The Navy's educational programs in electronic warfare

LEBRAHTTECHNICAL KTORT SECTIOH

HAVAI FOSTGflAPUATS 8CHOC*hoktrret. cAfiScawa ft*w*

NPS-73HS 77051

NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL

Monterey, California

THE NAVY'S EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS

IN ELECTRONIC WARFARE

David B. Hoisington

CDR C. J. Thomas, USN

May 1977

ADDrmm.d for public release; Distribution unlimited

FEDDOCSD 208.14/2:NPS-73Hs77051

NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOLMonterey, California

Rear Admiral Isham Linder Jack R. BorstingSuperintendent Provost

This report was prepared by:

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4. TITLE (and Subtitle) 5. TYPE OF REPORT & PERIOD COVERED

THE NAVY'S EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMSIN ELECTRONIC WARFARE

6. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER

7. AUTHORCs; 8. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER(«)

David B. HoisingtonCDR C. J. Thomas, USN

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Naval Postgraduate SchoolMonterey, California

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May 197713. NUMBER OF PAGES

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The Navy's educational programs in electronic warfare areconducted at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, Calif-ornia. Curricula leading to the Master's Degree are availablein Electronic Warfare Engineering and in Electronic WarfareSystems Technology. Successful Naval officer graduates of bothcurricula receive a P-code. Both programs are available toofficers of the other services as well as to DoD civilians.

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NPS-73Hs77051

THE NAVY'S EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS IN ELECTRONIC WARFARE

David B. HoisingtonChairman, EW Academic GroupNaval Postgraduate School

Monterey, California

CDR C . J . Thomas , USNEW Curricular Officer


ABSTRACT

The Navy's educational programs in electronic warfareare conducted at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey,California. Curricula leading to the Master's Degree areavailable in Electronic Warfare Engineering and in Elec-tronic Warfare Systems Technology. Successful Naval officergraduates of both curricula receive a P-code. Both programsare available to officer of the other services as well asto DoD civilians.

May 1977

Approved for public release - Distribution unlimited

THE NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL

The Naval Postgraduate School has been providing advancededucation for Naval officers for nearly seventy years. Estab-lished in 1909, the School operated on the Naval Academy groundsuntil the early 1950' s, when it moved to Monterey, California.Doctoral and Engineer degrees are now awarded in several tech-nical disciplines and the Master's degree is awarded in alldisciplines for which there are programs. Growth and thechanges which accompanied it have been brought about becauseas ship and aircraft systems became increasingly complex,education at the Naval Postgraduate School had to also changeand expand to keep pace with the rapidly emerging technologywhich has governed the development of these new systems. Ifour professional military men are to operate, manage, and com-mand these complex combat systems effectively, it is essentialthat the Navy maintain a wide range and depth of basic scien-tific and technical knowledge within its officer corps. Themission of the Naval Postgraduate School provides for thisadvanced education.

THE NEED FOR POSTGRADUATE ELECTRONIC WARFARE EDUCATION

As the Navy sought to develop a capability in electronicwarfare, new equipment introduced into the fleet was supportedby a nucleus of officers and men trained in its operation.Optimal equipment employment and tactics were developed by theoperational forces, and personnel were trained both on the joband at special schools. A prime example of a training acti-vity established to support Naval electronic warfare is theNaval Technical Training Center, Corry Station, Pensacola,Florida [l] .

Although training programs such as those described aboveprovide for the development of expertise in certain areas, itwas recognized that something more was required. This require-ment was the need for a cadre of officers representing allelectronic warfare platforms; officers who understood the under-lying principles of the elements of EW, elements such as theenvironment, the potential enemy's capabilities, system capa-bilities, principles of coordinated Electronic Warfare, andso on. While training programs are essential to ensure opti-mum system operations, such programs have not necessarilyprovided an understanding of the broad principles requiredto optimize total systems capabilities. To provide an educa-tion of this type is the function of the postgraduate educa-tional program.

THE BILLET CODING SYSTEM

Advanced education in the Navy is integrally related tocertain specified jobs or billets: all positions requiringan advanced education are coded, listed, and updated fre-quently. A billet requiring an engineering electronics grad-uate with specialization in electronic warfare, for example,is XX57P. The "XX57" signifies the specialization area andthe "P" signifies that advanced education is required. Thelast letter might alternatively be a "Q" (meaning requiringan officer who holds a "P" code but whose high performancein EW has been noted by a screening board, and thus is con-sidered a qaualified performer) or an "H" (signifying a bil-let not requiring a P-coded officer, but a billet in whichone could be effectively utilized)

.

The total number of identified P and Q coded billetsdrives a model which determines the size of the officer com-munity needed to fill those billets on a continuing basis,and determines the number of officers who should enter gradu-ate programs each year. H coded billets are not included inthe model and hence do not affect the size of the speciallyeducated officer community.

THE ELECTRONIC WARFARE GRADUATE PROGRAMS

The Naval Postgraduate School currently offers two ad-vanced curricula in electronic warfare: Electronic WarfareEngineering and Electronic Warfare Systems Technology. Elec-tronic Warfare Engineering, Curriculum 591, until recentlyan option of the Engineering Electronics curriculum, has nowbeen identified as a separate curriculum for quota controlpurposes. The objective of the curriculum remains to pro-vide an officer with a comprehensive scientific and tech-nical knowledge in the field of electronics engineering asapplied to Defense and Navy systems , with special emphasisdirected towards electronic warfare systems. The prerequi-sites for the curriculum include a baccalaureate degree witha background and above average grades in differential andintegral calculus and in elementary college physics. Theprogram is open to officers of grades lieutenant (juniorgrade) through lieutenant commander, as well as to MarineCorps, Army, and Air Force officers of equivalent rank, andto Department of Defense civilians. Officers of AlliedNations can also be accommodated.

The School's new EW program is called Electronic WarfareSystems Technology. The objective of this curriculum is toprovide the services with officers thoroughly knowledgeablein the technical and operational aspects of both the art and

role of electronic warfare as a vital, integral part of Navalwarfare. The prerequisites include a baccalaureate degree orequivalent with mathematics through calculus and preferablya previous tour of duty providing a background of operation-al experience. The applicant must be eligible to obtain aTop Secret security clearance with special intelligenceaccess. This program is available to U. S. military officersof the rank of lieutenant (junior grade) through lieutenantcommander or equivalent rank, and to Department of Defensecivilians. It is not available to officers of Allied Nations.

The tuition for Department of Defense civilians of $500per quarter in any program is paid by the student's sponsor-ing organization. Candidates for the two EW programsdescribed above who are lacking in the requisite mathematicsand/or technical fundamentals may be accepted into either pro-gram by way of the two-quarter engineering science preparatoryprogram at the Naval Postgraduate School or through participa-tion in courses offered through extension.

DURATION OF COURSES OF STUDY

All graduate programs at the Naval Postgraduate Schoolinclude a graduate preparatory phase in addition to the gradu-ate program. The preparatory phase is included since theaverage Naval officer entering the school has been away fromschool for about seven years and requires a considerable amountof review of basic mathematics and physics, and updating onrecent advances in the state-of-the-art. Many officers entergraduate programs in subject areas different from their under-graduate discipline. Consequently, the typical master's pro-gram for an entering officer is four quarters of graduatework preceded by four quarters of preparatory studies, or twofull years (the school operates the year around)

.

Not all officer and civilian students are required toremain at Monterey for two years to complete these programs.The time in residence may be reduced by validating courseswhere the student is able to demonstrate proficiency in thesubject matter. A course can be validated if a student hascompleted an equivalent course elsewhere with a satisfactorygrade and has retained sufficient skill in the subject to pro-ceed with other courses for which the course in question is aprerequisite. In a few cases, an undergraduate course can bevalidated based on an officer's job experience in relatedareas.

Every effort is made to provide means for validatingcourses to minimize the required time on board. Officers areencouraged to take required courses at colleges in the vicin-ity of their shore duty stations before entering the NavalPostgraduate School. Many of the undergraduate courses are

available from the Naval Postgraduate School in personalizedsystem of instruction (PSI) format. These courses may betaken on shore or at sea; most, but not all, require that aqualified tutor be available to assist the student. The NavalPostgraduate School provides assistance in finding tutors suchas officers who have previously completed a similar coursewith good grades. The number of courses available in PSI for-mat is continuously increasing.

Department of Defense civilian students generally requireconsiderably less time on board than do Naval officers. Thecivilian student usually has a baccalaureate degree in hisarea of study. Moreover, he typically has been working con-tinuously in the discipline and has retained his mathematicalskills because of continuous use. The typical civilian timeon board is four or five quarters , although this can be reducedstill further if a student completes his thesis at his placeof employment.

ELECTRONIC WARFARE ENGINEERING

The Electronic Warfare Engineering program, curriculum 591,is a four-quarter graduate program with a maximum of five pre-paratory quarters leading to the degree of Master of Sciencein Electrical Engineering. Most officers enter this curricu-lum in October or March, but entry in January or July is alsopossible. Successful completion leads to the XX57P code forNaval officers. It is the program taken by those Naval offi-cers who expect to become Engineering Duty Officer (EDO) aswell as by many line officer electronic warfare specialists.Graduates are prepared for shore billets requiring engineeringskills such as project managers.

Table I lists typical undergraduate and graduate coursesfor the program. A provision for electives permits a degreeof flexibility to accommodate the special interests of indi-vidual students. The course, Communications in Organizations,covers management strategies to effectively employ humanresources in accomplishing unit missions. It is required ofall Naval officers but an elective may be substituted by otherstudents.

A thesis is required of all students in the program. Fourcourse slots are provided for the thesis, the equivalent of afull quarter, although actual work is generally spread overthree quarters. For Naval officers, the thesis often providesthe only opportunity the officer has during his career to carrya piece of engineering work through from start to finish onhis own. It is an invaluable experience for later dealingswith Naval contractors.

TABLE I. TYPICAL COURSES IN CURRICULUM 591,ELECTRONIC WARFARE ENGINEERING

MATHEMATICS

Calculus and Vector Analysis Differential EquationsComputational Matrix Algebra *Complex Variables

PHYSICS

Review of Mechanics, Wave PhenomenaElectricity and Magnetism

CIRCUITS AND CONTROL

Basic Circuit Theory *L1near Systems AnalysisCircuit Analysis *Control Systems

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATIONS

Electronics Engineering Communications CircuitsFundamentals I and II Stochastic Analysis of Signals

Pulse and Digital Circuits Microwave DevicesCommunication Theory Statistical Communication Theory

COMPUTER SCIENCE

Introduction to Computer Pro- Digital Machinesgramming with FORTRAN

ELECTROMAGNETICS

Introduction to Fields and Electromagnetic EngineeringWaves Electromagnetic Radiation and

Compatability

ELECTRO-OPTICS

Engineering Fundamentals of Electro-Optic SystemElectro-Optics Engineering

ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS

Advanced Radar Systems Signals Intelligence (SIGINT)

Electronic Warfare Techniques Systems Engineeringand Systems Missile Guidance Systems

MANAGEMENT

Communications in Organizations Defense Resource Allocation

Project Management

Preparatory courses

TABLE II

RECENT UNCLASSIFIED ELECTRONIC WARFARE THESES

V. J. McCarthy, LT, USN, C. J. Thomas, LCDR, USN, and J. E.Kirzl, LCDR, USN, "System Definition of the Sensor, DataLink, and Surface Terminal Requirements for the Tactical Air-borne Signal Exploitation System (TASES)", MS, March 1974.

G. W. Mitschang, LT, USN, "Effects of Atmospheric Turbulenceon Laser Communications", MSEE, June 1974.

P. D. Frazer, LCDR, USN, "The Electronic Warfare Applicationof Special Purpose Microprogrammed Minicomputers", MSEE,June 1974.

E. L. Bell, LTJG, USN, "An Algorithm for Rapid Classificationand Recognition of Modulation Types in the HF Band", MSEE,September 1975.

B. F. Schwoerer, LT, USN, "Probability of Intercept in Elec-tronic Countermeasures Receivers", MSEE, December 1975.

W. Y. Frentzel, II, LT, USN, "A Digital Computer Analysis ofthe Wullenweber Antenna: High Band Narrow Sector Pattern",MSEE, December 1976.

P. P. Aranciba, LT, Chilean Navy, "Implementation of a Side-lobe Blanking System on the AN/SPS-12 Radar", AE, March 1977.

R. H. Shumaker, CAPT, USN, "Maximization of Missile Miss Dis-tances by a Maneuvering and Jamming Airborne Target", PhD,June 1977.

K. D. Watts, CAPT, USMC, "Electronic Warfare Support JammingRoute Optimization", MSEE, June 1977.

C. A. Beaudet, LT, USN, "EA-6B Mission Planning Program, MSEE,June 1977.

An officer is encouraged to select a thesis topic whichis relevant to the needs of the Navy and to his expectedcareer pattern. Suggestions for relevant topics are soli-cited from Navy laboratories, Systems Commands, operationalunits, and contractors on a continuing basis. Faculty mem-bers engage in related sponsored and unsponsored research.This research is the source of many relevant thesis topics.Table II lists some recent EW thesis topics.

ELECTRONIC WARFARE SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY

The multidisciplinary Electronic Warfare Systems Tech-nology (EWST) program, curriculum 595, had its first inputof eleven students in March 1977, and inputs will occurannually in March of future years. It is a four-quartergraduate program (plus a maximum of four preparatory quar-ters) leading to the degree Master of Science in Systems Tech-nology. Successful completion leads to the XX46P code forNaval officers. Table III is a summary of H, P, and Q codedbillets that will be staffed by Naval officer graduates ofthe program.

Table III shows that the program supplies officers pri-marily for operational billets, staffs, the intelligencecommunity, test and evaluation, and for training billets.Table IV lists the courses included in the program. Gradu-ates are not intended to be design engineers, but the curri-culum includes enough engineering at the systems level (thereis little circuit design) so that graduates can understandthe operation, capabilities, and limitations of electronicwarfare systems. The graduate should be able to translatefleet electronic warfare requirements into realistic speci-fications for new systems and to appraise objectively theoperational and engineering capabilities and limitations inexisting systems.

Program courses in meteorology, underwater sound systemsand countermeasures , computer science, electromagnetics,antennas, propagation, radar, electro-optics, and electronicwarfare are a vital part of the program. Equally importantare the courses in intelligence and operational and systemsanalysis. The five courses in the OR/SA sequence are de-signed to make the officer a sophisticated user of quantita-tive measures for the purpose of making decisions concerningelectronic warfare tactics and equipment.

Four thesis slots (one quarter equivalent) are providedin the EWST curriculum. It is expected that many theses willbe multi-disciplinary, utilizing the students' knowledge incomputer science, systems analysis, and intelligence, as wellas in electrical engineering.

8

TABLE III. H, P, AND Q-CODED BILLETS

ELECTRONIC WARFARE SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY SUBSPECIALTY (XX46)

89 P or Q-Coded billets, 90 H-coded billets, as follows:

H-Coded

Shipboard 48

A/C Squadron 31

Other 11

P or Q-Coded

Total 90

Office of SECDEF 2

Joint Staff 3

OPNAV 7

Analysis & Intelligence 1

Research & Development 7

Test & Evaluation 6

Training 8

Operational (Ship or A/C Sqdn). . 7

Operational (Staff or Support). . 48

Total 89

Grand Total: H + P/Q Billets 179

TABLE IV. COURSES IN CURRICULUM 595ELECTRONIC WARFARE SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY

MATHEMATICS

*Cal cuius Review*Differential Equations, La Place

Transforms*Vector Calculus

Fourier Analysis, Partial Dif-ferential Equations

Applied Probability Theory

COMPUTER SCIENCE

introduction to ComputingReal-Time Systems and Structures

Electronic Warfare ComputerApplications

INTELLIGENCE

*Naval Warfare and NationalSecurity

Signal Intelligence and the

Threat Environment

PHYSICS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS

*Basic Physics*Fundamentals of Electro-Optics

Electro-Optic Principles & DevicesElectro-Optic Systems and

Countermeasures

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Mntroduction to Electronic Systems*Pulse and Digital Circuits*Control Systems*Electromagnetic TheoryElectromagnetic Radiation,

Scattering & Propagation

Introduction to Signals and NoiseSignal Processing SystemsMicrowave Devices and RadarElectronic Warfare Systems

OPERATIONS RESEARCH

Decision Analysis and DataAnalyses

Simulation and War GamingHuman Factors

Operations Analysis for Elec-

tronic WarfareOperational Test and Evaluation

MISCELLANEOUS

*Meteorology for Electronic WarfareUnderwater Sound, Systems, and

Countermeasures

*Preparatory Courses

Communications in Organizations

10

In order to fit all the required subjects into this pro-gram, there was little room left for electives. The Navalofficers who is unable to validate any courses has no roomfor an elective. Other officers and civilians may take anelective in place of Communications in Organizations. Alarge fraction of students can validate one or more coursesso that electives can be fitted into their programs.

Design of the curriculum was based on the School's exper-ience with the highly successful Antisubmarine Warfare Sys-tems Technology (ASWST) curriculum which has been in operationsince 1974. Eleven of the courses in the curriculum wereoriginally designed for ASWST. To the maximum feasible ex-tent, courses already in the Naval Postgraduate School catalogwere used in order to keep down the cost of the program.Because of its unique nature, 55% of the coverage is new,consisting of courses specifically designed for the curriculum.

REFERENCE

1 . LCDR H. J. Scarborough, "The Navy's New EW School: Offto a Good Start on the Florida Coast", Electronic War-fare, Vol 8, No. 5, pp 85-89, Sep/Oct 1976.

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INITIAL DISTRIBUTION LIST

1. Defense Documentation Center 12Cameron StationAlexandria, Virginia 22314

2. Professor D. B. Hoisington, Code 73 30Naval Postgraduate SchoolMonterey, California 93940

3. CDR C. J. Thomas, USN, Code 32 30Naval Postgraduate SchoolMonterey, California 93940

4. Academic Dean, Code 01 1

Naval Postgraduate SchoolMonterey, California 93940

5. Dean of Research, Code 012 2


6. Dudley Knox Library, Code 1424 2


7. Chairman, Department of Electrical Engineering 1

Code 62Naval Postgraduate SchoolMonterey, California

8. Chairman, Department of Physics and Chemistry 1

Code 61Naval Postgraduate SchoolMonterey, California 93940

9. Chairman, Department of Operations Research 1


10. Chairman, Department of Administrative Sciences 1


11. Chairman, Department of Meteorology 1


12

12. Chairman, Department of Computer ScienceCode 52Naval Postgraduate SchoolMonterey, California 93940

13. Chairman, Department of National Security AffairsCode 56Naval Postgraduate SchoolMonterey, California 93940

14. Chairman, Department of MathematicsCode 53Naval Postgraduate SchoolMonterey, California 93940

15. Chairman, ASW Academic GroupCode 71Naval Postgraduate SchoolMonterey, California 93940

16. Commander, Pacific Missile Test CenterAttn: F. A. Ulum, Code 1150Point Mugu, California 93042

17. CAPT J. W. Akins, USNTactical Electromagnetic Programs DirectorCode ELEX 095Naval Electronic Systems Command Hdqtrs.Washington, D. C. 20360

18. Robert E. EatonEmployment & Training SuperintendentNAS North IslandSan Diego, CA 92135

19. Graham B. FrazelleEmployee Development SpecialistMarine Corps BaseCamp LeJeune, North Carolina 28542

20. Walter N. Hodges, Director of TrainingNaval Air Systems Command RepresentativeNaval Air StationNorfolk, Virginia 23511

21. A. B. Hyslop, Jr.Employee Development SpecialistNaval Ship Engineering CenterNorfolk, Virginia 23511

22. Robert P. Joyce, Jr.Employee Development SpecialistMarine Corps Air StationCherry Point, North Carolina 28533

13

23. Otis J. DotyEmployment Development OfficerNaval Research LaboratoryWashington, DC 20375

24. Loretta H. FortneyPersonnel Management SpecialistNAS MemphisMillington, Tennessee 38054

25. James R. FrazierTraining SuperintendentNaval Air StationAlameda, California 94501

26. Rudolph V. LoweryAsst. Personnel OfficerNaval Surface Weapons CenterDahlgren, Virginia 22448

27. Richard W. FoustEmployee Development SpecialistNaval Air StationLakehurst, New Jersey 08733

28. Shelton D. GranadeEmployee Development SpecialistNaval Training CenterOrlando, Florida 32813

29. Raymond W. Katrobos, Head, Training BranchFleet Civilian Personnel OfficeNaval BaseNorfolk, Virginia 23511

30. Virginia M. McFaddenEmployee Development SpecialistMarine Corps BaseCamp Pendleton, California 92055

31. Alfred B. Nejame, Training DirectorNaval Electronic Lab Center271 Catalina BlvdSan Diego, Californai 92152

32. William PattyCivPersonnel Dept, Box 22, Code 123Naval Air StationJacksonville, Florida 32212

33. James RumseyEmployee Development SpecialistNaval Ship Weapons Engr SystemPort Hueneme , California 93043

14

34. Miriam F. SherwinEmployee Development SpecialistWhite Oak LaboratorySilver Spring, Maryland 20910

35. Harry T. StanleyMgr, Employee Development DivisionCode 510, Naval Avionics Facility6000 E. 21st StreetIndianapolis, Indiana 46218

36. Bruce D. MacintoshTraining DirectorNaval Weapons CenterChina Lake, California 93555

37. Walter C. Mey, (Code MA34)Career Counselling & Staff DevelopmentNaval Underwater Systems CenterNewport, Rhode Island 02840

38. Sam SchulmanConsolidated Civ. Personnel ManagerMarine Corps, Arlington AnnexWashington, DC 22214

39. Sylvia K. WahlerEmployee Development SpecialistNaval Research LaboratoryWahington, DC 20375

40. LibraryU. S. Naval AcademyAnnapolis, Maryland 21402

41. William C. WardlowNaval Education & Training CenterNewport, Rhode Island 02840

42. J. D. BavousettPersonnel Management SpecialistNAVORD Missile Test CenterWhite Sands Missile Range, NM 88002

43. Kenneth R. Gas StevensEmployee Development SpecialistNAS MemphisMillington, Tennessee 38054

44. Theodore W. WhiteHead, Employee Development DivisionNaval Air Training CenterNaval Air StationPatuxent River, Maryland 20670

15

45. John S. Burton, DirectorOCMM Southern Field Div. , Box 88Naval Air StationJacksonville, Florida 32212

46. Dianne A. Cooper, HeadCareer Development Division, Code 0222Pacific Missile Test CenterPoint Mugu, California 93042

47. John A. Barhoum, Code 118Employee Development SpecialistNaval Ocean Systems CommandSan Diego, California 92132

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