THE NEW SOUTHTHE NEW SOUTHTHE NEW SOUTHTHE NEW SOUTH

Late 1800’s to early 1900’sLate 1800’s to early 1900’s

a time of HUGE changesa time of HUGE changes

The Industrial Revolution

• North• Major changes

– Factories/mass production– Urbanization- old and new cities grew– Immigrants - many coming to US– Growth of Corporations– Progress and Inventions What would happen in Georgia?

•

Henry Grady• Editor of the Atlanta Constitution• Popularized the phrase “New South”• Saw Georgia’s numerous natural

resources and raw materials– Timber, coal, and iron ore– Wrote articles encouraging growth in

Georgia and Atlanta– “We have sowed towns and cities in the place of theories

and put business above politics. We have challenged your spinners in Massachusetts and your iron-makers in Pennsylvania…We have fallen in love with your work.

Henry Grady, “New South”, speech delivered Dec 22, 1886

Economic ChangeThe New South

Movement

• Promotion for economic change• New South prosperity plan:

– Expand its industries– Rely less on a few cash crops

• Diversification – Adding industry and

• new crops to the South’s economy

GA’s New Industries• Cotton: Textile mills (Dalton-

Carpet capital of the world)• Timber: Dr. Charles Herty

develops a way to use the pulp from timber for paper products

• Soft Drinks: Dr. John Pemberton develops a headache remedy that becomes Coca-Cola (Multibillion dollar worldwide company)

International Cotton Exposition

• Expo was held in Atlanta• Promote Georgia,Atlanta and New

South• 800,000 people over three months

saw what the New South’s businesses were all about

GA’s New Agriculture• Food crops: peanuts, pecans,

sweet potatoes, white potatoes, watermelons, and peaches.

• Dairy: cows, milk, buttermilk, cream, and butter

• Cash crops: cotton, tobacco, and corn

THE LOST CAUSE- Ways to keep the old

way of life.

Would there be political change or would the

same people from the Confederacy remain in

power?

Bourbon Triumvirate• White back lash-anger at Republican

Party over war and Reconstruction• 3- Ga Democrats- leaders for a long time• Agreed with New South and industry• Disagreed- with social order changes• White Supremacists• Wanted to keep life the way it was

County Unit System• Way to give votes in primary elections• Each county got a certain # of votes• Counties- urban, town, rural• Person got most individual votes in

that county got ALL the unit votes for that county. Bigger counties had higher pop, more UNIT votes

Social Issues• Racism • White Supremacy• “Haves and Have-Nots”• Education • Voting• Riots

Jim Crow Laws• Mandated segregation of races• State and local laws• “White Only” or “Colored Only”• 1883- Supreme Court- says 14th

amendment ONLY applies to gov’t, not citizens.

• “Naturally, you would ask, “Why?” The question would always come back that we were living in a country that had segregated laws. …You were not looked upon as having full – rights that all other citizens should have. … You have to

watch your behavior.” Lillian Smith quoted in Remembering Jim Crow by William Chafe.

Plessy vs Ferguson• 1896• Homer Plessy vs RR Co in LA• RR tried to make Plessy move from

‘Whites Only” car, he refused and was arrested

• Supreme Court decided segregation was NOT against Constitution

• Started “Separate but Equal”

Disenfranchisement• ACT OF DENYING SOMEONE THE RIGHT TO

VOTE

• Poll Tax- pay to vote• Literacy Test- pass reading test to vote• Grandfather Clause- only if person had a family

member allowed to vote before 1867 could vote• White Primaries- only whites could vote in

primaries

1906 Race Riots• Series of riots 1898-1906• Worst in 1906- started by reports

of white women being harassed by black men

Working for Change• Booker T Washington• WEB DuBois• John and Lugenia Burns Hope• Progressivism/Progressive

Movement• Rebecca Latimer• Tom Watson

Booker T. Washington• Born into slavery• Started Tuskegee Institute• Accomodationism- encouraged

blacks to learn a skill- often menial- and stay with that.

• Gradual equal rights for all- not forced or immediate.

• Spoke at International Cotton Expo

W.E.B. DuBois• Educator, writer, college educated• NOT born a slave• Disagreed with Washington- wanted

immediate change/equality• “Talented 10th”- only top 10% of blacks

should go into higher roles in life• Niagara Movement

Started NAACP

NAACP• National Association for the

Advancement of Colored People• Evolved from Niagara Movement• Activists- get rid of segregation

and discrimination

Alonzo Herndon

• owned successful barber shops– Created the Atlanta Mutual (Life)

Insurance Assoc (Co.) for black Americans

Leo Frank• Jewish man in Atlanta• Factory manager• Charged and convicted for murdering

girl• Death sentence changed to life,

kidnapped from prison, hanged• Pardoned 70 yrs later, janitor guilty

Tom Watson and the Populists

• Helped Felton start- Populist Party• Political Party• Support farmers, agriculture• Wanted easier loans, lower

interest, help for rural farmers(Farmers’ Alliance)

• Got mail delivery to rural areas

Progressive Movement• Many groups trying to improve

society-– Education– Employment– Farming– Housing– Women’s rights– -Child Labor

Rebecca Latimer Felton• Married to Wm Felton• Reformer• Supporter of Women’s Suffrage• Ended convict lease system• Supported Prohibition• 1st Women serve in US Senate

John and Lugenia Burns Hope

• John: 1st Black Pres ofMorehouse College• First pres of Atlanta U.- 1st college to

offer graduate ed for blacks.• Supported NAACP• Lugenia: created 1st women run welfare

agency in Atlanta• Universal suffrage