The Nature of Matter. Liquids The ability of gases and liquids to flow allows then to conform to the...
-
Upload
bathsheba-riley -
Category
Documents
-
view
220 -
download
2
Transcript of The Nature of Matter. Liquids The ability of gases and liquids to flow allows then to conform to the...
![Page 1: The Nature of Matter. Liquids The ability of gases and liquids to flow allows then to conform to the shape of their containers. Liquids are much more.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649ec15503460f94bcd18f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
•The Nature of Matter
![Page 2: The Nature of Matter. Liquids The ability of gases and liquids to flow allows then to conform to the shape of their containers. Liquids are much more.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649ec15503460f94bcd18f/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Liquids
• The ability of gases and liquids to flow allows then to conform to the shape of their containers.
• Liquids are much more dense then gases.
![Page 3: The Nature of Matter. Liquids The ability of gases and liquids to flow allows then to conform to the shape of their containers. Liquids are much more.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649ec15503460f94bcd18f/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
More on liquids….
»Increasing the pressure on a liquid has hardly any effect on its volume. (The same is true of solids).
»For that reason, liquids and solids are known as condensed states of matter.
![Page 4: The Nature of Matter. Liquids The ability of gases and liquids to flow allows then to conform to the shape of their containers. Liquids are much more.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649ec15503460f94bcd18f/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Evaporation & Vaporization
• The conversion of a liquid to a gas or vapor is called vaporization.
• When such a conversion occurs at the surface of a liquid that is not boiling, the process is called evaporation.
![Page 5: The Nature of Matter. Liquids The ability of gases and liquids to flow allows then to conform to the shape of their containers. Liquids are much more.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649ec15503460f94bcd18f/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
![Page 6: The Nature of Matter. Liquids The ability of gases and liquids to flow allows then to conform to the shape of their containers. Liquids are much more.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649ec15503460f94bcd18f/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Key Concept
• During evaporation, only those surface molecules with a certain minimum kinetic energy can escape from the surface of the liquid.
![Page 7: The Nature of Matter. Liquids The ability of gases and liquids to flow allows then to conform to the shape of their containers. Liquids are much more.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649ec15503460f94bcd18f/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
More on Evaporation….
• Liquid evaporates faster when heated. This is because heating a liquid increases the average kinetic energy of its particles.
• As evaporation occurs, the particles with the highest kinetic energy escape first.
• Evaporation is a cooling process!!
![Page 8: The Nature of Matter. Liquids The ability of gases and liquids to flow allows then to conform to the shape of their containers. Liquids are much more.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649ec15503460f94bcd18f/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Vapor Pressure
Vapor (Gas)Liquid
evaporation
Condensation
![Page 9: The Nature of Matter. Liquids The ability of gases and liquids to flow allows then to conform to the shape of their containers. Liquids are much more.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649ec15503460f94bcd18f/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
• An increase in temperature of a contained liquid increases the vapor pressure.
![Page 10: The Nature of Matter. Liquids The ability of gases and liquids to flow allows then to conform to the shape of their containers. Liquids are much more.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649ec15503460f94bcd18f/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Boiling Pointvapor pressure = external pressure
• When a liquid is heated to a temperature at which particles throughout the liquid have enough kinetic energy to vaporize, the liquid begins to boil.
• Because atmospheric pressure is lower at higher altitudes, boiling points decrease at higher altitudes.
![Page 11: The Nature of Matter. Liquids The ability of gases and liquids to flow allows then to conform to the shape of their containers. Liquids are much more.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649ec15503460f94bcd18f/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: The Nature of Matter. Liquids The ability of gases and liquids to flow allows then to conform to the shape of their containers. Liquids are much more.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649ec15503460f94bcd18f/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
• Although vapor has the same kinetic energy as the liquid, its potential (or stored energy) is much higher.
»Thus a burn from steam is more severe than one from an equal mass of boiling water at the same temperature.
![Page 13: The Nature of Matter. Liquids The ability of gases and liquids to flow allows then to conform to the shape of their containers. Liquids are much more.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649ec15503460f94bcd18f/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
The Nature of Solids
• The general properties of solids reflect the orderly arrangement of their particles and the fixed locations of their particles.
![Page 14: The Nature of Matter. Liquids The ability of gases and liquids to flow allows then to conform to the shape of their containers. Liquids are much more.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649ec15503460f94bcd18f/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Melting Point
Solid Liquid
Melting
Freezing
![Page 15: The Nature of Matter. Liquids The ability of gases and liquids to flow allows then to conform to the shape of their containers. Liquids are much more.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649ec15503460f94bcd18f/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Crystal Structure
• The type of bonding that exists between particles in crystals determines their melting points.
» Not all solids melt however. » Wood and cane sugar for example,
decompose when heated.
![Page 16: The Nature of Matter. Liquids The ability of gases and liquids to flow allows then to conform to the shape of their containers. Liquids are much more.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649ec15503460f94bcd18f/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Changes of State
• Sublimation is the change of a substance to a vapor without passing through the liquid state.
![Page 17: The Nature of Matter. Liquids The ability of gases and liquids to flow allows then to conform to the shape of their containers. Liquids are much more.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649ec15503460f94bcd18f/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Phase Diagrams
• A phase diagram gives the conditions of temperature and pressure at which a substance exists as a solid, liquid and gas (vapor).
![Page 18: The Nature of Matter. Liquids The ability of gases and liquids to flow allows then to conform to the shape of their containers. Liquids are much more.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649ec15503460f94bcd18f/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: The Nature of Matter. Liquids The ability of gases and liquids to flow allows then to conform to the shape of their containers. Liquids are much more.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649ec15503460f94bcd18f/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Phase Diagram Cont…
• The Triple Point describes the only set of conditions at which all three phases can exist in equilibrium with one another.
• A decrease in pressure lowers the boiling point and raises the melting point
• An increase in pressure will raise the boiling point and lower the melting point.