The Nervous System. the electrochemical ( chemical reactions brought about by electricity)...
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Transcript of The Nervous System. the electrochemical ( chemical reactions brought about by electricity)...
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The Nervous System
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The Nervous System
the electrochemical (chemical reactions brought about by electricity) communication system of the body
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Neuron
cells of the nervous system
(brain, spinal cord, nerves)
Neurons perform three basic tasks:receive informationcarry informationpass information to the next neuron
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Neuron Development
birth 3 months 2 years
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Parts of the Neuron
Dendrites DETECT
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Parts of the Neuron
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Parts of the Neuron
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Parts of the Neuron
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Parts of the Neuron
Dendrites DETECT
Axons ANNOUNCE
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Neurons
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Neural Communication:
The Neural Impulse
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Action Potential
brief electrical charge that travels down the axon
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All-or-None Principle
if a neuron fires it will always fire at the same intensity
doesn’t matter if there is a strong or weak stimulation
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Refractory Period
“recharging phase” when a neuron, after firing, cannot generate another action potential
once complete the neuron can fire again
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Resting Potential
neuron is at rest & capable of generating an action potential
neuron is set and ready to fire
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How are the 3 phases of neuron
communication like a toilet?
Action potential – when you flush an “impulse” is sent down the sewer
pipe
Refractory period – delay after flushing when the toilet can
not be flushed again
Resting Potential – toilet “charged” when there is water in the tank and is capable
of being flushed again
All-or-none-principle – always flushes with the
same intensity no matter how much force you apply to the handle
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Review Questions(think! don’t say the answer out loud…yet)
1. What are the three phases of communication within a neuron?
2. What is the all-or-none principle?
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Communication Between Neurons
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“How do messages travel from one neuron to the next?”
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Synapse
neurons do not come into contact with each other
Synapse - tiny, fluid filled gap between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron
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Neurotransmitters
chemical messengers
travel across the synapse
fit into receptor sites on the dendrite of the next neuron
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Neurotransmitters
can stay only in receptor sites designed to fit their shape
serve two functions:1. Excitatory Effect
2. Inhibitory Effect
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Excitatory Effect
makes it MORE likely that the receiving neuron will generate an action potential
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Inhibitory Effect
makes it LESS likely that the receiving neuron will generate an action potential
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Neurotransmitters
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Review Questions(think! don’t say the answer out loud…yet)
1. How do messages travel from one neuron to the next?
2. How do neurotransmitters that have an excitatory effect impact neurotransmission? What about an inhibitory effect?
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Neurotransmission Simulation
http://www.brainexplorer.org/neurological_control/Neurological_Neurotransmission.shtml#
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The Central & Peripheral Nervous Systems
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The Nervous System
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Central Nervous System (CNS)
brain & spinal cord
brain: where most information processing takes place
spinal cord: main pathway information follows as it enters & leaves the brain
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Spinal Cord
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Divisions of the Nervous System
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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
all the nerves that feed into & branch out from the brain & spinal cord
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Divisions of the Nervous System
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Somatic Nervous System
contains: motor nerves
controls: voluntary movements of skeletal muscles
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Divisions of the Nervous System
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Autonomic Nervous System
Controls: glands & muscles of the internal organs
monitors the automatic functions (breathing, blood pressure, and digestive processes)
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Divisions of the Nervous System
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Sympathetic Nervous System
controls: arousal
fight-or-flight response prepares the body to deal with threats or challenges
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Divisions of the Nervous System
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Parasympathetic Nervous System
controls: calming
brings the body back to a relaxed state
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Divisions of the Nervous System