The Nature of Blood 12.1 Notes. Objectives List the A-B-O antigens and antibodies found in the blood...
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Transcript of The Nature of Blood 12.1 Notes. Objectives List the A-B-O antigens and antibodies found in the blood...
Objectives List the A-B-O antigens and antibodies
found in the blood for each of the four blood types: A, B, AB, and O.
Understand and describe how whole blood is typed
Understand the concept of antigen-antibody interactions and how it is applied to species identification and drug identification
BloodA mix of cells, enzymes, proteins, and inorganic substances
Plasma – 55%Liquid, primarily water
Solid portion 45%Red Blood cells – erythrocytesWhite blood cells – leukocytesPlatelets
SerumThe pale yellowish liquid that makes up part of the blood clot
Pertinent to forensicsRed blood cells Blood serum
AntigensChemical structures found on the surface of the red blood cell
Impart blood-type characteristics
15 blood antigen systems have been identified More common are ABO and Rh (D)
AntigensType A blood contains A antigens Type B = B antigens Type AB = both A and B antigens Type O = neither A or B
Rh+ indicates the presence of D antigen
Rh- indicates the absence of D antigen
AntibodiesProteins that act against certain antigens Serum-containing antibody = antiserum
Considered bivalent Two reactive sites
Causes agglutination (clumping)
SerologyStudy of antigen-antibody reactions
US distribution of blood types:Type O – 43%Type A – 42%Type B – 12%Type AB – 3%
Donor Combinations
Blood Type Donates to Receives from
A A, AB A, OB B, AB B, O
AB AB allO all only O
AntibodiesProduced to bind to an invading antigen Different antibodies are produced to attack a particular antigen site
Polyclonal – multiple antibodies that attack different antigen sitesMay vary over time
Monoclonal antibodies - designed to attack only one site on an antigen
Process of producing monoclonals (p.335)
Inject mouse with a particular antigenMouse spleen cells produce antibodies
Spleen cells removed and fused to cancer cellsCombined cells are called hybridoma cells
Hybridoma cells allowed to multiply and are screened for antibody activity
Process continuedHybridoma that bear antibody activity of interest are selected, removed and culturedProduce identical monoclonal antibodies in endless supply
Used to offer immunoassay test for certain drugs and semen material
Current and most well known use of monoclonal antibodies is Rituxin (cancer treatment)
12.1 Questions1. Who discovered that blood is distinguishable by its group or type?
2. What blood factors are the most important for properly matching a donor and recipient for a transfusion?
3. What technique supplanted blood typing for associating bloodstain evidence with a particular individual?
4. What is plasma? What percentage of blood content does plasma account for?
5. Which of the following types of cells are not contained in plasma?A. PhagocytesB. LeukocytesC. ErthyrocytesD. Platelets
6. What are antigens and antibodies? What part of the blood contains antibodies?
7. Describe how antibodies and antigens determine one’s A-B-O blood type.
8. What is the fourth important antigen other than A, B, and O?