The Muscular System - Ms. Rickard's Anatomy...
Transcript of The Muscular System - Ms. Rickard's Anatomy...
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Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Seventh Edition Elaine N. Marieb
Chapter 6 The Muscular System
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The Muscular System
Slide 6.1 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Muscles are responsible for all types of body movement – they contract or shorten and are the machine of the body
• Three basic muscle types are found in the body •Skeletal muscle
•Cardiac muscle
•Smooth muscle
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Characteristics of Muscles
Slide 6.2 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Muscle cells are elongated (muscle cell = muscle fiber)
• Contraction of muscles is due to the movement of microfilaments
• All muscles share some terminology •Prefix myo refers to muscle
•Prefix mys refers to muscle
•Prefix sarco refers to flesh
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Skeletal Muscle Characteristics
Slide 6.3 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Most are attached by tendons to bones
• Cells are multinucleate
• Striated – have visible banding
• Voluntary – subject to conscious control
• Cells are surrounded and bundled by connective tissue = great force, but tires easily
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Connective Tissue Wrappings of Skeletal Muscle
Slide 6.4a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Endomysium – around single muscle fiber
• Perimysium – around a fascicle (bundle) of fibers Figure 6.1
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Connective Tissue Wrappings of Skeletal Muscle
Slide 6.4b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Epimysium – covers the entire skeletal muscle
• Fascia – on the outside of the epimysium
Figure 6.1
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Skeletal Muscle Attachments
Slide 6.5 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Epimysium blends into a connective tissue attachment •Tendon – cord-like structure •Aponeuroses – sheet-like structure
• Sites of muscle attachment •Bones •Cartilages •Connective tissue coverings
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Smooth Muscle Characteristics
Slide 6.6 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Has no striations • Spindle-shaped
cells • Single nucleus • Involuntary – no
conscious control • Found mainly in
the walls of hollow organs
• Slow, sustained and tireless Figure 6.2a
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Cardiac Muscle Characteristics
Slide 6.7 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Has striations • Usually has a
single nucleus • Joined to another
muscle cell at an intercalated disc
• Involuntary • Found only in the
heart • Steady pace! Figure 6.2b
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Function of Muscles
Slide 6.8 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Produce movement
• Maintain posture
• Stabilize joints
• Generate heat
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Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle
Slide 6.9a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Cells are multinucleate
• Nuclei are just beneath the sarcolemma
Figure 6.3a
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Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle
Slide 6.9b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Sarcolemma – specialized plasma membrane
• Sarcoplasmic reticulum – specialized smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Figure 6.3a
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Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle
Slide 6.10a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Myofibril •Bundles of myofilaments
•Myofibrils are aligned to give distrinct bands
• I band = light band
•A band = dark band
Figure 6.3b
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Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle
Slide 6.10b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Sarcomere •Contractile unit of a muscle fiber
Figure 6.3b
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Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle
Slide 6.11a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Organization of the sarcomere •Thick filaments = myosin filaments •Composed of the protein myosin •Has ATPase enzymes
Figure 6.3c
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Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle
Slide 6.11b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Organization of the sarcomere •Thin filaments = actin filaments •Composed of the protein actin
Figure 6.3c
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Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle
Slide 6.12a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Myosin filaments have heads (extensions, or cross bridges)
• Myosin and actin overlap somewhat
Figure 6.3d
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Properties of Skeletal Muscle Activity (single cells or fibers)
Slide 6.13 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Irritability – ability to receive and respond to a stimulus
• Contractility – ability to shorten when an adequate stimulus is received
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Nerve Stimulus to Muscles
Slide 6.14 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by a nerve to contract (motor neruron)
• Motor unit •One neuron •Muscle cells
stimulated by that neuron Figure 6.4a
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Nerve Stimulus to Muscles
Slide 6.15a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Neuromuscular junctions – association site of nerve and muscle
Figure 6.5b
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Nerve Stimulus to Muscles
Slide 6.15b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Synaptic cleft – gap between nerve and muscle •Nerve and
muscle do not make contact
•Area between nerve and muscle is filled with interstitial fluid Figure 6.5b
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Transmission of Nerve Impulse to Muscle
Slide 6.16a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Neurotransmitter – chemical released by nerve upon arrival of nerve impulse •The neurotransmitter for skeletal muscle is
acetylcholine
• Neurotransmitter attaches to receptors on the sarcolemma
• Sarcolemma becomes permeable to sodium (Na+)
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Transmission of Nerve Impulse to Muscle
Slide 6.16b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Sodium rushing into the cell generates an action potential
• Once started, muscle contraction cannot be stopped
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The Sliding Filament Theory of Muscle Contraction
Slide 6.17a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Activation by nerve causes myosin heads (crossbridges) to attach to binding sites on the thin filament
• Myosin heads then bind to the next site of the thin filament
Figure 6.7
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The Sliding Filament Theory of Muscle Contraction
Slide 6.17b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• This continued action causes a sliding of the myosin along the actin
• The result is that the muscle is shortened (contracted)
Figure 6.7
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The Sliding Filament Theory
Slide 6.18 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 6.8
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Contraction of a Skeletal Muscle
Slide 6.19 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Muscle fiber contraction is “all or none” • Within a skeletal muscle, not all fibers
may be stimulated during the same interval
• Different combinations of muscle fiber contractions may give differing responses
• Graded responses – different degrees of skeletal muscle shortening, rapid stimulus = constant contraction or tetanus
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Muscle Response to Strong Stimuli
Slide 6.22 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Muscle force depends upon the number of fibers stimulated
• More fibers contracting results in greater muscle tension
• Muscles can continue to contract unless they run out of energy
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Energy for Muscle Contraction
Slide 6.23 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Initially, muscles used stored ATP for energy •Bonds of ATP are broken to release energy
•Only 4-6 seconds worth of ATP is stored by muscles
• After this initial time, other pathways must be utilized to produce ATP
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Energy for Muscle Contraction
Slide 6.24 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Direct phosphorylation •Muscle cells contain creatine
phosphate (CP) •CP is a high-energy
molecule •After ATP is depleted, ADP is
left •CP transfers energy to ADP,
to regenerate ATP •CP supplies are exhausted in
about 20 seconds Figure 6.10a
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Energy for Muscle Contraction
Slide 6.26a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Anaerobic glycolysis •Reaction that breaks
down glucose without oxygen
•Glucose is broken down to pyruvic acid to produce some ATP
•Pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid
Figure 6.10b
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Energy for Muscle Contraction
Slide 6.26b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Anaerobic glycolysis (continued) •This reaction is not as
efficient, but is fast
•Huge amounts of glucose are needed
•Lactic acid produces muscle fatigue
Figure 6.10b
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Energy for Muscle Contraction
Slide 6.25 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Aerobic Respiration •Series of metabolic
pathways that occur in the mitochondria
•Glucose is broken down to carbon dioxide and water, releasing energy
•This is a slower reaction that requires continuous oxygen
Figure 6.10c
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Muscle Fatigue and Oxygen Debt
Slide 6.27 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• When a muscle is fatigued, it is unable to contract
• The common reason for muscle fatigue is oxygen debt •Oxygen must be “repaid” to tissue to remove
oxygen debt •Oxygen is required to get rid of accumulated
lactic acid • Increasing acidity (from lactic acid) and lack
of ATP causes the muscle to contract less
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Types of Muscle Contractions
Slide 6.28 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Isotonic contractions •Myofilaments are able to slide past each
other during contractions •The muscle shortens
• Isometric contractions •Tension in the muscles increases •The muscle is unable to shorten
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Muscle Tone
Slide 6.29 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Some fibers are contracted even in a relaxed muscle
• Different fibers contract at different times to provide muscle tone
• The process of stimulating various fibers is under involuntary control
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Muscles and Body Movements
Slide 6.30a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Movement is attained due to a muscle moving an attached bone
Figure 6.12
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Muscles and Body Movements
Slide 6.30b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Muscles are attached to at least two points •Origin –
attachment to a immoveable bone
• Insertion – attachment to an movable bone
Figure 6.12
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Effects of Exercise on Muscle
Slide 6.31 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Results of increased muscle use • Increase in muscle size
• Increase in muscle strength
• Increase in muscle efficiency
•Muscle becomes more fatigue resistant
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Types of Ordinary Body Movements
Slide 6.32 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Flexion – decreases angle of joint and brings two bones closer together
• Extension- opposite of flexion
• Rotation- movement of a bone in longitudinal axis, shaking head “no”
• Abduction/Adduction (see slides)
• Circumduction (see slides)
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Body Movements
Slide 6.33 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 6.13
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Left: Abduction – moving the leg away from the midline
Above – Adduction- moving toward the midline
Right:
Circumduction: cone-shaped movement, proximal end doesn’t move, while distal end moves in a circle.
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Types of Muscles
Slide 6.35 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Prime mover – muscle with the major responsibility for a certain movement
• Antagonist – muscle that opposes or reverses a prime mover
• Synergist – muscle that aids a prime mover in a movement and helps prevent rotation
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Naming of Skeletal Muscles
Slide 6.36a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Direction of muscle fibers •Example: rectus (straight)
• Relative size of the muscle •Example: maximus (largest)
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Naming of Skeletal Muscles
Slide 6.36b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Location of the muscle
•Example: many muscles are named for bones (e.g., temporalis)
• Number of origins
•Example: triceps (three heads)
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Naming of Skeletal Muscles
Slide 6.37 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Location of the muscles origin and insertion •Example: sterno (on the sternum)
• Shape of the muscle •Example: deltoid (triangular)
• Action of the muscle •Example: flexor and extensor (flexes or
extends a bone)
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Head and Neck Muscles
Slide 6.38 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 6.14
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Trunk Muscles
Slide 6.39 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 6.15
![Page 49: The Muscular System - Ms. Rickard's Anatomy Courseihsanatomy.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/4/7/38476357/muscle_system_… · •Within a skeletal muscle, not all fibers may be stimulated](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050115/5f4c96f37d8c895b254f9fc6/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Deep Trunk and Arm Muscles
Slide 6.40 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 6.16
![Page 50: The Muscular System - Ms. Rickard's Anatomy Courseihsanatomy.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/4/7/38476357/muscle_system_… · •Within a skeletal muscle, not all fibers may be stimulated](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050115/5f4c96f37d8c895b254f9fc6/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Muscles of the Pelvis, Hip, and Thigh
Slide 6.41 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 6.18c
![Page 51: The Muscular System - Ms. Rickard's Anatomy Courseihsanatomy.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/4/7/38476357/muscle_system_… · •Within a skeletal muscle, not all fibers may be stimulated](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050115/5f4c96f37d8c895b254f9fc6/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Muscles of the Lower Leg
Slide 6.42 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 6.19
![Page 52: The Muscular System - Ms. Rickard's Anatomy Courseihsanatomy.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/4/7/38476357/muscle_system_… · •Within a skeletal muscle, not all fibers may be stimulated](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050115/5f4c96f37d8c895b254f9fc6/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Superficial Muscles: Anterior
Slide 6.43 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 6.20
![Page 53: The Muscular System - Ms. Rickard's Anatomy Courseihsanatomy.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/4/7/38476357/muscle_system_… · •Within a skeletal muscle, not all fibers may be stimulated](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050115/5f4c96f37d8c895b254f9fc6/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Superficial Muscles: Posterior
Slide 6.44 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 6.21
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Disorders relating to the Muscular System
• Muscular Dystrophy: inherited, muscle enlarge due to increased fat and connective tissue, but fibers degenerate and atrophy
• Duchenne MD: lacking a protein to maintain the sarcolemma
• Myasthemia Gravis: progressive weakness due to a shortage of acetylcholine receptors