The Musculoskeletal System

Building Bodies

Cells: Made of molecules such as lipids (fats), glucose

(sugar), glycogen (startch) proteins etc. These are the basic

building blocks creating animal structures.

Tissues: Collection of cells organized for a particular

function. Ex: skin, muscles

Organs: collections of tissues. Ex: Liver

Organ system: collection of tissues that work together and

have special functions in the body.

Organ Systems:

Circulatory

Respiratory

Renal

Digestive

Reproductive

Skeletal

Muscular

Endocrine

Nervous

Skeletal + Muscular Systems =

Musculoskeletal System

Skeletal System:

Comprised of bone joined by cartilage and ligaments

Provides support for the body and protects the brain & organs

Bone is the main component, material inside of bones is

marrow which produces blood cells.

Muscular System:

Made up of muscle tissue to move the body.

Functions:

1. Structure 3. Minerals reserve

2. Protection 4. Blood cell production

Animal vs. Human Skeleton

Humans have a clavicle or COLLAR BONE

Differing Rib Pairs:

Humans = 12

Cattle = 13+

Poultry = 7

Rabbit = 12

Humans have NO coccygeal vertebrae (tail)

Human wrist = animal carpus

Human ankle = animal tarpus

Human foreman and leg have wider range of motion than animals.

Human vs. Animal Skeleton (cont.)

Number and placement of teeth:

Humans = 32 evenly spaced

Cattle = teeth mostly in back, approximately 8 up front

Rabbit = all located in front of mouth

Dogs = have 2 sets (milk teeth= 24) to 6 months old = 42

Skulls:

Bone Structure: Bone Cells:

Osteoblasts

Osteocytes

Osteoclasts

Living bone is made up of:

50% water

26% mineral

20% protein

4% fat

Dried bone made up of:

70% inorganic minerals- calcium, phosphate for hardness & strength

30% organic components- collagen fibers and cells give elasticity.

Bone Structure: Diaphysis: Body of long bone

Epipysis: enlarged ends of

long bone

Metaphysis: joining point

between diaphysis and

epiphysis

Periosteum-Thin protective

layer of bone

Medullary cavity: space in

bone filled with bone marrow

Endosteum: thin inner

protective layer in the

medullary cavity.

Bone

Structure:

Label the

Parts of the bone

Bone Types:

Long: provide support and levers for movement, makes up most of skeleton. Ex: leg and arm bones.

Short: found where long bones connect, knee, provide a way to keep long bones apart and minimizes friction.

Flat: supply an area of attachment for muscles and protect animals vital organs. Ex: bones in a skull

Sesamoid: provide specialized protection such as the kneecap

Pneumatic bone: contain air space like the facial sinus cavities.

Irregular: serve specialized functions, such as vertebrae, which serve to protect the spinal cord.

Bone Types:

Diagram of the Bone

Directions Diagram

Using your supplies you will need to

create a diagram of the bone

You must label the part AND give a

description of its purpose.

Include/Label the following parts:

Epiphysis (Proximal and distal)

Metaphysis

Bone Marrow

Endosteum

Periosteum

Diaphysis

Medullary Cavity

Artery

Grading:

•Labeling: 15 points

•Information: 10 points

•Creativity/Quality: 5 points

Total Points: 30

Parts of the animal skeleton: Axial skeleton: contains the skull, vertebrae, ribs and

sternum, the parts necessary for organ, nerve and brain

protection.

Appendicular skeleton: consists of:

Pectoral limb- skeletal parts of the front legs and shoulders

Pelvic limb – parts of the hind legs pelvic girldle

PelvicPectoral

Axial

Parts of the vertebral column (Axial)

Cervical = neck

Thoracic = chest/body

Lumbar: back

Sacral = pelvic

Coccygeal (caudal) = tail

Axial Skeleton

1. Cervial: There are

cervical vertebrae in ALL

mammals.

Humans have 7

How many does a giraffe

have???

2. Thoracic: always have rib

attached and spine on top

True, False, Floating Ribs

3. Lumbar: Lower back

Carnivores vs. Herbivores

4. Sacral: Pelvic Region

Fused on ventral side

Carnivore vs. Herbavore

5. Coccygeal: Tail

Used for balance

Larger to smaller

Appendicular Skeleton:

Bovine Skeleton *Use your worksheet to label the skeletons

Feline Skeleton

Human Skeleton

Skull structure of a horse:

Common

Fractures: Open (compound): broken bone that penetrates

through skin.

Closed: does not penetrate through skin

Compression: Spine /Vetebral breaks

Sress: often seen in athletes from overuse, lower

force of break but often

Avulsion: injury where tendon or ligament

attaches to bone (pulls off bone)

Greenstick: incomplete break, side break or

bending. Often in young children.

Transverse: Complete break without penetrating

skin

Comminuted: splintered or crushed into pieces

Impacted: compressed together, common with hip

fractures or by breaking a fall.

Connective Tissue:

Specialized cells that support and protect the body and its organs. These are embedded in extracellular material produced by connective tissue cells called the MATRIX.

Bone: Mineralized cellular tissue

Cartilage: cellular tissue

Tendons: Connects muscles to bones; Fibrous and composed of collagen

Ligaments: Connects bone to bone; Fibrous and contains ELASTIN which helps in stretching.

Adipose tissue: cells filled with lipids (fat)

Blood: special connective tissue suspended in matrix called plasma.

Joints: Fibrous:

joined with dense connective tissue

NO movement

Called suture in skull

Ex: Vertebrae in spine

Cartilage:

Connected with cartilage

Ex: growth plate in young animals which will be replaced with bone or SYMPHYSIS found between pelvis or lower jaw

Joints (Cont.)

Synovial joints:

Truly moveable joints

Made up of dense layer of bone

Covered with layer of Articular

Cartilage

Enclosed in joint capsule

Lubricated with Sunovial fluids

(carries nutrients)

Some have a Meniscus: hard

cartilage pad which cushions the

bone ends.

Pivot Joints found in Neck and Forearm Ball & Socket found in hips and shoulders

Hinge: found in apendage

HINGE

Ball and Socket

Types of Muscle:

Skeletal: voluntary muscle, attaches to the skeleton to allow for motion. Controlled by nerves

Smooth: involuntary muscle, located in hollow organs such as Gastrointestinal tract, bladder and blood vessels.

Cardiac muscle- involuntary muscle, found in the heart

Note:

Involuntary muscles function at ALL times

Muscle cells, aka MYOFIBERS organize into parallel rows.

Types of muscle (cont.)

How muscles “move it move it” Nerve cells (neurons) simulate contraction through

myofilaments

Nerve impulse stimulates release of calcium that is stored in the endoplasmic reticulum

Calcium flow causes filaments to slide across each other

While relaxing, calcium is transported back to endoplasmic reticulum.

This whole process require energy (ATP)

Muscle and Neuron Structure:

Neuron Structure: Dendrites: tree-like extensions. Help increase surface area covered

with synapse which receive information.

Axon: elongated fiber that transmits neural signal

Cell Body: Makes proteins and uses energy for growth

Myelin sheath: protective layer around axons

Terminals: Conducts electrical impulses away from the cell body.

Handmade Neuron: (INDIVIDUAL)

Using pipe-cleaners, create the structure of a Neuron.

Label and describe the following:

-Dendrites -Cell Body -Myelin -Axon -Terminals

How does muscle become meat???

Immobilization: render the animal unconscious

Exsanguination: removal of animals blood

Rigor Mortis: muscles stiffen after death.

Occurs because there is no supply of energy to pump calcium

back. No energy = no relaxation of muscles = rigor mortis

Grading:

Yield and Quality

Cutting: Cut into wholesale and retail cuts

Muscle Contraction and Rigor Mortis

Marbling:

(Quality Grade)