The Nature of Chinese Nationalism

8/2/2019 The Nature of Chinese Nationalism

1/20

_bg K`wtg hj Ibfkgyg

K`fhk`cfya@ Tgyg`tib `~gt

Y`a Thyy

@yf` fk Iha~`t`fzg ^gty~gifzgy


2/20

4

Fk 066?# Cfw Rf`hdh# ` Ibfkgyg ~hcffi`c ofyyfogk# ihaagkgo b` yfkig Mwkg ?# 0626#

Ibfk` b`y ywoogkcv dggk gklwcjgo fk ` |`zg hj k`fhk`cfya `ko ~`tfhfya# |bfib tgìbgy gzgtv

ihtkgt hj bg c`ko `ko fkzhczgy gzgtv ~gtyhk+ "]b`h 4>>?# 00& _bg jfjggk vg`ty yfkig bhyg

|htoy |gtg y~hegk b`zg yggk ` ythklcv `yygtfzg Ibfk`5 ` yhag|b` jffkl aìb h bg

ihwktvy lth|fkl ywiigyy+ Iwtfhwycv bhwlb# bg ~thahfhk ko gkihwt`lgagk hj bfy

k`fhk`cfya dv Ibfk`y twcfkl ~`tv# bg Ibfkgyg Ihaawkfy `tv "II^& b`y ègk hk `

yhag|b` ihktòfihtv hkg jtha ` bfyhtfi`c `ko gihkhafi ~gty~gifzg+ Jht grà~cg# fk bgft

gjjhty h y~tgò `|`tgkgyy hj `ko ~tfog fk Ibfkgyg iwcwtg# bg II^ b`y dgihag `k

fa~ht`k `ccv hj Ihkjwif`kfya# ogy~fg b`zfkl zfcfjfgo bg `kifgk yibhc`t `ko bfy gìbfkly jht

`cahy b`cj ` igkwtv yfkig Ibfk`y iwcwt`c tgzhcwfhk+ "Bh 4>>6& Hk ` dthògt yi`cg# bg

Ihaawkfy ~`tv `cyh yggay h ytwllcg |fb yhag fogkfv fyywgy+ Ibfk` b`y dgihag c`tlgcv

i`~f`cfy fk bg ~`y ogiòg# `ko b`y gzgk ahzgo h|`toy ` ahtg cfdgt`cf}go ~wdcfi ygiht+ Hkg

aflb gzgk pwgyfhk= \fb ihaawkfyy cfeg bgyg# |bh kggoy i`~f`cfyy8

Yh |b` fy bg k`wtg hj Ibfkgyg k`fhk`cfya# `ko bh| i`k bgyg ihkjcfifkl ihkig~y dg

ihkyhcfo`go wkogt hkg yg hj fog`y8 Ygzgt`c `tlwagky h bfy a`gt grfy# `cbhwlb ahy

tgc`g h ywdmgifzg fkgt~tg`fhky hj bg tgywcy hj Ibfk`y ~hcfifgy+ Jtha hkg ~gty~gifzg#

Ibfkgyg k`fhk`cfya lth|y jtha ygkyg hj lltgyyfzg ~tfahtof`cfya# ifzfcf}`fhk`c

ihbgyfzgkgyy dwfc hk ` yb`tgo yg hj gbkfifv `ko(ht z`cwgy# fk bfy i`yg bhyg b` `tg bhwlb

h dg wkfpwgcv Ibfkgyg+ Hbgty `tlwg `cahy bg h~~hyfg# b` Ibfk`# ogy~fg fy ihkyhcfo`fhk

wkogt ` yfklcg d`kkgt# fy zgtv awib ` ihccgifhk hj yg~`t`g k`fhk y`gy# dthwlb hlgbgt

`tfjfif`ccv dv bg II^ wkogt ` hkg!Ibfk` d`kkgt+ "Lw`kl 4>>7&


3/20

9

_h ihag h ` ihkicwyfhk# hkg awy èg ` bfyhtfi`c ìihwkfkl hj dhb ~tfahtof`c `ko

fkytwagk`cfy k`fhk`cfya# `ko bh| bgft wyg fk bfyhtv b`y yb`~go Ibfk` fkh bg k`fhk f fy

ho`v+ Ibfkgyg k`fhk`cfya tgjcgiy dhb bg iwcwt`c `y~giy hj fy ogzgch~agk# jtha

Ihkjwif`kfya h A`hfy bhwlb h |fogy~tgò "`ko hii`yfhk`ccv jhtigo& iwcwt`c yyfafc`fhk

wkogt bg B`k Ibfkgyg+ Vg# bfy fy kh bg h`cfv hj `cc b` b`y bò fa~ì hk ahcofkl bg

yvyga hj yw~~ht jht bg k`fhk# y Ibfk`y bfyhtfi`c ytwllcgy jht yhzgtgflkv ko y`wy

àhkl hbgt k`fhky awy `cyh dg tgihlkf}go jht bgft thcg fk |b` ogjfkgy |b` aègy

yhaghkg Ibfkgyg+ _bwy# cbhwlb bg k`wtg hj Ibfk`y k`fhk`cfya b`y jcwiw`go dg|ggk

ogjfkfkl bg k`fhk fk ~tfahtof`c ht fkytwagk`c ahogy# bg ihwktv ho`v# fy ` ~tfag grà~cg

hj ` ihwktv |bhyg k`fhk`cfya fy thhgo fk Ihkytwigo tfahtof`cfya yvyga b`

ìihaaho`gy jht dhb ~tfahtof`c ko fkytwagk`cfy z`cwgy+

F+ ^tfahtof`cfya zy+ Fkytwagk`cfya zy+ Ihkytwigo ^tfahtof`cfya

Dgjhtg |g i`k ogczg fkh `k`cvyfy hj |b` iha~gcy Ibfk` h ofy~c`v jg`wtgy hj `

ihkytwigo ~tfahtof`cfya# ygzgt`c ihkig~y awy dg ogjfkgo ahtg jwccv+ _bg jfty fy bg k`wtg

hj k`fhky `ko k`fhk`cfya `ko bg ygihko fy ` icg`tgt gr~c`k`fhk hj ~tfahtof`cfya#

fkytwagk`cfya# ko ihkytwigo ~tfahtof`cfya5 bg yvygay fk |bfib k`fhk ko k`fhk`cfya

i`k dg ~thowigo ko a`fk`fkgo+

_bg gta K`fhk b`y ygzgt`c ogjfkffhky dw hkg hj bg ahtg ìig~go bghtfgy fy b`

hj Dgkgofi @kogtyhk fk bfy 0629 dhhe# Fa`lfkgo Ihaawkffgy+ Fk @kogtyhky zfg|# ` k`fhk fy

mwy b`5 `k fa`lfkgo ~hcffi`c ihaawkfv `ko fa`lfkgo `y dhb fkbgtgkcv cfafgo `ko

yhzgtgflk+ "_hkkgyhk 066:#


4/20

?

ihkkgigo fk yhag ihccgifzg j`ybfhk+ ^tfht h k`fhky# @kogtyhk `tlwgy# bgtg |gtg |h a`fk

yvygay jht jhtafkl ihaawkffgy# tgcflfhwy `ko ovk`yfi# |bfib cfkego agadgty hj yhifgfgy

bthwlb bgft ygcj!fogkfjfgo tfdwgy+ Jht k`fhk`cfya# _hkkgyhk ko @kchz yb`tg k

`ltgg`dcg ogjfkffhk5 `k foghchlfi`c ahzgagk jht `fkfkl ht a`fk`fkfkl k`fhk!y`g+

"_hkkgyhk 066:# 4&

F fy ` bfy ~hfk b` |g i`k dglfk h ogjfkg bg gcgagky b` i`k ihkytwi `ko

~gt~gw`g k`fhk`cfya+ Ihkytwigo ~tfahtof`cfya ihk`fky gcgagky hj dhb ~tfahtof`cfya

`ko fkytwagk`cfya5 bwy f fy hkcv tg`yhk`dcg b` bgft k`wtgy dg chhego ` jfty+

^tfahtof`cfya fy ` bghtv hj k`fhk!dwfcofkl b` jhiwygy ~tfa`tfcv hk bg ihkkgifhky

dthwlb dhw dv bg tfdwgy hj gbkfifv ko(ht iwcwtg+ Lggt} ~hywc`gy b`

~tfahtof`cfya tg~tgygky ihkkgifhky ogzgch~go dv bg lfzgky hj `kv ~`tfiwc`t yhifgv=

bg `yywago lfzgky !! hj yhif`c grfygkig= faagof`g ihkflwfv `ko efk ihkkgifhk a`fkcv# dw dgvhko

bga bg lfzgkgyy b` ygay jtha dgfkl dhtk fkh ` ~`tfiwc`t tgcflfhwy ihaawkfv# y~gèfkl ` ~`tfiwc`t

c`klw`lg# `ko jhcch|fkl ~`tfiwc`t yhif`c ~tìfigy+ _bgyg ihkltwffgy hj dchho# y~ggib# iwyha `ko yh hk#

`tg yggk h b`zg `k fkgjj`dcg# `ko ` fagy hzgt~h|gtfkl# ihgtifzgkgyy fk `ko hj fygcj+ "Lggt} 06&

_bgyg lfzgky i`k fkicwog `kv iwcwt`c ihaahk`cfv# dg f c`klw`lg# tìg# ht ` ~gtigfzgo

ihaahk ~hfk hj ogyigk fk tòffhk ht gr~gtfgkig+ Ib`kot` gr~`koy hk ~hyyfdcg ihkkgifhky

fk bgt yg`tib jht ` ogjfkffhk hj gbkfifv+ Gbfi fogkffgy# ybg ywllgyy# i`k dg yg~`t`go fkh

|h i`glhtfgy5 khafk`c# fk |bfib `k fkofzfow`c fy gcflfdcg jht agadgtybf~ d`ygo hk `tfdwgy

bg ht ybg ~hyygyygy# `ko ìfz`go# lthw~y fk |bfib ybg ht bg ~thjgyygy agadgtybf~ ht h

|bfib ybg ht bg fy `yyflkgo dv hbgty `y ` agadgt+ "Ib`kot` 4>>6# 92:& _bg jhtagt fy tgc`go

h tfdwgy ko k fogkfv b` i`kkh dg ib`klgo "ywib y ~bvyfi`c(tìf`c ib`tìgtfyfiy

|bfcg bg c`gt i`k dg òmwygo "f+g+ k`fhk`c# lghlt`~bfi`c ht ~hcffi`c `jjfcf`fhk&+ Hdzfhwycv#

bfy i`k b`zg ~thjhwko fa~cfi`fhky hk bg fog` hj ` ihaahk ~tfahtof`c ihkkgifhk+ Fk gfbgt


5/20

7

tgy~gi bhwlb# k`fhk`cfya i`k dg ~thowi hj ~tfahtof`cfya `y ` tgywc hj ` ihaawkfv tvfkl

h dwfco fygcj w~ `ko y`ko hw ht ~thgi fy h|k fog`cy `ko iwcwt`c z`cwgy jtha hbgt

ihaawkffgy+

Hk bg hbgt gko hj bg y~gitwa fy fkytwagk`cfya# ` yvyga b`# fj f b`y `kv wyg jht

gbkfifv# gr~chfy f+ Fkytwagk`cfya fy ahtg d`ygo hk ytwiwt`cfya `ko tg`cfya+ Wkogt `k

fkytwagk`cfy yvyga# yhif`c lthw~y `tg gr~chfgo dv fkjcwgkf`c ìhty h iha~gg jht ~h|gt

`ko tgyhwtigy+ _bfy ihwco fkicwog t`ccvfkl `k gbkfi d`ko wkogt ` ihaahk d`kkgt h lg bga

h gcgi vhw h ` ~hcffi`c ~hyffhk# ht ot`|fkl `gkfhk h `k fyywg b` |fcc ahzg bg ~wdcfi fk `

oftgifhk vhw |`k bga h lh+ Ithwibgt ~gtb`~y yway f w~ dgy# ~hywc`fkl b` wkogt bg

fkytwagk`cfy bghtv# gbkfifv fy kh dhw y~ftfw`c `jjfkfv dw# t`bgt# ygay jtha

wfcf`tf`k i`ciwc`fhky `ko# `y a`kv `k`cvyy `tlwg# ygcj!ygtzfkl a`kf~wc`fhk dv ~hcffi`c gcfgy+

"Ithwibgt 4>>?# 047&

Fk i`yg f |`yk ctgòv aòg hdzfhwy bthwlb bg ofyfkifhk hjgcfgy#

fkytwagk`cfya `cyh gzhegy gcgagky hj A`trfya# fk b` f yggy ic`yy `ko gihkhafi jìhty `y

ythkl ahdfcf}`fhk hhcy+ _bthwlb gy`dcfybfkl ofzfogy fkgtk`ccv h bg k`fhk ht dg|ggk bg

k`fhk `ko fy kgflbdhty# hkg d`yg i`k dg fkifgo h tfyg w~ `l`fky bg hbgt# gy~gif`ccv fj

bgtgy ` c`tlg gihkhafi ofy~`tfv dg|ggk bg |h# jgtagkfkl tgygkagk+ Cfeg ~tfahtof`cfya#

fkytwagk`cfya i`k ~thowig k`fhk`cfya bthwlb fky~ftfkl khfhk hj wy!`l`fky!bga#

`cbhwlb f ohgy yh fk ` |`v b` ~`tfiwc`tcv ogyflkgo h ~thahg igt`fk ~`tvy fkgtgy

t`bgt b`k bg fkgtgy hj ` |bhcg ihaawkfv+

Fk tgjcgifhk hj bgyg ogjfkffhky# bfy ~`~gt `tlwgy b` Ibfkgyg k`fhk`cfya twky hk bg

~tfkif~cg hj Ihktwigo tfahtof`cfya# |bfib fy yhag|b` ihadfk`fhk hj dhb


6/20

:

~tfahtof`cfya ko fkytwagk`cfya+ Fk bfy yvyga# gbkfifv a`v dg ihkytwigo fogkfv# dw

fy ihkytwifhk tgcfgy hk ~~g`cy h ~tfahtof`c ygkfagky hj dgchklfkl+ "Ithwibgt 4>>?# 046&

Jht grà~cg# ` k`fhk`c fogkfv a`v dg ihkytwigo |fbfk ` yvyga "`ko a`v bgk dg wygo jht

~hcffi`c ag`ky dw tgpwftgy ` ihkyifhwy ìig~`kig `ko tgihlkffhk dv bg ~wdcfi d`ygo hk

bfyhtfi`c ihkgr+ F fy ihkytwigo |fb tgjgtgkig h efkybf~# dchho fgy# yb`tgo htflfky# `ko

ihaahk `kigytv+ "Ithwibgt 4>>?# 046&

Ihkytwigo ~tfahtof`cfya `cch|y jht `cc hj bg ihadfkgo dgkgjfy hj ~tfahtof`cfya `ko

fkytwagk`cfya# cch|fkl jht gìb bghtvy fkofzfow`c jc`|y h dg iihaaho`go jht dv

hzgtc`~~fkl bga+ Jht grà~cg# fk iha~`tfyhk h ~tfahtof`cfya# ihkytwigo ~tfahtof`cfya i`k

gr~c`fk yb`tgo k`fhk`cfya b` dchhay fk ` k`fhk |fb awcf~cg ofy~`t`g ~tfahtof`c fgy+

Cfeg|fyg# f i`k `cyh `cch| jht k`fhk`cfya b` grfyy yhcgcv dgi`wyg hj ` ~tfahtof`c ihaawkfv#

|bgtg fkytwagk`cfya ohgy kh+ F i`kkh jwkifhk `y ` iìb!`cc bghtv jht gzgtv k`fhk# dw

`y gr~c`fkgo dgch| yggay h gr~c`fk k`fhk`cfya fk Ibfk` ~tgv jwkifhk`ccv+

FF+ Ihkjwif`kfya ko Ibfkgyg!kgyy

_h gr~chtg bg k`wtg hj ihkga~ht`tv Ibfkgyg k`fhk`cfya# hkg jfkoy yhag hj bg thhy

fk `kifgk Ibfkgyg iwcwt`cfya+ Ogy~fg `k hdzfhwy gy`dcfybagk hj ` y`g wkogt Fa~gtf`c

lhzgtk`kig# `kifgk Ibfk` |`y ogifogocv kh |b` ihwco dg ogjfkgo `y ` k`fhk+ _h ic`tfjv# bg

dhtogty yg~`t`fkl f jtha kgflbdhtfkl y`gy |gtg jcwfo `ko gkwhwy# `ko bgtg |`y kh hkg

icg`tcv gy`dcfybgo ihaawkfv wkfgo wkogt bg ga~ftg+ _bg ihkkgifhky b` aòg hkg

Ibfkgyg |gtg iwcwt`c# ` yg hj wkfzgty`c ~tfkif~cgy b` grgkogo `dhzg ht hwyfog |b`gzgt

hbgt ihaahk gbkfi fgy b` ogjfkgo `k fkofzfow`c ht ihaawkfv+ "]b`h 4>>?&


7/20

> DI+ _bgyg lgkgt`c ~tfkif~cgy tgjcgigo bg fog` b` gzgtv cfzfkl dgfkl bgco ` y~gifjfi ~cìg

fk ` wkfzgty`c htogt# `ko b` bfy k`wt`c htogt |`y tgjcgigo fk bwa`k yhif`c tgc`fhky |fb hkg

`khbgt `ko bgft ~hyffhky fk ` z`tfgv hj tgc`fhkybf~y bgv a`fk`fkgo h|`toy bg jàfcv#

ihaawkfv# `ko lhzgtkfkl dhov+ @y ]b`h gr~c`fky# dgfkl Ibfkgyg og~gkogo hk bh| |gcc hkg

òh~go bgyg wkfzgty`c ~tfkif~cgy hj yhifgv# kh hk hkgy ~bvyfi`c tìg ht gbkfi

dìelthwko=

\bgk d`td`tf`k ihkpwgthty ywib `y bg Ahklhcy `ko bg A`kibwy òh~go Ihkjwif`k iwcwtg# bg

Ibfkgyg ~gh~cg ihwco ìig~ bga dgi`wyg bgft ~tfa`tv chv`cv |`y hh bg iwcwtg t`bgt b`k h `

~`tfiwc`t k`fhk+ _bgv dgcfgzgo b` `cc ihkpwgthty hj Ibfk`# gzgkw`ccv bò h wtk h Ibfkgyg iwcwtg h

twcg bg ihwktv+ _bwy# iwcwtg |`y yggk `y ` ltg`# c`yfkl ~h|gt b` ihwco dtfolg ~gtfhoy hj ofywkfv `ko

fkjwyg kg| lhzgtkagky# |bgbgt Ibfkgyg ht `cfgk# |fb z`cwgy yw~~htfzg hj tòffhk`c Ibfkgyg

ifzfcf}`fhk+ "]b`h 4>>?# ?4&

F ybhwco dg khgo b` bfy fy ahtg `k `fwog hj wkfzgty`cfya t`bgt b`k k`fhk`cfya# |bfib

ofjjgty jtha bg c`gt fk b` wkfzgty`cfya ~thahgy ` ihaahk fogkfv jht `cc ~gh~cgy t`bgt

b`k mwy bhyg hj ` ~`tfiwc`t k`fhk+ K`fhk`cfya ~thahgy ` ygkyg hj wkfpwgkgyy# |bfcg

wkfzgty`cfya fk `cc fy fkicwyfzgkgyy ohgy kh+

_b`y kh h fkyfkw`g b` fk ~tìfig Ihkjwif`kfya `c|`vy `wha`fi`ccv cgò h `cc

Ibfkgyg dgfkl gpw`c+ _bg B`k Ibfkgyg ~h~wc`fhk b` bò grfygo dgjhtg bg Ahklhc

fkz`yfhk hiiwttgo fk bg c`g 04>>y chkl ihkyfogtgo bgaygczgy h dg bg twg Ibfkgyg+ _bgyg

`fwogy# `chkl |fb wkgpw`c tgàgk wkogt bg Ahklhc bh`to cgò h bg gr~wcyfhk hj bg

Ahklhcy fk 09:2 h tggy`dcfyb B`k twcg wkogt bg Afkl ovk`yv+ _bg B`k |gtg `cyh

yflkfjfi`kcv yw~~tgyygo wkogt A`kibw twcg+ Hkg hj bg ahtg `~~`tgk yflk hj bfy |`y bg

jhtigo oh~fhk hj bg A`kibwtf`k b`ft pwgwg# jhtdfoofkl iff}gky hj Ibfk` l`fky iwfkl bgft


8/20

2

b`ft+ _bg tglwc`fhk a`v ygga hoo fk tgthy~gi# dw yfcc tgpwftgo B`k Ibfkgyg h ywdaf

foghchlfi`c ihkthc h bgft A`kibw ihkpwgthty+ Ywib ` oga`ko |`y# fk jì# `k `jjthk h

Ihkjwif`kfya+ _bg Ic`yyfi hj Jfcf`c ^fgtv# fk cfkg |fb Ihkjwif`k z`cwgy `dhw ogdy h|go h hkgy gcogty#

ywllgyy b` ` ~gtyhky dhov `ko b`ft# dgfkl lfjy jtha hkgy ~`tgky# `tg kh h dg oà`lgo+

"\èga`k 0627# :?2& \bfcg yhag Ihkjwif`k z`cwgy h fky~ftg ` c`tlgt ihaawkfv a`v b`zg dggk

yb`tgo "jht grà~cg# fy wyg `y `k gbfi`c jhtig h fky~ftg chv`cv h bg fa~gtf`c bthkg

yw~~tgyyfhk cfeg bfy gy`dcfybgo h bg B`k "|bh tga`fkgo bg a`mhtfv |fbfk bg ihwktv& `

ofyfkifhk dg|ggk bgft h|k iwcwtg `ko b` hj bgft h~~tgyyhty+ _bfy |hwco# fk wtk# `jjgi

jwwtg jhtay hj Ibfkgyg k`fhk`cfya+

FFF+ Tgdgccfhk ko bg yfttfkly hj K`fhk`cfya

_bgtg fy zgtv cfcg dgcfgj àhkl yibhc`ty b` bg ihkig~ hj ` Ibfkgyg k`fhk h |bfib

`cc Ibfkgyg |gtg ~`tfhfi h# grfygo dgjhtg bg 06b

igkwtv+ Mhbk Jf}lgt`co aègy bg ic`fa

b` bg Ibfkgyg iwyha hj tgjgttfkl h bgft bfyhtfi`c ihaawkfv dv ovk`yv "Ib`ho`f& t`bgt

b`k dv ihwktv "lwhmf`& fa~cfgo b` bgtg |`y fk jì# kh Ibfkgyg k`fhk ` `cc "]b`h 4>>?# ?7&

@y tgywc# Ibfk`y ihkjthk`fhk |fb bg |gygtk ~h|gty ko M`~`k fk bg kfkgggkb

igkwtv aòg f kgigyy`tv h tgcfkpwfyb ~h|gt h bg wkfzgty`cfyfi ~tggkfhky hj bg ga~ftg#

`ko h ygge gkt`kig fkh bg jàfcv hj k`fhky`y hkg yhzgtgflk y`g ahkl hbgty+

"_hkkgyhk 066:# 4y+

Ibfk`y ogjg`y kh hkcv cgò h fy bwafcf`fhk# dw h ` jg`t b` Ibfkgyg iwcwtg aflb j`cc

zfifa h |gygtk fa~gtf`cfya=

Ibfk` |`y ihky`kcv fk mgh~`tov hj dgfkl i`tzgo w~ dv bg |gygtk ~h|gty `ko M`~`k+ Jhtgflk

fa~gtf`cfyy gkmhvgo bg ~thgifhk hj grt`gttfhtf`cfv fk bgft gkic`zgy hk Ibfkgyg yhfc `ko jtgpwgkcv


9/20

6

gad`tego hk `tago fkz`yfhky h ~wkfyb bg Ibfkgyg jht z`tfhwy ìy hj ofyhdgofgkig+ Ibfkgyg ~hcffi`c

gcfgy |gtg ahy `c`tago `dhw |b` bgv i`ccgo wkgpw`c tg`fgy# Ubg K`kmfkl `ko _f`kmfk tg`fgyQ

|bfib bò dggk jhtigo hk Ibfk` dv bg jhtgflk fa~gtf`cfyy+ "]b`h 4>>?# ?2&

_bwy f |`y cfcg ywt~tfyg b` bgyg `fwogy aòg gttfhtf`c yhzgtgflkv `k fa~ht`k `y~gi

fk gy`dcfybfkl Ibfk` y ` k`fhk!y`g+ Awib ga~b`yfy |`y ~w hk bg ihkkgifhk dg|ggk

yflkfjfi`k bfyhtfi`c gzgky `ko c`koy ihkyfogtgo h dg Ibfkgyg gttfhtv# `ko bfy b`y tga`fkgo

` ythkl `y~gi fk ogjfkfkl bg Ibfkgyg k`fhk yfkig+ _bg j`fcwtg hj bg Dhrgt Tgdgccfhk `cyh

gkihwt`lgo og~`twtg jtha Ibfkgyg tòffhk`cfya fk k `ga~ h dgihag ahogtk

k`fhk5 cbhwlb# |b` b` ahogtk k`fhk ihkyfygo hj dgiàg `khbgt ihkzgty`fhk gkftgcv+

"]b`h 4>>?& Kwagthwy yibhc`ty ihkicwogo b` Ibfkgyg iwcwtg# fkicwofkl Ihkjwif`kfya ko fy

bfgt`tibfi`c yvyga# bò cfcg tgjgtgkig h bg wk~tgigogkgo ihkoffhky hj bg |gygtk!

ohafk`go |htco+ "]b`h 4>>?# 7


10/20

0>

i`ccgo jht ` lhzgtkagk hj bg ~gh~cg# dv bg ~gh~cg# `ko jht bg ~gh~cg+ "]bgkl 0666& _bgyg

~tfkif~cgy i`ccgo bg itg`fhk hj ` tg~tgygk`fzg tg~wdcfi b` gkiha~`yygo `cc bg ~gh~cg hj

Ibfk`# `ko f |`yk wkfc `jgt bg ywiigyyjwc og~hyfkl hj bg Pfkl ovk`yv b` a`kv hj bg

B`k tgzhcwfhk`tfgy ihwco ihkigfzg hj A`kibw b`zfkl ` ~cìg fk b` yvyga+ T`bgt# f |`y bg

lgkgt`c lh`c hj a`kv tgzhcwfhk`tfgy b` Ibfk` ybhwco èg hk bg fogkfv hj ` wkf`tv k`fhk!

y`g|bgtg kg`tcv `cc bg tgyfogky |gtg B`k+ "]b`h 4>>?# ::&

Vg ogy~fg bfy# Ywk# w~hk bg ywiigyy hj bg tgzhcwfhk fk 0600# i`ccgo jht bg wkfv `ko

ihh~gt`fhk hj bg jfzg ahy a`mht ywdlthw~y hj Ibfkgyg "B`ky# A`kibwy# Ahklhcy# Bwf# ko

_fdg`k& h jhta bg k`fhk hj Ibfk`+ _bfy bò cfcg h oh |fb `k `ctwfyfi hj gpw`c

tg~tgygk`fhk+ Ywk ko hbgt tgzhcwfhkfyy |gtg krfhwy h b`kl hkh bg c`ko b` bg

A`kibw bò ihkthc hzgt owtfkl bg Pfkl ovk`yv# yhagbfkl |bfib |`y mgh~`tof}go `y

Ahklhcy `ko _fdg`ky dgl`k icàhtfkl jht bgft h|k fkog~gkogkig+ _bwy Ywk |`y ogkvfkl `kv

fkofzfow`c k`fhk`c fogkfv hj bgyg lthw~y5 `cc fk Ibfk` |gtg Ibfkgyg# `ko f |`y bgft ogyfkv

h ihkjhta h bg ahtg ~wtg B`k a`mhtfv `ko dwfco ` ltg` k`fhk+ \b` Ywk `ko bfy kg|cv

jhtago Ewhafkt`kl "K`fhk`cfy& ~`tv hj Ibfk` |gtg gyygkf`ccv ohfkl |`y yhagbfkl b`

Dgkgofi @kogtyhk aflb b`zg ogyitfdgo `y y~tgòfkl bg ybht flb yefk hj bg k`fhk hzgt

bg lfl`kfi dhov hj bg ga~ftg# `ko bg cglffaf}`fhk hj bg B`k fk ib`tlg+ "Lcòkgv 066?#66&

_bfy gbkfi yyfafc`fhk ~hcfiv |`y ~gtjgi a`kfjgy`fhk hj ihkytwigo ~tfahtof`cfya#

`ko hkg b` ywtzfzgy fk ~tgygk o`v II^ ~tìfigy+ _bgyg jfzg lthw~y `ko bg bwkotgoy hj

ya`ccgt lthw~y b` aòg w~ Ibfk` |gtg cc Ibfkgyg+ @oafgocv# f |`y yhag|b`

fkytwagk`cfy fk b` bg B`k |gtg `wha`fi`ccv hk h~# dw fk ~tfkif~cg f ywllgyy bg k`fhk


11/20

00

ihwco kh grfy |fbhw bg ~tgygkig hj bhyg hbgt gbkfiffgy+ F |`y kh ihaawkfv d`ygo

~tfahtof`c fgy b` dthwlb gzgtvhkg hlgbgt# dw bgft fkbgtgk Ibfkgyg!kgyy+

Fk bg gko# bg k`fhk`cfyy |gtg wk`dcg h ~thahg bgft k`fhk!y`g fog`y gjjgifzgcv

àhkl bg ~h~wc`fhk# chyfkl hw h bg tgigkcv jhtago Ibfkgyg Ihaawkfy ^`tv+ \bgtg bg

Ewhafkt`kl i`ccgo jht bg gy`dcfybagk hj bg B`k k`fhk# bg II^ ~thahgo bg fog` hj

~h~wc`t yhzgtgflkv àhkl bg ahtg twt`c ~h~wc`fhk# ahdfcf}fkl iff}gky fk ` ic`yy!d`ygo

tgzhcwfhk `l`fky bg k`fhk`cfy tglfag+ @y ` tgy~hkyg# bg Ewhafkt`kl# bgk cgò dv Ibf`kl

E`f!Ybge# iiwygo bg ihaawkfyy hj dgfkl `kf!~`tfhfi ko kf!k`fhk`cfy+ F fy hkcv hh

icg`t kh|# Ibf`kl |`y pwhgo hkig `y y`vfkl# b` ihaawkfyy i`k kgzgt b`zg `kv twg ygkyg

hj chv`cv h bgft ihwktv5 bgv tg ogzhfo hj ~`tfhfya ko k`fhk`c ihkyifhwykgyy+

"_hkkgyhk 066:# 424&

Fy fkgtgyfkl b` |`y bg fyywg bg Ewhafk`kl dthwlb h bg ~wdcfi ogd`g `y bg

`tlwagk `l`fky ihaawkfya# `y bg II^ fog`cy ywllgygo "` cg`y fk bghtv& ` k`fhk`c

fogkfv b` grgkogo dgvhko ic`yy ht gbkfi fgy+ "_hkkgyhk 066:& _bwy# bg btg` ~tgygkgo

dv bg ihaawkfy ~`tv |`y kh hkg hj foghchlfi`c lh`cy b` bgv |hwco wyg h tg~tgygk# dw

h bg ~h|gt bgco dv bg Ewhafkt`kl+ _bgtg |`y `cyh ` k`fhk`cfy pwgyfhk hj |b` bg II^

tg~tgygkgo# `y bg Yhzfg!iha~hygo Ihaawkfy Fkgtk`fhk`c lthw~ bò bò bg`zv

fkjcwgkig fk bg itg`fhk `ko yw~~ht hj bg II^+ Jìgo |fb bfy grfygkf`c `ko àht~bhwy

btg`# `y |gcc `y bg og`b hj bgft cgògt Ywk V`!ygk fk 064:# bg Ewhafkt`kl tòfi`ccv

ib`klgo ìfiy# fkyfwfkl zfhcgk icg`kyfkly hj bg ~`tv |fb Ibf`kl c`wkibfkl ywoogk

`ìey hk II^ bgòpw`tgty+ _bfy dchho d`b jhtigo bg II^ h dìe |`v wkfc bgv ihwco

jflwtg hw bh| h dggt tgihkifcg fog`y hj ihaawkfya `ko Ibfkgyg k`fhk`cfya+ "]b`h 4>>?&


12/20

04

FZ+ Hkg k`fhk# wkogt A`h

_bg Ewhafkt`kl a`fk`fkgo fy bhco hk ~h|gt `ko yw~~tgyyfhk hj bg II^ wkfc jhtigo

h jflb `l`fky bg M`~`kgyg fk \htco \`t FF+ _bfy `cch|go bg II^ h tgdwfco fygcj# `ko

gzgkw`ccv |tgycg ihkthc `|`v jtha bg Ewhafkt`kl# `cch|fkl bga h `cyh tg!fogkfjv Ibfk`

wkogt bg lwfofkl b`ko hj A`h ]gohkl+

F |`y wkogt A`h b` Ibfkgyg k`fhk`cfya ib`klgo tòfi`ccv h yhagbfkl gkftgcv

ofjjgtgk5 f y`tgo òh~fkl yhag gcgagky hj fkytwagk`cfya+ Ot`|fkl hk bg gihkhafi

cgzgcy hj bg a`yygy# A`h ~th~hygo b` Ibfk` |`y ofyòz`k`lgo dgi`wyg f |`y ywdmgi h bg

|bfay hj hbgt hwyfog k`fhky |bfib fa~hygo `y dhwtlghfy hzgt Ibfk`# fk bg thcg hj bg

~thcg`tf`+ @cc bhyg fk cg`lwg |fb fa~gtf`cfya`tg hwt gkgafgy A`h y`go# jwtbgt

ywllgyfkl b` bg Ibfkgyg k`fhk ihwco hkcv dg ogjfkgo fk fy tgìfhky h|`to bg ihttw~

h~~tgyyfhk bg y`| dv fa~gtf`cfy y`gy h|`to Ibfk`+ "]b`h 4>>?# 6


13/20

09

`y ihwkgt!tgzhcwfhk`tfgy+ Owtfkl bg Iwcwt`c Tgzhcwfhk# A`h# |bh bfaygcj tgzgtgo h `dyhcwfya#

i`ccgo hk bg Tgo Lw`toy h ya`yb `cc bfyhtfi tgcfiy `ko gtòfi`g hco bfkefkl# b`dfy `ko iwyhay+

"Dg}chz` 0666&

Hzgt`cc bhwlb# A`hy lhzgtkagk |`y ltg`cv ogjfkgo dv tvfkl h gy`dcfyb Ibfk` bthwlb

fa`lfkgo ~tfahtof`c ihkjcfi5 hkg Ibfk` `l`fky bg |htco+ _bfy ihkfkwgo gzgk hkig bg bò

tgogjfkgo Ibfk` `y ` ~gh~cgy tg~wdcfi# lhfkl yh j`t `y h `tlwg b` bg Iwcwt`c Tgzhcwfhk

|`y owg h bg \gyy ~hcfiv hj ihk`fkfkl Ibfk`# `y ` |`v h ~thahg |b` bg i`ccgo

ohagyfi ogzgch~agk |fbfk bg ihwktv+ "]bgkl 0666# 0>?& F |`y fk bfy a`kkgt b` Ibfk`

jfty dgl`k fa~cgagkfkl ~tfkif~cgy hj ihkytwigo ~tfahtof`cfya h ogjfkg fy k`fhk`cfya+

Z+ _tòffhk`c Ibfkgyg Z`cwgy "Y~hkyhtgo dv bg Ibfkgyg Ihaawkfy ~`tv&

^hy!A`h# bg II^ b`y lhkg bthwlb yhag tòfi`c ib`klgy fk bg |`v f fky~ftgo

k`fhk`cfy jgtzht+ Jht y`tgty A`hy ywiigyyht# Ogkl Rf`h~fkl |gk hw hj bfy |`v hk ygzgt`c

hii`yfhky h ogjfkg ~`tfhfya fk `k fkytwagk`c yw~~htfkl ` y`dcg y`g+ Cgj fk ` ib`hfi

y`g `jgt bg Iwcwt`c Tgzhcwfhk# Ogkl ihkgkogo b` f |`y bg bflbgy bhkht h chzg bgft

yhif`cfy ahbgtc`ko ko ihktfdwg cc |g b`zg h bgt yhif`cfy ihkytwifhk+ "]bgkl 0666#

69& Gyygkf`ccv Ogkl |`y ywllgyfkl b` yw~~htfkl bg fkyfwfhky hj yhif`cfya "`ko dv ~thrv#

bg II^& |gtg bg hkcv |`v jht Ibfk` h tgwtk h fy htflfk`c lchtv# `ko h lw`t`kgg y`dfcfv#

`cyh bgolfkl hjj ` btg` jtha ogahitìv+

@ cg`y faagof`gcv jhcch|fkl bg Iwcwt`c Tgzhcwfhk# bg II^ `cyh tgc`rgo yhag hj fy

y`ko`toy jht gbkfi k`fhk`cfya# ~wtywfkl jwcc!jcgolgo fkowigagk ~hcfiv b` gkihwt`lgo

ogzgch~agk hj khk!B`k afkhtfv lthw~y fk bg 062>y+ _bfy |`y cgyy hw hj tgy~gi jht

~tfahtof`c fgy `ko ahtg `khbgt `ga~ h dtfkl fk gbkfi afkhtfv lthw~y wkogt bg hkg

wkfgo Ibfk` fog`+ Ogy~fg bflb bh~gy# bfy b`y dggk cgyy ywiigyyjwc b`k bg Ibfkgyg

lhzgtkagk |hwco b`zg bh~go# yfkig wkfpwg gbkfi k`fhk`cfya ahkl _fdg`k ko Wflbwt


14/20

0?

ihaawkfv b`y hkcv btfzgo y agadgty |bh hhe oz`k`lg fk bg tgjhta vg`ty gkl`lg fk

` ytwllcg h egg~ bgft iwcwtg `ko k`fhk`c fogkfv `jch`+ "]b`h 4>>?# 062& Ogy~fg bg

hjgk zfhcgk Ibfkgyg tgìfhk h bg yg~`t`fya bfy aflb tg~tgygk# f b`y cgò h yhag gbkfi

lthw~y h fkjcwgkig |b` f ag`ky h dg Ibfkgyg# ~`tfiwc`tcv fk tgìfhk h bg chkl ~tg!

gy`dcfybgo yvygay hj B`k k`fhk`cfya+

Ibfk`y k`fhk`cfya# h yhag grgk# b`y `c|`vy dggk fkjcwgkigo dv ` kggo jht ` ygkyg

hj yhzgtgflkv+ Hzgt bg vg`ty# bg Ibfkgyg cgògty b`zg ihag h gadtìg `k `dyhcwfy khfhk

hj yhzgtgflkv# |fb |`gtflb dhwko`tfgy `ko fkgtk`c ihkthc j`t ahtg iha~cgg b`k

`kvbfkl b` bò gzgt grfygo dgjhtg ht `~~g`t cfegcv h dg ~tgygk `kvfag yhhk+ "Lw`kl

4>>7# 7>0& _bg grfygkig hj yg~`t`g gbkfi afkhtffgy ogyftfkl bgft h|k y`gy `ko

fkog~gkogkig jtha Ibfk` btg`gky bfy+ Cfeg ~tgzfhwy fgt`fhky hj bg lhzgtkagky dgjhtg

bga# bg II^ b`y òh~go bg fog` b` Ibfkgyg k`fhk`cfya fy tg~tgygkgo dv bg B`k

Ibfkgyg# `ko b` Ibfkgyg fogkfv fk afkhtffgy fy d`ygo hk bh| |gcc bgv gawc`g b` iwcwtg5

jhtigo hk bga fj kgigyy`tv+

@k grà~cg hj bfy fk ~`tfiwc`t hj bg ~`y jg| vg`ty b`y dggk bg Ibfkgyg lhzgtkagk

|bgk og`cfkl |fb bg Wflbwt ~h~wc`fhk hj Ibfk`+ Jht vg`ty bg II^ b`y tfgo h aèg fkthòy

fkh Wflbwt iwcwtg fk `ga~ h aèg bga ahtg Ibfkgyg+ Gjjgiy hj bfy ~hcfiv t`klg jtha

ywdcg fkjcwgkifkl hj lhzgtkagk `fo b` bg ihaawkfv tgigfzgy5 f+g+ yibhhcy b` hkcv gìb

fk A`ko`tfk Ibfkgyg h bg ahtg yflkfjfi`k `yyhif`fhk hj Wflbwt ofyyfogky `y iha~`t`dcg h

bg btg` jìgo dv bg WY fk tgl`toy h @c!Pwgo`+ "Lcòkgv 066?&

Fk gyygkig# bg II^ b`y dglwk h gy`dcfyb ` ygcgifzg yvyga hj ~tfahtof`cfy fgy h

ogjfkg |b` f ag`ky jht `k fkofzfow`c h dg Ibfkgyg+ _bg ahfz`fhk bgv `yitfdg h bhyg


15/20

07

|bh |hwco ogyftg ` yg~`t`g fkog~gkogk y`g hwyfog hj Ibfk` fy b` hj gtthtfya+ Jwtbgtfkl

bg ahfzgy jht chi`cy h `yyfafc`g# bg II^ b`y `cyh dggk gkihwt`lfkl B`k faaflt`fhk h

Wflbwt tg`y+ A`kv Wflbwty oh kh y~gè A`ko`tfk Ibfkgyg# ko bwy B`k ohafk`g

ihaagtig fk Rfkmf`kl,y wtd`k `tg`y `ko `tg jtgpwgkcv yggk dv bg chi`c `y b`zfkl bg tglfhky

dgy mhdy+ "Ibwkl 4>>4# 04& _bg agyy`lg jtha bg II^ fy icg`t5 hkg fy Ibfkgyg `y awib `y hkg

fy `yyfafc`go fkh B`k iwcwtg+ @kvhkg |htefkl `l`fky bg B`k fkjcwgkig fy kh hkcv `k

hwyfogt# dw ` gtthtfy `y |gcc+

_bfy fy kh bg hkcv ~tfahtof`c fg gr~chfgo dv bg II^+ @cbhwlb htflfk`ccv ` zfifhwy

h~~hkgk hj Ihkjwif`kfya# bg II^ fk bg g`tcv 6>y dgihag k ozhi`g hj bfy gìbfkly ko

bg bfyhtfi`c iwcwt`c z`cwgy bgv tg~tgygk h bg Ibfkgyg ~gh~cg+ \fbhw ` ohwd# bfy b`y

bò kwagthwy dgkgjfy fk bg tg~tgygk`fhk hj Ibfk` `ko bg II^=

Dv ihkkgifkl fygcj yh oftgicv |fb Ibfk`y ~`y# f i`k dg `tlwgo `cyh b` bg II^ fy tvfkl h

~gtyhk`cf}g fy twcg!!fk hbgt |htoy# bg II^ |`ky h ybh| b` f fy kh yfa~cv y`jjgo |fb y`fi

gibkhit`y# ht gzgk khk!ìògafi hjjfif`cy+ Hk bg ihkt`tv# bg II^ fy tvfkl h ~thzg b` f fy

ihkigtkgo kh hkcv |fb tgìbfkl ` y~gifjfi LO^ lth|b t`g# dw `cyh ``fkfkl cgyy `klfdcg dgkgjfy h

yhifgv# ywib `y bg Pfkl Bfyhtv ^thmgi `ko ogg~gkfkl bg Ibfkgyg iff}gktv,y `~~tgif`fhk hj bfyhtv+

Wkcfeg ahtg gibkfi`c ywdmgiy ywib `y gklfkggtfkl ht gihkhafiy# bfyhtv fy yhagbfkl b` `cc Ibfkgyg i`k

gkmhv `ko gadtìg+ _bg II^ fy tvfkl h ybh| f i`tgy+ "Bh 4>>6# 4&

\bgk f ihagy oh|k h f bhwlb# bg II^ hkcv i`tgy h bg grgk bhwlb b` f yhcfofjfgy bgft

~hyffhk+ Cfeg |fb bg tgzfz`c hj k`fhk`cfya bthwlb bg yw~gtfhtfv hj B`k z`cwgy# bg

~thahfhk hj Ihkjwif`kfya bhcoy yflkfjfi`k yt`glfi z`cwg fk ~thahfkl k`fhk`cfya bthwlb

bg gr~chf`fhk hj ` yb`tgo gbkfi fg+ Foghchlfi`ccv# f `cch|y bg II^ h gy`dcfyb fygcj `y dgfkl

` ~`tv hj z`cwgy# `ko h yg~`t`g fygcj jtha bg A`trfya b` fky~ftgo bg Iwcwt`c Tgzhcwfhk+

_bg II^ i`k `cyh dg ygcgifzg `dhw bg Ihkjwif`k z`cwgy f ~thahgy# cfeg bhyg hj bfgt`tibv

`ko y`dfcfv# |bfcg ytgyyfkl Ihkjwif`k z`cwgy hj ~th~tfgv fk tgc`fhkybf~y `y ` ag`ky h

gkihwt`lg Ibfkgyg ~gh~cg h dg chv`c `ko hdgofgk h bg y`g+ "]b`h 4>>?# 446& Fkgtgyfklcv


16/20

0:

gkhwlb# bgv `tg `cyh dgfkl wygo h gy`dcfyb bg k`wtg hj Ibfkgyg iwcwtg `ko fogkfv

|htco!|fog# bthwlb bg y~tgò hj Ihkjwifwy Fkyfwgy# khk!~thjf fkyfwfhky dwfc fk iffgy

`thwko bg lchdg b` yw~~hygocv ygtzg `y tg~tgygk`fhk hj |b` f twcv ag`ky h dg Ibfkgyg=

_bg Ihkjwifwy Fkyfwg Hkcfkg fy ogzhfkl h y`fyjv bg kggo hj ~gh~cg |bh `tg fkgtgygo fk Ibfkgyg

cg`tkfkl `cc `thwko bg |htco# ~thahfkl bg wkogty`kofkl hj Ibfkgyg c`klw`lg iwcwtg# gkb`kifkl bg

gowi`fhk`c `ko iwcwt`c ihh~gt`fhk dg|ggk Ibfk` `ko bg |htco# ogzgch~fkl bg jtfgkoybf~ dg|ggk

Ibfk` `ko hbgt ihwktfgy# h bgc~ ogzgch~fkl ` awcfiwcwt`c gkzfthkagk `ko dwfcofkl w~ ` b`tahkfhwy

|htco+ "b~=((`dhw+ibfkgyg+ik(gk(khogX?440+ba&

_bfy ygcj!gr~hyfhtv y`gagk hk bg Ihkjwifwy Fkyfwgy ifgy bg awcfiwcwt`cfy ~~g`c hj

Ihkjwifwy |bfcg egg~fkl bfy z`cwgy wkfpwgcv Ibfkgyg+ _bwy# fk bg yàg dtg`b# bhyg z`cwgy

ihwco ~hgkf`ccv dg tg~thowigo ohagyfi`ccv h ~thahg `kf!|gy `fwogy jht bgft khk!

òbgtgkig h bgyg z`cwgy+ Fy y`g ihkthc wkogt bg lwfyg hj ~tfahtof`c z`cwgy# fky~ftfkl

~`tfhfya ko k`fhk`cfya wkogt k gc`dht`g yvyga hj ihkytwigo ~tfahtof`cfya+

ZF+ Ihkicwyfhk

@cbhwlb bg k`wtg hj Ibfk`y k`fhk`cfya b`y jcwiw`go dg|ggk ogjfkfkl bg k`fhk fk

~tfahtof`c ht fkytwagk`c ahogy# bg ihwktv ho`v# fy ` ~tfag grà~cg hj ` ihwktv |bhyg

k`fhk`cfya fy thhgo fk Ihkytwigo tfahtof cfya yvyga b` iihaaho`gy jht dhb+

_bg tgyg`tib ~tgygkgo fk bfy ~`~gt ìy `y gzfogkig h b`+ _bthwlbhw Ibfkgyg bfyhtv#

bgtg b`zg dggk yflkfjfi`k iwcwt`c gcgagky b` b`zg ywtzfzgo ahtg ht cgyy bthwlbhw

Ibfk`y k`fhk`c ko ~tg!k`fhk`c ~gtfho+ _bfy fkicwogy bg Ihkjwif`kfya |bfib |`y a`fk`fkgo

`y bg gyygkig hj |b` aòg yhaghkg Ibfkgyg jht hzgt ` bhwy`ko vg`ty# `ko bg òoffhk`c

gy`dcfybagk hj B`k Ibfkgyg `y bg ~fcc`t hj Ibfkgyg fogkfv+
http://about.chinese.cn/en/node_4221.htmhttp://about.chinese.cn/en/node_4221.htmhttp://about.chinese.cn/en/node_4221.htmhttp://about.chinese.cn/en/node_4221.htm


17/20

0>?# 49>&

Bh|gzgt# bfy ~`~gt ohgy kh lg fkh bg gbfiy hj bg II^y ifhky h ~thahg

Ibfkgyg k`fhk`cfya ht bg cglffaìv hj k`fhk`cfya iha~hygo jtha gcgagky hj ihkytwigo

~tfahtof`cfv5 mwy bg yyhif`fhk dg|ggk Ibfkgyg k`fhk`cfya ko ihkytwigo ~tfahtof`cfv+

@cbhwlb bg ihaawkfy ~`tv wkogt A`h a`v b`zg tlwgo jht k`fhk`cfy fkyfwfhk`cfya#

Ihkjwif`kfya yggay h b`zg aòg ` ihagdìe y h tg~tgygkfkl |b` f fy h dg Ibfkgyg5 `

~tfahtof`c z`cwg b` yfcc dtfkly ~gh~cg hlgbgt fk bg @kogtyhky fa`lfk`tv ihaawkfv hj

bhyg |bh fg bgaygczgy hlgbgt wkogt bg a`kcg hj dgfkl Ibfkgyg+ _bg yàg lhgy jht

gkohtyfkl B`k Ibfkgyg iwcwtg `y bg ogjfkffhk jht |b` aègy hkg Ibfkgyg+ Dw hkig bgyg

z`cwgy `tg hjjfif`ccv gkohtygo dv bg twcfkl ~hcffi`c ~`tv f ègy hk ` |bhcg kg| yb`~g gkftgcv+

@ b` ~hfk# ~tfahtof`c fgy dgihag `tfjfif`c jht bg yèg hj jwtbgtfkl ~hcffi`c lh`cy `ko


19/20

06

Dfdcfhlt`~bv

Dgtkygfk# Tfib`to# `ko Thyy B+ Awkth+ 066>6+ Aèfkl I`wy`c Ic`fay `dhw bg gjjgi hj gbkfifv+ FkIha~`t`fzg ^hcffiy= T`fhk`cfv# Iwcwtg# `ko Ytwiwtg# gofgo dv A+ F+ Cfibdìb`ko @+ Y+ ]wiegta`k+ Iàdtfolg= Iàdtfolg Wkfzgtyfv ^tgyy+

Ihkjwifwy Fkyfwg Hkcfkg @dhwt WyIhkjwifwy Fkyfwg Hkcfkg+b~=((`dhw+ibfkgyg+ik(gk(khogX?440+ba "@iigyygo Jgdtw`tv 4:b# 4>0>&

Ithwibgt# Ybgfc` C+ 4>>?+ Lchd`cf}`fhk `ko Dgchklfkl= _bg ^hcffiy hj Fogkfv fk Ìb`klfkl \htco+ C`kbà= Th|a`k * Cfcgjfgco ^wdcfybgty# Fki+

Lggt}# Icfjjhto+ 06Bh# Khta`k+ 4>>6+ Wkcfegcv dgojgcch|y8 Ihkjwifwy# bg II^# `ko bg tgywtlgkig hjlwhrwg+ B`tz`to Fkgtk`fhk`c Tgzfg|90 "4&=?+

Yafb# @kbhkv O+ 4>>4+ K`fhk`cfya= _bghtv Foghchlv Bfyhtv+ Iàdtfolg= ^hcfv ^tgyy+

Y~gkig# Mhk`b`k O+ 0666+ Ywk V`!ygk+ _fag @yf`"249(ywkXv`Xygk0+bac+

_hkkgyyhk# Ygfk# `ko B`ky @kchz+ 066:+ @yf` fk _bghtfgy hj K`fhk`cfya `ko K`fhk`cFogkfv+ Fk @yf`k Jhtay hj bg K`fhk# gofgo dv Y+ _hkkgyyhk `ko B+ @kchz+

Ywttgv= Iwt}hk ^tgyy Co+

\èga`k# Jtgogtfi+ _bg Ltg` Gkgt~tfyg= _bg A`kibw Tgihkytwifhk hj Fa~gtf`cHtogt fk Ygzgkggkb!igkwtv Ibfk`+ Dgtegcgv `ko Chy @klgcgy= Wkfzgtyfv hjI`cfjhtkf` ^tgyy# 0627+

]b`h# Ywfybgkl+ 4>>?+ @ K`fhk!Y`g dv Ihkytwifhk= Ovkàfiy hj Ahogtk IbfkgygK`fhk`cfya+ Y`kjhto= Y`kjhto Wkfzgtyfv ^tgyy+
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]bgkl# Vhklkf`k+ 0666+ Ofyihzgtfkl Ibfkgyg K`fhk`cfya fk Ibfk`= Ahogtkf}`fhk#Fogkfv# `ko Fkgtk`fhk`c Tgc`fhky+ I`adtfolg= I`adtfolg Wkfzgtyfv ^tgyy+

The Nature of Chinese Nationalism

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Transcript of The Nature of Chinese Nationalism