from 13states (including three western states) andthe District of Columbia into their areas.Only material that is inspected and certi-fied can be shipped.

Why a Ouarantine?Eastern hemlock, Tsuga canadensis, is

an important component of bothbroadleaved and coniferous forest types.The wood is valued by segments of thepaper industry, and the typically densestands make excellent wildlife habitat.

Fig. 2. Egg sacs of hemlock woolly adelgid.

NY FOREST OWNER

Figure 1.An adelgid on Douglas-fir.Introduced insects are notorious be-

cause of their propensi ty to cause damage.Most are introduced without their com-plex of natural enemies. In the presence ofsuitable climate and abundan t food, and inthe absence of natural checks on popula-tion growth, their numbers increase rap-idly.

What is an Adelgid?These sucking insects are closely re-

lated to aphids. They have complex lifecycles comprising several life stages thatare quite different in both form and func-tion. They feed only on conifers. Manyspecies (e.g., spruce gall adelgids) formcone-shaped galls on spruce, and on analternate host (pine or fir) the insect oc-curs as white cottony tufts (Fig. 1). Thehem lock woolly adelgid is not a gall makerand, even though winged stages occur(and presumably seek spruce as an alter-nate host), most of the insects recycle onhemlock and damage is limited to thistree.

Life HistoryThe hemlock woolly adelgid has two

generations each year. Adult females over-winter on hemlock branches and depositeggs during early spring (mid- to lateFebruary in Connecticut) in spherical,white, woolly egg sacs (Fig. 2). Eggshatch in April and the first stage nymphs,called crawlers, disperse. Nymphal de-velopment is completed in 4-5 weeks.Adult females of the second generationdeposit eggs in mid-summer. Shortly aftereggs hatch, the first stage nymphs becomedormant until fall. They feed and developduring warm periods in autumn and win-ter.

14

What to DoWith the exception of some experimen-

tal work done in Connecticut, there havebeen very few attempts to control popula-tions of the hemlock woolly adelgid. If youhave a component of hemlock in yourwoodlot, or utilize hemlock for ornamen-tals, you should be aware of what the insectand its damage look like. Bring any sus-pected infestations to the attention of theDEC office nearest you. There is no need topanic! To date, significant mortality hasoccurred only in Connecticut and a fewareas in New Jersey.

This is Professor Allen's eighth articleintheNY FOREST OWNER, an informativeseries offering the reader insights on theforest from a bug's point of view .Dr. Allenteaches Forest Entomology at the StateUniversity ofN ew York College ofEnviron-mental Science and Forestry.

MAY/JUNE 1993

Dear Editor:The NYFOA Tour itineraries are look-

ing really good; it's been great fun justcontacting all these people to arrange them.

But I did want to announce (in additionto writing individually to everyone whohas already responded) that the tours havebeen rescheduled. I just felt it was moreimportant to get the details right than tohurry things along imprudently.

Actually, it's lucky I postponed them. Ifthe southern tour had gone as originallyscheduled, the bus would have gotten snow-bound in the big blizzard somewhere be-tween Virginia and the Carolinas.

So, the tour to Switzerland, the BlackForest, and Bavaria is now firmly set forSeptember 19 through October 3, endingup in Munich in time for Oktoberfest. TheSouthern Tour is re-set for March 12 through24,1994.

Interested forest enthusiasts can writeto me for details. - Alan Knight

Come!Join us for a woodswalk in the Alps!

NY FOREST OWNER 15

Come join the New York ForestOwners Association as it toursthe storied forests and villages of

Switzerland, the Black Forest, and Ba-varia, Sept. 19 thru Oct. 3. Meet fasci-nating people, walk theirwoodlots, tastetheir ways.

The tour includes visits to privatewoodlands, sawmills, ancient castles,Alpine mountaintops, country towns,and Munich at Oktoberfest.

Your tour will be fully escorted byan experienced woodlot-owner tourmanager and a multi-lingual Swissguide. Your package price includes air-fare, modem tour bus, all admissionfees, and many meals (we've learnedover the years that people prefer not tobe tied down for every meal).

For a detailed brochure, send astamped, self-addressed business sizeenvelope to NYFOA Tours, 96 TargoshRoad, Candor, New York 13743.

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including license numbers of strange trucksand descriptions of unidentified individu-als. The best evidence to convict a thief isalways eyewitness testimony.

The most obvious victim of timber theftis the person whose timber is stolen. The"fair market value" of the stolen timbercannot be written off against the federalincome tax. The deductible loss is limitedto the cost basis of the timber. However, weare all victims. Timber theft discourageslandowners from growing timber, whicheventually drives up the price of woodproducts. careful planning and protection,however, can help reduce the loss of valu-able trees from our state's woodlots.

Timber Theft: A Growing ProblemBy J.P. Lassoie

MOSt property owners seldom worryabout losing large tracks to theft. Astimber prices have increased, how-

ever, so has timber theft. The demand fora free Christmas tree has always plaguedgrowers and landowners, but now land-owners are also losing their roadside treesto firewood gathers.

A number of factors contribute to theincreasing timber theft problem. Manylandowners in New York State are notaware that they own very valuable treesand that their values are increasing yearly.For example, over the last 20 years thevalue of veneer-quality black walnut logshas increased over 730 percent! A veneer-quality log is generally 18 inches or morein diameter and at least eight feet long withfew surface defects; its value increaseswith its size.

Professional ThievesMost timber thieves are well-equipped

professionals. They use chain saws modi-fied with several mufflers and trucks withboom loaders. Although most thefts occurat night and in isolated areas, thieves havebeen known to take trees from the frontlawns of homes during daylight hours.Neighbors may see the thieves in operationbut pay no attention because they think thatit is a legitimate operation.

High-quality logs find a ready market.Thieves may haul logs hundreds of miles tosell them, and often these logs pass throughseveral dealers before they reach the finalprocessor, making itdifficuIt to check theiroriginal source. In addition, individual logsare hard to identify unless the real ownerhas taken the time to mark them.

Thefts are commonly not discovereduntil several days after they occur. In fact,the logs may have been sold and on theirway to an exporter before an investigationcan begin. Although the forest productsindustry has organized to assist law en-forcement officials in tracing stolen logs,the help of landowners is also needed.

Protection MethodsNothing can completely protect valu-

able trees from a determined professionaltimber thief; however, there are actionsthat can act as a deterrent. A landowner can

NY FOREST OWNER

locate, describe, and record the valuabletrees on his land. Trees can be numberedand recorded by species, location, diam-eter at 4.5 feet above the ground, andheight to the first large branch of each. Inaddition, any distinguishing characteris-tics of the bole of the tree should be noted.If a landowner has trouble identifying valu-able trees, he can get assistance from stateforesters, consultants, and the local Coop-erative Extension office.

Trees may also be marked with a char-acteristic symbol. If the appearance of thetrees does not matter, a landowner shouldpaint a stripe down one side of the tree.'The stripe should begin as high up aspossible and go all the way to the ground.The paint should he a type that will notwash off, and it should soak into the cracksand crevices in the bark. Special tree mark-ing paint is available from forestry supplystores, orphosphorescent paint can he usedif appearance is important. Police agenciesare equipped to read such markings.

It also helps if landowners join withtheir neighbors in a cooperative protectioneffort. Landowners should learn the loca-tion of their neighbors' valuable trees, andthey should keep each other informed aboutwhen they will be away. Also, they mighttake turns patrolling areas not visible fromtheir residences. Upcoming timber salesshould be noted, and any timber cuttingactivity should be checked out.

Reporting TheftsIf a theft occurs, it should be reported to

the State Police as soon as possible- earl yreporting is very important. The date, time,and location of the theft should be re-corded. In addition, landowners shouldnote any suspicious activity in the area

Professor James P. Lassoie, a former Di-rector ofNYFOA is currently Chairman ofthe Department of Natural Resources.College of Agriculture and Life Sciences.Cornell University.

Reproduced from NY FOREST OWNERMarlApr 79.

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16 MAY/JUNE 1993

1993 NationalEnvirothon ToBe Held in NYSBy Sandy Huey

1990 was the first year the Soil andWater Conservation Districts in New Yorkheld a state-wide competition, three coun-ties participated (Cayuga, Cortland, andOnondaga). This year41 counties will holdlocal competitions for 5-member teams ofstudents, Grades 9-12 from participatingschool districts. Each county will send itswinning team to the State Meet to be heldMay 26 and 27 at SUNY Morrisville.

During the competition, each team ro-tates through five testing stations wherethey are asked questions related to aquat-ics, wildlife, soils, forestry, and currentenvironmental issues. The team with thehighest cumulative score in the five areasbecomes the winner. Some of the countiesin order to pool resources ban together andhold regional meets; such as, the CentralNew York Region (Cayuga, Chenango,Onondaga, Madison, and Wayne) whichwill compete at Beaver Lake Nature Centerin Onondaga County. This competition issponsored by Niagara Mohawk Power. TheNYS Envirothon held in Morrisville issponsored by the NY Power Authority, NYAssociation of Conservation Districts, NYSSoil and Water Conservation Society, IsaacWalton League, and AGWAY, Inc.

The Envirothon is a unique conserva-tion education effort. It started originally inPennsylvania in 1984, and has since spreadto other States. During the event the teamsmatch wits with each other to answer ques-tions about environmental subjects in anoutdoor setting and a "hands on" emphasis.

The National Envirothon for 1993 willbe held this summer at Niagara University,Niagara Falls, NY.; Chairman, JamesHotaling, Cayuga County Soil and WaterConservation District, 248 Grant Avenue,Auburn, NY 13021.

Sandy Huey is a technician with CayugaCounty SWCD, For previous articles seeNY FOREST OWNER 16, JullAug 91 &NYFO 6, Sep/Oct 90.

NY FOREST OWNER

CNY-NYFOA BBS UPDATEBy Bill Minerd

Metamorphosis is occurring on theCNY-NYFOA BBS. A new version is upand running that includes color graphicsand more help screens to help you unwindthe services available.

A new "Classified Ads" service hasbeen added. Have something tosell..looking for something to buy? ...postit in "Classified Ads" you can even receiveinquires from interested buyers! Chapterscan use this service to post announce-ments of coming events.

The "Reader Room" now has a varietyof articles on forestry and related topics.This service continues to grow with newarticles added weekly.

If you are looking fora utility program;word processor; typesetting program foryournewsletter; communication programs;latest version ofPKZIP (PKZ204G.EXE)you will find them in the FILES section fordownloading to your computer.

If you call after 9:00 pm AT&T ratesare less than connect time to many com-mercial services.

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You can use the leaves of bouncingbette fresh, right off the plant. They suds upwhen you rub them in water and the mixwas used by the settlers for washing selfand clothing. I planted some by my pondand it has become a useful Tree Farmtourist attraction.

A strong strained tea of yarrow flowersand leaves swabbed on cleaned woundshas been used for healing since Romantimes. Yarrow heals very fast. If the woundsite is not clean it will heal around imbed-ded dirt (or gravel in my personal case! Iteventually worked its way out). For deepwounds, like surgical scars, you drink thetea too, for inside-out help.

Goldenrod leaf and flower tea on skinhelps ulcers, boils and slow healing sores.Indians used it dried and powdered tocover wounds like we use bandaids. Youcan drink goldenrod tea for upset stomachand since it promotes sweating it willreduce fever.

The tall, fuzzy mullein with its giantleaves (supposedly used as inner soles inIndian moccasins) is very effective forcolds and bronchitis. Using the leaves androots in a tincture twice daily, got one ofmy patients with early emphysema off ofprednisone. Taken with the grace of hismedical doctor, the man now uses themullein frequently as a tonic. You can alsoroll up and smoke dried mullein leaves forasthma or sore throat.

Dried mullein flower stalks, soaked intallow then lit, guided Hannibal's armythrough the Alps, it's told. Flowers pickedone by one and placed in extra virgin oliveoil helps remove ear wax and relieves earaches. It works on cat ear gunk, too.

I haven't had a wart to try it on, butcarefully applied milkweed milk shouldmake them go away. Butterfly weed, acousin, is also called pleurisy root. Theroot tea breaks up a chest cold.

Violets (the whole plant) make a finetasting tincture which bolsters the immunesystem and tastes great. I made two quartsin late September. We used it up beforeChristmas and haven't gotten colds yet!

Wildly invasive feverfew tastes ter-rible, but makes headaches go away fasterthan aspirin. It is also a mild tranquilizer.St. John's wort (with scientifically ac-

Before You Whack Your Weeds ....

By Dr. Jane Sorensen Lord

When our log landing became desig-nated as our Christmas tree planta-tion, we York-raked and used

Roundup before planting a couple of thou-sand spruce and pine seedlings. By the endof the first season the baby trees werehidden by grass and weeds. It seemedunbelievable that so many plants in num-ber and type would volunteer to grow,uninvited in the sunny, flat, relatively dryacreage.

I was minimally familiar with herbs atthe time. And these errant plants weredefinitely not sage, marjoram, dill - thekitchen herbs with which we are all famil-iar. I bought a book about weeds andlearned my intruders were golden rod,mullein, yarrow, bouncing bette, milk-weed, field violets, plantain, burdock, fe-verfew and St. John's wort.

I felt some power in being able toidentify them, but it wasn't until I visitedPlymouth Plantation in Massachusetts thattheir purpose came to light. At the repro-duction of our first colony, each house hada food garden and a medicinal garden.Growing in the medicinal garden weremany of my culprits. They had some use!But what?. I bought several more books, including

an herbal written in the 1700's (over 1500pages of detailed drawings in olde En-glish),and a most helpful book by Alma R.Hutchens, Indian Herbalogy of NorthAmerica (Shamehala, Boston and London,

NY FOREST OWNER

1991).Lo! many of my weeds were escapees

from gardens of the European settlers,brought over like we now carry aspirin,Lomotil and sunblock when we travel.Many, though were here before the whitemen, and introduced to them by the Indi-ans.

I have experimented and used my weedsfor several years, both on myself and will-ing human guinea pig friends and clients.The results have been fun, useful and en-couraging. Chemical compounds fromplants comprise the basisofmany, manyofour patented medicines. However, the wholeplant seems to reduce the side effects thatpharmaceuticals produce, to work fasterand get done sooner.

In my own case, a self designed plantestrogen replacement, had me symptomfree nine months after a total hysterec-tomy. My gynecologist was curious andsupportive of my efforts and amazed at theresults. He said his patients on syntheticprescription medicine need it for morethan twice as long! I used red clover,burdock, blue cohosh, damiana andliquorice root, plus a couple of orientalherbs, dong quai and ma Huang. I made atincture in 150 proof vodka and took acouple of tablespoons a day in the begin-ning and a teaspoon a day after a while.

Herbal simpling is using one herb at atime and is the best way to experiment. B utALWA YS, if you get really sick or in-jured, see your medical doctor. Treatingyourself with herbs when you have aninfection or high fever, which may need20th century drugs like antibiotics, is anach-ronistic in 1993. Try plants for standarditems like colds, flu, headaches, bug bitesand stings, upset. tummy, hang overs, mildblues, cuts that don't need stitches and thelike.

I wrote about making tinctures, oils andteas in the last issue (NY FOREST OWNERMarl Apr 93). Herbal vinegars can be madeinstead of tinctures for you who don't/can't drink. Use apple cider vinegar, crushup the plants, pour out about 1/3 of thevinegar, put plants in until the bottle is fullagain. leave for at least three weeks andtake by the tablespoon in a 1/2 glass ofwater.

18 MAY/JUNE 1993

knowledged similarity to pharmaceuticalanti-depressants) alleviates "the blues". Igave it to one of my clients, telling her itmay take a week of twice daily doses towork (the pharmaceuticals take a while tostart). She claimed it started to work twentyminutes after the first dose and cleared herdepression in a week. She now takes it asneeded.

Burdock leaves, tasty fresh as a saladgreen, make a tonic for cleansing blood,and the circulatory and urinary systems. Atthe Eclectic Institute in Portland, Oregon,the plant scientists hold its purifying prop-erties in high esteem and add burdock tomany herbal formulas.

Plantain was carried over by early set-tlers. The Indians called it Englishman'sfoot, because it followed their migrations.It is high in Vitamin C, is a good diureticand is used for upset stomach and bowels.The Indians took it for rattlesnake bite!I admit that knowing about and using

weeds as I've discussed, does not makethem go away. I could make potions forarmies and weeds would still choke outintended plantings. However, Ihave gaineda healthy respect for these plants that don'tneed water, fertilizer, are deer and bugproof and attract bees. And it does makeme feel good to know that in spite of thefrustration they cause, Ican tear them outof the ground, one by one, rip them toshreds and eat them!

As a responsibility to representing thewhole of the resource including the under-story and the edges, the NY FORESTOWNER has encouraged this, the thirdarticle of a series on herbs (5,Nov/Dec 92;18, MarIApriI93). The Editor would wel-come a measure of the reader's interestforthis subject, please write and express anopinion.

ThoringtonForestry Service

******17 Years Experience

New Low Rates in EffectPLUS 10% DiscountFor NYFOAMembers

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Y FOREST OWNER

The New York

FOREST OWNER

J~

~~{\;/;/~v i'~~

"r~~4..~yJ;.. -'tJ

Trembling AspenPopulustremuloides

\ pubticul iuu of thv \e\\ York Forest OWI1l'fS ..\~soriation

~1"y/Jllnc I YY3

SassafrasSassafrasalbidum

Red SprucePicea rub ens

Honey LocustGledirsiafriacanthos

Red OakQuercus nuu«

ServiceberryAmelanchiercanadensis

LarchLarix laracina

Black Cherry Red ManiaPrunus seroana Acer rubrum

Balsam FirAbies balsamea

White OakQuercus alba

YellOw BirchBeruJaalleghaniensis

Red ElmUlmusrubra

WhITe CedarThujaow·dentaiJs

White AshFraxinusamericana

Whrte PinePinus strobus

SycamorePlatanusocadenlalis

The Cover line drawings and names were reproduced from the Cornell CooperativeExtension 4HBulletin: "Know Your Trees" by J.A. Cope andF. E. Winch; a reprinted (3/89) and revised (7/81) publication of the Department of Natural Resources, NYS Collegeof Agriculture and Life Sciences at Cornell University. To order the 72 page Bulletinwhich covers 50 trees to be found in New York State: send $2.50 for Bulletin No. 147J85to Distribution Center; Cornell University; 7 Research Park; Ithaca, NY 14850.

'Here, man is no Ionqer tft..e center of tfie uiorld, oniy a witness, but a witness wfw is also apartner in the silent fife of nature, 60una6ysecret affinities to tlie trees.' - '!Jag:Hammarsli;ioftfon tfie occasion of tfie 250tfi anniversary of Linnaeus's 6irtfi.

MAY/JUNE 1993

Black WillowSalix nigra

Black WalnutJuglans nigra

Hemlock Hop HorrbeamOsl1yavirginiana

BasswoodTilia americanaTsuga canadensis

\

;:;,.rtIfi·· ... ~. ',0\12.".':\~;:)II 'a. 'I

"

White SprucePicee glauca

BeechFagusgrandifolia

Tulip PoplarLiriodendrontulrpifera

White BirchBetulapapyrifera

Pin CherryPnmuspennsylvanica

Shagbark Hickory Sugar MapleCarya ovara Acer

saccharaum

Red PinePinus rubens

19

R.J. Fox, EditorRD#3, Box 88Moravia, NY 13118(315) 497-1078

37 - 47 Genesee Street ~Auburn, NY 13021 ~~/."

I ~3151252-7249 ." •• _

:'" .

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