The New The New MonarchsMonarchs

Chapter 13Chapter 13

Part 7Part 7

The New MonarchsThe New Monarchs

Many of basic institutions of the Many of basic institutions of the modern state were created in the modern state were created in the High Middle Ages:High Middle Ages: Sheriffs, inquests, juries, circuit judges, Sheriffs, inquests, juries, circuit judges,

professional bureaucrats, professional bureaucrats, representative assemblies…representative assemblies…

But the creation of the nation-state But the creation of the nation-state depended on a strong monarchydepended on a strong monarchy

Centralization began after Centralization began after the Hundred Years’ War the Hundred Years’ War

(15(15thth C.) C.) Biggest problems of the monarchsBiggest problems of the monarchs

Most important: power struggle Most important: power struggle with the nobilitywith the nobility

Power struggle with the Church was Power struggle with the Church was also problematicalso problematic

Monarchs needed to curb Monarchs needed to curb the power of the Nobilitythe power of the Nobility

Monarchs needed to reduce violence & Monarchs needed to reduce violence & establish order (both were important to the establish order (both were important to the middle class)middle class)

Monarchs will rely more heavily on the Monarchs will rely more heavily on the middle class as government officialsmiddle class as government officials

The Nobility will be replaced by the middle The Nobility will be replaced by the middle class who will be loyal to the monarch class who will be loyal to the monarch because their new positions were all due to because their new positions were all due to the king.the king.

The nobles’ positions were inherited and The nobles’ positions were inherited and not generally “given” to them by the kingnot generally “given” to them by the king

The monarchs and the The monarchs and the NobilityNobility

To curb the power of the nobles monarchs To curb the power of the nobles monarchs had to be tough, cynical, and ruthlesshad to be tough, cynical, and ruthless

Machiavelli: Deal with things as they are; Machiavelli: Deal with things as they are; not as they ought to benot as they ought to be

People are ungrateful, barbaric, People are ungrateful, barbaric, dishonest, stupiddishonest, stupid

In the Middle Ages the ideal ruler was In the Middle Ages the ideal ruler was just, kind and merciful, fair…not any morejust, kind and merciful, fair…not any more

FranceFrance

Was fragmented after the Hundred Years’ Was fragmented after the Hundred Years’ WarWar

Remember, in France, it was a Civil War Remember, in France, it was a Civil War tootoo

Problems with Burgundy, etcProblems with Burgundy, etc Nobles were vying for the king’s powerNobles were vying for the king’s power Monarch unwilling to share power so no Monarch unwilling to share power so no

assembliesassemblies BUT lack of widespread authority = tough BUT lack of widespread authority = tough

to enforce the law in out-lying areasto enforce the law in out-lying areas

Centralization began with Centralization began with Charles VII (1422-1461)Charles VII (1422-1461)

Defeated Burgundy in 1477Defeated Burgundy in 1477 Expanded tradeExpanded trade Reorganized the Royal Council Reorganized the Royal Council

(advisors) by packing it with middle (advisors) by packing it with middle class rather than noblesclass rather than nobles

Creation of a permanent standing Creation of a permanent standing armyarmy

Expanded state control over the Expanded state control over the ChurchChurch

The Galician ChurchThe Galician Church

The Pragmatic Sanction of the The Pragmatic Sanction of the BourgesBourges: Reaffirmed that the state : Reaffirmed that the state was more powerful than the Church was more powerful than the Church in France.in France.

Gave the crown power over Church Gave the crown power over Church appointments (Bishops) and gave the appointments (Bishops) and gave the crown the authority to tax Church crown the authority to tax Church lands in Francelands in France

Louis XI (the Spider King)Louis XI (the Spider King)1461-14831461-1483

Was ruthless in dealing with uncooperative Was ruthless in dealing with uncooperative nobilitynobility

Promoted new industriesPromoted new industries Encouraged skilled craftsmen to come to Encouraged skilled craftsmen to come to

FranceFrance Made trade agreements with other Made trade agreements with other

countriescountries Increased taxes and improved armyIncreased taxes and improved army Brought Brittany under French control Brought Brittany under French control

through the marriage of his son, Charles to through the marriage of his son, Charles to Anne of BrittanyAnne of Brittany

Charles VIII 1483-1498Charles VIII 1483-1498

1494-1498 Invaded Italy at the 1494-1498 Invaded Italy at the request of Ludivico the Moor (Milan)request of Ludivico the Moor (Milan)

Louis XII 1498-1515Louis XII 1498-1515

Also married Anne of BrittanyAlso married Anne of Brittany Entered into The League of Cambrai Entered into The League of Cambrai

prior to the invasion of Italy which prior to the invasion of Italy which began the Hapsburg-Valois Warbegan the Hapsburg-Valois War

Francis I 1515-1545Francis I 1515-1545was the biggest enemy of was the biggest enemy of

Charles VCharles V Fought the Hapsburgs throughout his Fought the Hapsburgs throughout his

reignreign 1516 The Concordat of Balogna 1516 The Concordat of Balogna with with

Pope Leo X:Pope Leo X: Rescinded earlier Pragmatic Sanction of Rescinded earlier Pragmatic Sanction of

the Bourges.the Bourges. Pope could receive first year’s income of Pope could receive first year’s income of

NEW bishops and abbots but crown could NEW bishops and abbots but crown could select new bishops and abbots (even more select new bishops and abbots (even more power to the state over the Church)power to the state over the Church)

EnglandEngland

100 Years’ War 1337-1453100 Years’ War 1337-1453 War of the Roses 1455-1485War of the Roses 1455-1485

Many nobles died due to above Many nobles died due to above So a little easier to remove their So a little easier to remove their

influence from courtinfluence from court Nobles now controlled by Nobles now controlled by The Star The Star

ChamberChamber

The TudorsThe Tudors

England small, weak & unimportant England small, weak & unimportant countrycountry

BUT Growth of a strong monarchy BUT Growth of a strong monarchy under Henry VII (the founder of the under Henry VII (the founder of the dynasty)dynasty)

Developed standard government Developed standard government procedures for law, taxationprocedures for law, taxation

Tried to avoid foreign wars to Tried to avoid foreign wars to decrease dependence on Parliament decrease dependence on Parliament

Henry VIIHenry VII Created the Created the Royal CouncilRoyal Council Made up of mostly middle classMade up of mostly middle class Had wide powers: judicial, executive, Had wide powers: judicial, executive,

legislativelegislative

The The Star Chamber Star Chamber was an off-shoot of was an off-shoot of the RCthe RC

Had secret sessionsHad secret sessions Used torture to discourage the Used torture to discourage the

ambitions of the nobilityambitions of the nobility

EnglandEngland

Had no standing army or professional Had no standing army or professional bureaucratsbureaucrats

Relied on Relied on Justices of the PeaceJustices of the Peace for local for local controlcontrol

The crown was supported by upper middle The crown was supported by upper middle class because its policies favored them.class because its policies favored them.

Security and order is what the upper Security and order is what the upper middle class wanted and gotmiddle class wanted and got

EnglandEngland

Henry VII encouraged the cloth Henry VII encouraged the cloth industryindustry

Built up the merchant marineBuilt up the merchant marine Peace with Scotland with marriage of Peace with Scotland with marriage of

daughter, Margaretdaughter, Margaret Crushed an Irish rebellionCrushed an Irish rebellion

Country was in good shape for son, Country was in good shape for son, Henry VIIIHenry VIII

SpainSpain

Spain shares the Iberian Peninsula Spain shares the Iberian Peninsula with Portugalwith Portugal

Was divided into 4 kingdoms: Castile, Was divided into 4 kingdoms: Castile, Aragon, Navarre, GrenadaAragon, Navarre, Grenada

1469 Marriage Ferdinand to Isabella 1469 Marriage Ferdinand to Isabella consolidating Castile and Aragonconsolidating Castile and Aragon

By 1492 they had conquered the By 1492 they had conquered the other two and had driven the Moors other two and had driven the Moors out of Grenada out of Grenada

The ReconquistaThe Reconquista

For centuries the Christians wanted For centuries the Christians wanted religious homogeny in Spainreligious homogeny in Spain

The Reconquista: Jews and Muslims The Reconquista: Jews and Muslims were strongly encouraged to convert were strongly encouraged to convert or leave (or die)or leave (or die)

Control of the Spanish Control of the Spanish ChurchChurch

Spanish Pope, Alexander VI gave the Spanish Pope, Alexander VI gave the crown power to appoint bishops in crown power to appoint bishops in Spain and in Spanish overseas Spain and in Spanish overseas territoriesterritories

Revenue from Church lands went to Revenue from Church lands went to establish a permanent standing armyestablish a permanent standing army

The Jews in SpainThe Jews in Spain

Jews had earlier been expelled from Jews had earlier been expelled from England and FranceEngland and France

Was much resentment in SpainWas much resentment in Spain Jews were the Doctors, Bankers, Jews were the Doctors, Bankers,

wealthywealthy Most had converted during the Most had converted during the

Reconquista BUT were still not Reconquista BUT were still not trusted by the bulk of the populationtrusted by the bulk of the population

After the ReconquistaAfter the Reconquista

Converts were called Conversos or Converts were called Conversos or MarranosMarranos

About 200,000 Jews in SpainAbout 200,000 Jews in Spain

If the New Christians were protected by If the New Christians were protected by the crown, the crown would lose popular the crown, the crown would lose popular supportsupport

Popular belief that the conversions were Popular belief that the conversions were false and that the Jews continued to false and that the Jews continued to practice their old religionpractice their old religion

1480 The Inquisition 1480 The Inquisition

To gain support of the majority of the To gain support of the majority of the populationpopulation

Was sanctioned by Pope Sixtus IVWas sanctioned by Pope Sixtus IV Was used against Jews, Muslims and Was used against Jews, Muslims and

later, Protestantslater, Protestants No reformation in SpainNo reformation in Spain Church had been reformed by Church had been reformed by

Cisneros (Dominican humanist & Cisneros (Dominican humanist & author of the Polyglot)author of the Polyglot)

Centralization of Centralization of Ferdinand and IsabellaFerdinand and Isabella

Began to build overseas empireBegan to build overseas empire MestaMesta government organization to government organization to

encourage sheep ranchingencourage sheep ranching Hermandad Hermandad alliance of groups in alliance of groups in

cities and townscities and towns Were police force and tribunalsWere police force and tribunals Ruthlessly repressed violence and kept Ruthlessly repressed violence and kept

orderorder Opposed to the nobilityOpposed to the nobility

The Royal CouncilThe Royal Council

Aristocrats were excludedAristocrats were excluded Members were middle classMembers were middle class

BUT in Spain, not much of a middle BUT in Spain, not much of a middle class due to their expulsion class due to their expulsion

The HREThe HRE

1356 1356 The Golden Bull The Golden Bull 7 German 7 German electors were given the right to name the electors were given the right to name the HREHRE

BUT after 1452 the HRE was controlled BUT after 1452 the HRE was controlled by the Hapsburgsby the Hapsburgs

The Empire was made up of 300+ The Empire was made up of 300+ sovereign statessovereign states

The HRE had little power as over time, The HRE had little power as over time, one after another had traded powers for one after another had traded powers for votesvotes