The New RepublicWashington, Political Parties, the Jefferson Era,

Louisiana Purchase, War of 1812

Washington’s Presidency• Precedents

• Setting up our government• Whiskey Rebellion• Political Parties• Policy of neutrality• Farewell address

George Washington was our nation’s first president and John Adams was his vice-president

Washington set many important precedents, including some that are still used today: Calling the president “Mr. President” Set up a cabinet Serving no more than two terms Pose for a portrait Give a farewell address

Washington Takes Office

Congress passed the Federal Judiciary Act Gave the Supreme Court six members, a

chief justice and five associates John Jay was the first chief justice

Setting Up the Courts

A cabinet is made of department heads that assist the president

Secretary of War-oversees the nations defense-Henry Knox

Secretary of State-oversees relations between the U.S. and other countries-Thomas Jefferson

Secretary of the Treasury-manages the governments money-Alexander Hamilton

Washington’s Cabinet

Most critical domestic problem is no money National treasury is empty due to war debts $52 million in debt Hamilton has a plan:

Raise money through taxes Create a national bank Promote protective tariffs (tax on

imported goods)

Hamilton’s Financial Plan

As part of Hamilton’s financial plan the government taxed whiskey and other “luxury” goods

Western wheat and corn farmers couldn’t afford to haul their grain across the mountains so they distilled it into whiskey which could be shipped more cheaply

Many farmers refused to pay the tax and the tax was lowered in 1793, but a group of rebels in western Pennsylvania would not pay the tax

The Whiskey Rebellion

Washington and Hamilton saw the Whiskey Rebellion as a threat to the authority of the national government

Washington sent 13,000 troops were sent to stop the rebellion; most rebels fled and others were captured but released once they pledged loyalty to the federal government

In your journal: Summarize the Whiskey Rebellion and then compare the Whiskey Rebellion to Shay’s Rebellion

The Whiskey Rebellion

With a partner analyze the Whiskey Rebellion cartoon Cartoon Analysis Questions: answer in your journal 1. What is the date of the cartoon? 2. What significant event(s) was taking place for the nation at the time of the

cartoon? 3. Who is the author of the cartoon? What do you know about them? Is a

political bias apparent in the cartoon? 4. What historical figures are in the cartoon? 5. What does the caption / title mean? 6. What labels / phrases are within the cartoon? What do they mean? 7. Do the labels within the cartoon support or challenge the caption or title? 8. What objects do you see in the cartoon? List the three most prominent. Are

the objects symbols or stereotypes? Explain 9. Summarize the point of the cartoon. 10. Who would support / oppose the message of the cartoon? Explain.

On Netschool…

With a partner analyze the Washington’s Westward Expansion cartoon Cartoon Analysis Questions: answer in your journal 1. What is the date of the cartoon? 2. What significant event(s) was taking place for the nation at the time of the

cartoon? 3. Who is the author of the cartoon? What do you know about them? Is a

political bias apparent in the cartoon? 4. What historical figures are in the cartoon? 5. What does the caption / title mean? 6. What labels / phrases are within the cartoon? What do they mean? 7. Do the labels within the cartoon support or challenge the caption or title? 8. What objects do you see in the cartoon? List the three most prominent. Are

the objects symbols or stereotypes? Explain 9. Summarize the point of the cartoon. 10. Who would support / oppose the message of the cartoon? Explain.

On Netschool…

Spain, Britain, the U.S., and Native Americans all claimed parts of the land between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River

Securing the Northwest Territory(Foreign Policy)

Spain claimed much of North America west of the Mississippi as well as Florida and the port of New Orleans at the mouth of the Mississippi-this port was key to trade for U.S. settlers

Spain also stirred up trouble between the white settlers and the Native Americans

Securing the Northwest Territory

Washington sent troops to the Ohio Valley to help the American’s claim this land-which was occupied by British settlers and Native Americans

Tensions led to a battle, the Battle of Fallen Timbers

The Americans won and the Native Americans retreated to Fort Miami

In the Treaty of Greenville the Native Americans surrendered much of present-day Ohio and Indiana to the U.S. government

Battle of Fallen Timbers

Meanwhile, in 1789, a financial crisis led to a French rebellion

Other European monarchs believed that the rebellion threatened their own thrones; France soon declared war on Britain, Holland, and Spain

The war between France and Britain put the U.S. in a awkward position: France had been America’s ally in the Revolution but Britain was the U.S.’s most important trading partner

The French Revolution(Foreign Policy)

In April 1793 George Washington declared the U.S. would remain neutral

Britain made it hard for the U.S. to remain neutral-the British had began seizing the cargoes of American ships carrying goods from the West Indies

Chief Justice John Jay was sent to make peace with Britain

In Jay’s Treaty the British agreed to pay for damages to U.S. vessels they had seized

They also agreed to leave the Ohio Valley that the U.S. wanted to occupy

Remaining Neutral

Thomas Pickney also helped reduced tensions along the frontier

Pickney’s 1795 treaty with Spain gave Americans the right to store goods at the Port of New Orleans without paying customs duties

Spain also accepted the 31st parallel as the northern boundary of Florida and the southern boundary of the U.S.

Pickney’s Treaty

In a farewell speech Washington warned the Americans against three things: The formation of political parties For the U.S. to remain neutral and not be

involved in European affairs Keep taxes reasonable

Washington Retires

Disagreements over the interpretation of the Constitution, the formation of a national bank, and what kind economy to support led to the formation of political parties

Formation of Political Parties

Political Parties

Federalists

Strong national government rule Fear of mob rule Loose construction

(interpretation) of the Constitution Favored national bank Economy based on manufacturing Supporters: lawyers, merchants,

manufacturers, clergy Founded by: Alexander

Hamilton-co-author of the Federalist Papers

Democratic-Republicans

Limited national government; states rights

Fear of rule by one person or a powerful few

Strict construction (interpretation) of the Constitution

Opposed national bank Economy based on farming Supporters: farmers,

tradespeople Founded by: Thomas Jefferson

and James Madison

In your journal: Create a bubble map for each political parties

Bubble Map

Adam’s Presidency• X, Y, Z Affair

• Alien and Sedition Acts

In 1796 John Adams, a Federalist, campaigned against Thomas Jefferson, a Democratic-Republican

John Adams won and Jefferson was vice-president

John Adams Takes Office

With Britain and France still at war, the French began seizing U.S. ships to prevent them from trading with the British

Many Federalists wanted to go to war over this, but Adams hoped to restore peace

Adams sent three delegates to France to meet with the French minister of foreign affairs

For weeks they requested a meeting with the foreign minister….

Problems with France

…Finally, three French agents, later referred to as X, Y, and Z, told the Americans the minister would talk to them….if they would agree to loan France $10 million and pay the minister a bribe of $250,000

An angered Congress canceled its treaties with France and allowed U.S. ships to seize French vessels

This issue made the Federalists popular with the public; Democratic-Republicans were sympathetic with France and the two fought the issues in the media

In your journal: write a summary of the X,Y,Z Affair

X, Y, Z Affair

To silence critics, the Federalist Congress passed the Alien and Sedition Acts in 1798

These acts targeted aliens-immigrants who weren’t yet citizens Increased the waiting period for becoming a U.S. citizen from 5 to

14 years Gave the president the power to arrest disloyal aliens or order them

out of the country during wartime Outlawed sedition, saying or writing anything harmful about the

government Within two years the Democratic-Republicans won control of

Congress and they either repealed the Alien and Sedition Acts or let them expire between 1800-1802

In your journal: summarize the Alien and Sedition Acts

The Alien and Sedition Acts

The Jefferson Era• Election of 1800• Judicial Review

• Louisiana Purchase• Embargo Act of 1807

Thomas Jefferson won the presidential election of 1800

Jefferson felt that the federal government should have less power than it did under the Federalists and sought to end many Federalist programs Ended many taxes-including the whiskey tax Reduced the number of federal employees Reduced the size of the military

The Jefferson EraThe Election of 1800

Before leaving office Adams appointed as many Federalist judges as he could-this meant the new D/R president would have a firmly Federalist court to work with

Adams appointed Federalist John Marshall as the new Chief Justice

It was under Marshall that the Marbury v. Madison case was tried

Judiciary Act of 1801

William Marbury was one of Adam’s last-minute appointments

Thomas Jefferson, the new president, refused to recognize the appointment of Marbury

The normal practice of making such appointments was to deliver a "commission," or notice, of appointment-this was normally done by the Secretary of State. Jefferson's Secretary of State at the time was James Madison.

At the direction of Jefferson, Madison refused to deliver Marbury's commission. Marbury sued Madison, and the Supreme Court took the case

Marbury v. Madison

With a partner analyze the Marbury v. Madison political cartoon Cartoon Analysis Questions: answer in your journal

1. What is the date of the cartoon? 2. What significant event(s) was taking place for the nation at the

time of the cartoon? 3. Who is the author of the cartoon? What do you know about them?

Is a political bias apparent in the cartoon? 4. What historical figures are in the cartoon? 5. What does the caption / title mean? 6. What labels / phrases are within the cartoon? What do they mean? 7. Do the labels within the cartoon support or challenge the caption

or title? 8. What objects do you see in the cartoon? List the three most

prominent. Are the objects symbols or stereotypes? Explain 9. Summarize the point of the cartoon. 10. Who would support / oppose the message of the cartoon?

Explain.

On Netschool…

Chief Justice John Marshall wrote that the Judiciary Act of 1789, which spelled out the practice of delivering such commissions for judges and justices of the peace, was unconstitutional because it the gave the Supreme Court authority that was denied it by Article III of the Constitution. So…the Supreme Court said the Judiciary Act of 1789 was illegal and not to be followed

The Marbury v. Madison case is an example of how judicial review works

Under Chief Justice John Marshall the U.S. Supreme Court decisions tended to make the national government stronger

Judicial Review

Background: Ogden has been granted a monopoly by New York State to operate a steamboat between NY and NJ. Gibbons is granted a similar license by the federal government. Ogden sues to stop Gibbons from competing with him. Gibbons appeals to the Supreme Court.

Your turn: How would you rule in this case?

Gibbons v. Ogden

Marshall ruled that Congress could regulate ferry boats crossing the Hudson River between NY and NJ as part of its power under the Constitution to control “interstate commerce” (trade between the states).

According to the Constitution, only the federal government can control regulate interstate commerce. This established the federal government’s right to regulate anything that involves commerce between the states.

Gibbons v. Ogden

Background: In 1818, the Maryland legislature imposed a tax on the Maryland branch of the Second National Bank (which was unpopular because it competed with state banks). Maryland legislators hoped that stated taxes on the federal bank would shut down the Maryland branch. James McCullogh, the federal bank’s cashier, did not pay the taxes the Maryland law required, and Maryland sued for payment. Maryland won the dispute in its own courts, and the case was appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court.

McCulloch v. Maryland

Two big issues: 1.Does Congress have the power to create a

bank, even though that power is not specified in the Constitution?

2. Does Maryland have the power to tax an institution of the federal government?

Your turn: How would you rule in this case?

McCulloch v. Maryland

Marshall said the government could create a national bank since that would help it carry out its other powers. He also said that since the federal government had the right to establish the bank, Maryland had not right to interfere by taxing it.

McCulloch v. Maryland

As American settlers moved west they continued to face problems claiming land

After the French and Indian War France turned over the Louisiana Territory, including New Orleans, to Spain

In a secret treaty in 1800 Spain returned Louisiana and the port to France and their leader, Napoleon

Just before France took control of Louisiana again Spain closed New Orleans to American shipping

Angry Americans wanted war with France and Spain

Napoleon and New Orleans

Instead of war, Jefferson offered to buy New Orleans from France

France responded by asking the Americans if they wanted to buy all of the Louisiana Territory…a piece of land bigger than all of the U.S. at that time

Jefferson was excited by the possibility of buying the land…but was troubled over the fact that the Constitution did not say that a president had the right to purchase land…he believed in a strict interpretation of the Constitution…

However he also believed that the U.S. needed land for small farmers, and it gave us control of the port of New Orleans, so on April 30, 1803, the Louisiana Purchase was approved for $15 million-about 3 cents per acre!

Louisiana Purchase-gave Americans control of the Port of New Orleans and doubled the size of the U.S.

The Louisiana Purchase

In 1802 Jefferson began planning an expedition to explore the Louisiana territory

He chose Meriwether Lewis to lead the expedition

Lewis chose William Clark to assist-he was a skilled mapmaker and outdoorsman

They left explored the northern half of the U.S.

Lewis and Clark

Lewis and Clark set out in 1803 and reached St. Louis by winter where they spent the winter and waited for the official transfer of Louisiana to the U.S.

They headed up the Missouri River and by late October reached present day North Dakota where they spent the winter

They met Native Americans, as well as British and French-Canadian trappers who did not like seeing the Americans

Why not?

Lewis and Clark Expedition

They set out again in 1805 and were accompanied by a French trapper and his 17 year-old-wife, Sacagawea

Sacagawea was a tremendous help to L&C due to her language skills and knowledge of the geography

The group traveled until they reached the Pacific Coast where they spent the winter and then returned to St. Louis the following year

They brought back a wealth of scientific and geographic information

Lewis and Clark Expedition

Zebulon Pike explored the southern half of the U.S. on a mission to find the sources of the Arkansas and Red rivers

The Red River formed a boundary between Spanish territory and Louisiana

He was the one to spot the Rocky Mountain peak-later named Pikes Peak

As they continued south they crossed over into Spanish territory and were arrested

They were later returned to the U.S.

Pike’s Expedition

Complete the Louisiana Purchase activity Write your answers on a separate sheet of

paper

On Netschool…

Jefferson wanted friendly relations with foreign countries, but no alliances

This was hard as American merchants traded with countries all over the world and as they look to expand westward they had to deal with nations who had already claimed the land in North America

Jefferson’s Foreign Policy

In 1805 the British began to interfere with U.S. shipping and trading

They did not want the U.S. providing supplies to their enemies

The British set up a partial blockade, allowing only some American ships to go to Europe

This blockade angered France and enacted its own laws to control foreign shipping

Problems with France & England

This caused major problems for Americans: if they followed British rules then the French could seize their ship, if they followed France’s rules then the British could seize their ships

The British also kidnapped American sailors to work on their ships, which interfered with shipping-this practice, called impressment, humiliated Americans and forced President Jefferson to take action

Problems with France & Europe

While the U.S. could have gone to war over this Jefferson instead asked Congress to pass legislation that would stop all foreign trade

Congress passed the Embargo Act of 1807, which stated that American ships were no longer allowed to sail to foreign ports; it also closed American ports to British ships

At your table discuss: Was this a good idea? Why or why not?

Trade as a Weapon

It was more harmful to the U.S. than to the British and French

Merchants and farmers no longer had anyone to buy their goods, causing them to lose income

Many shippers would lie about where they were going to get around the Embargo Act

No, it was not!

Preserving the Nation’s Independence

Election of 1808War of 1812

The embargo was a major issue in the election of 1808 and James Madison won the election

However, by the time Madison took office Congress had already repealed the act

Madison’s solution was to allow merchants and farmers to trade with any country but France and Britain

Trade was to start when France and Britain when they agreed to respect U.S. ships

This law was no more effective than the embargo

Election of 1808

Other Americans wanted war because of British violations of American rights at sea

British ships were stopping American ships and impressing (seizing) U.S. sailors and supplies, claiming that many were deserters from the British Navy-this was a major reason for the War of 1812

Urged on by Madison and the War Hawks, Congress declared war on Britain on June 18, 1812

War on Britain

Britain did not want to go to war with the U.S. because they were already at war with France

To try to avoid war the British declared the at they would no longer interfere with American shipping, but slow mail kept this news from arriving before Congress approved the declaration of war

From 1812-1814 Britain concentrated on its war with France, although it did send ships to blockade the American coast

War of 1812

The British defeated the French in 1814; it then turned its attention to the U.S.

In August British forces burned the capitol building and White House

A Washington lawyer, Francis Scott Key, was detained on a British ship and watched the battle and noticed at dawn that the flag was still flying; he expressed his pride in what became the national anthem

War of 1812

United States forces tried to capture Lower Canada (1812-1813) but failed due to inexperience

Battle of Lake Erie (1813)--U.S. naval commander Oliver Hazard Perry defeated the British force at the Battle of Lake Erie

In January 1815, the British attacked New Orleans. An outnumbered U.S. General Andrew Jackson defeated the British However the battle was unnecessary; due to slow communications the war had ended with the Treaty of Ghent in December 1814

Battles of the War of 1812

After many battles the Treaty of Ghent was signed on December 24, 1814, showing no clear winner

No territory changed hands and trade disputes where left unresolved

Some important consequences still came about: Increased American patriotism Weakened Native American resistance U.S. manufacturing grew The U.S. proved it could defend itself against the

mightiest military power of the era

Treaty of Ghent

In your group re-write your verse of the Star Spangled Banner to make it easier to read

Be prepared to read it to the class Ticket Out: On a notecard summarize the

reasons for the War of 1812 and some of the major consequences of the war.

The Star Spangled Banner

After the War of 1812, the Federalist Party collapsed and all American’s belonged to the same party, the Democratic-Republicans

During this time American Nationalism, or pride in the nation, surged

Americans had preserved their independence from Britain

The Era of Good Feelings

In 1817, James Monroe became the nation’s president Monroe had fought in the American Revolution He helped negotiate the Louisiana Purchase Served as Secretary of State under President

Madison In 1823, in his annual message to Congress,

President Monroe issued a bold statement on foreign policy…He repeated America’s commitment to neutrality and offered a warning to Europe….

President Monroe

The American and French Revolutions had inspired people in Latin America to be free

During the Napoleonic Wars, Spain had been cut off from its colonies and the colonists became used to having self-government

When Spain’s king was restored he tried to reassert control, but Latin Americans declared their independence and Americans feared France would help Spain regain her colonies

Inspiration

President Monroe announced that the U.S. would oppose any attempts by European power to establish new colonies or to restore Spanish rule in the countries in the Western Hemisphere that had achieved their independence

The Monroe Doctrine told Europeans to keep their hands off the Western Hemisphere

The Monroe Doctrine

In your journal trace your hand Give five descriptions of the Monroe Doctrine

(one on each finger) In the palm, summarize the Monroe Doctrine

Hands Off