The Muscular System

Chapter 6

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Muscle Tissues

• Muscles make up nearly ½ of the body’s mass!

• Function: contraction/shortening movement!

• Muscle Types (Table 6.1, page 182)– Skeletal– Cardiac– Smooth

Skeletal Muscle• “fiber” – elongated cells• Striated, voluntary• Skeletal muscle is organ of the Muscular

System• Surrounded by fascia separated into:

• Endomysium: surrounds each fiber• Perimysium: surrounds groups of fibers

(fascicle)• Epimysium: covers entire muscle

– Continuous with tendons or aponeuroses

Skeletal Muscle

• Figure 6.1, page 183

Muscle (fascicles wrapped in epimysium)

Fascicles (muscle fibers wrapped in perimysium)

Fibers (elongated cells, enclosed with sarcolemma)

Myofibrils (organelles which fill sarcoplasm)

Myofilaments (threadlike protein filaments bundled

into myofibrils)

“Bundles of Bundles”Anatomy of a Skeletal Muscle

Muscle Function• Producing movement

– Muscles, bones, & joints work together

• Maintaining posture & body position• Stabilizing joints• Generating heat (thermogenesis)

– 80% of heat comes from muscle contraction (lost when bonds in ATP broken)

– Shivering to raise temperature when cold

Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle

• Cells are multinucleate• Sarcolemma: cell membrane • Myofibrils: ribbon-like organelles that fill

the cytoplasm• Alternating light (I) and dark (A) bands on

myofibrils (striations)• Sarcomere: contractile unit of muscle

(myofibrils)– Aligned end to end– Myofilaments within myofibrils

• Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR): specialized smooth ER– Stores calcium and releases it on demand

when muscle fiber stimulated to contract

Myofilaments

• Myosin filaments: thick filaments– Made of bundles of protein myosin– Contain ATPase enzymes (split ATP)– Extend length of A band– Ends have small projections called myosin

heads (cross bridges): link thick & thin filaments together during contraction

• Actin filaments: thin filaments– Made of contractile protein actin– Regulatory proteins prevent binding of

myosin heads to actin– Anchored to the Z disc– I band only contains actin filaments

Z Line to Z Line called Sarcomere

Properties of Skeletal Muscle

• Excitability/responsiveness– Receive and respond to stimuli

• Contractility– Ability to shorten (forcibly) when

adequately stimulated

• Extensibility– Muscle cells can be stretched

• Elasticity– Ability to recoil and resume their resting

length after being stretched

Neuromuscular Junction

• Must be stimulated by nerve impulses• One motor neuron (nerve cell) can stimulate

a few muscle cells or hundreds of them• Motor unit: one motor neuron and all

skeletal muscle cells it stimulates• Axon of neuron branches into axon

terminals, each of which forms junctions with sarcolemma of different muscle cells– Neuromuscular junctions: contain vesicles

filled with neurotransmitters– NTM that stimulates skeletal muscle cells:

acetylcholine (ACh)– Synaptic cleft: gap between axon terminal and

sarcolemma of muscle cell; filled with interstitial fluid

Neuromuscular Junction

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Physiology of Muscle Contraction

When nerve impulse reaches axon terminals… 1. Calcium channels open and Ca2+ enters the terminal causing release of Ach 2. ACh diffuses across the synaptic cleft and attaches to receptors (membrane proteins) that are located in the sarcolemma of the muscle cell 4. Ach stimulates sarcolemma and causes depolarization, generating an action potential (more on that in the nervous system!) 5. Action potential spreads throughout the muscle cell and stimulates sarcoplasmic reticulum to release calcium ions into the cytoplasm 6. Calcium ions trigger binding of myosin to actin, initiating filament sliding 7. Acetylcholinesterase enzyme breaks down ACh (present on sarcolemma and in synaptic cleft).

– Single nerve impulse produces only one contraction – Prevents continued contraction of the muscle cell in the absence

of additional nerve impulses.

Sliding Filament Theory

• Pages 191-192 (fig 6.7 & 6.8)• Myosin heads attach to binding sites on the thin

filaments when stimulated by nervous system (Calcium present)

• Each cross bridge attaches and detaches (bend, break, & reform) several times during a contraction (using energy from ATP), generating tension that helps to pull the thin filaments toward the center of the sarcomere (form cross bridges further down actin filament) – power stroke

• Myofilaments do not shorten – just slide past each other

• Occurs simultaneously in sarcomeres throughout the muscle cell (cell shortens)

• Attachment of myosin cross bridges to actin requires calcium ions

• Takes a few thousandths of a secondanimation

Sliding Filament Theory

Detailed animation

Muscle Response• Threshold stimulus: minimal stimulus needed to

cause contraction• All-or-none response• Can be measured by a myogram (figure 6.9)

Contraction of Skeletal Muscle as a Whole

• Whole muscle contraction is through graded responses– different degrees of shortening throughout

the whole muscle

• Produced two ways:– Changing the frequency of muscle

stimulation– Changing the number of muscle cells being

stimulated at one time

Muscle Response to Increasingly Rapid

Stimulation• Nerve impulses delivered to muscle at

a very rapid rate (no chance for muscle to relax)

• Effects of successive contractions are added together (summative)– Causes stronger & smoother contraction– Sustained contraction

• Fused (complete) tetanus: contractions completely smooth and sustained

• Unfused (incomplete) tetanus: up until the point of fused tetanus

Muscle Response to Stronger Stimuli

• Force of muscle contraction mostly depends on how many cells are stimulated

• when all motor units are active and all cells stimulated, muscle contraction is as strong as it can get

• Muscle cells stimulated at the same time & entire muscle contracts

• Motor units recruit other fibers

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Electromyogram

Energy for Muscle Contraction

• Muscle store a small amount of ATP (a few seconds’ worth) to get going

• ATP only energy source can be used directly to power muscle activity & must be regenerated continuously if contraction is to continue

• ATP regeneration catalyzed by ATPase• Three pathways for ATP regeneration:

– Direct phosphorylation of ADP by creatine phosphate

– Aerobic respiration– Anaerobic glycolysis & lactic acid formation

• Only 25% of energy is used – rest released as heat!

Creatine Phosphate

• High energy molecule found in muscle fibers but not other cell types

• Regenerates ATP in a fraction of a second by transferring a phosphate group to ADP

• CP supplies exhausted in less than 15 seconds

Aerobic Respiration

• 95% of ATP used for muscle activity• Oxidative phosphorylation: occurs in

mitochondria, metabolic pathways that use oxygen

• Glucose broken down completely to carbon dioxide & water, energy released as bonds are broken energy captured in ATP molecules

• Generates a large amount of ATP• Slow and requires continuous delivery

of oxygen and nutrient fuels to muscle to keep it going

Anaerobic Glycolysis & Lactic Acid Fermentation

• If oxygen & glucose delivery is inadequate (intense muscle activity), glycolysis moves into lactic acid fermentation instead of oxidative phosphorylation

• Only 5% as much ATP produced without oxygen

• 2.5 times faster and provides most of ATP needed for 30-40 seconds of strenuous activity• Lactic acid accumulates and produces muscle soreness

Muscle Fatigue & Oxygen Deficit

• Muscle fatigue: unable to contract even though being stimulated

• Oxygen deficit occurs after prolonged muscle activity, causing fatigue

• Work that a muscle can do and how long without fatigue depends on blood supply

• Without adequate oxygen, lactic acid accumulates and ATP supply runs low, which leads to fatigue– i.e. marathon runners

Types of Muscle Contractions

• Isotonic contractions: myofilaments slide past each other, muscle shortens, movement occurs

• Isometric contractions: muscles do not shorten, tension increases in muscle but myofilaments do not slide past each other– Movement pitted against an immoveable object

• Muscle tone: continuous partial contractions that occur involuntarily due to nervous stimulation to keep a muscle firm, healthy, and ready for action– If no longer stimulated in this way, loses tone

and muscle is flaccid and begins to atrophy

Muscle Movement

• “Golden Rules” (Table 6.2, page 197)– All skeletal muscles cross at least one joint

(with few exceptions)– Bulk of skeletal muscle lies proximal to joint

crossed– All skeletal muscles have at least two

attachments: the origin & the insertion– Skeletal muscles can only pull; they can

never push– During contraction, a skeletal muscle

insertion moves toward the origin

Muscle Movement

• All skeletal muscles are attached to bone or to other connective tissue structures at no fewer than two points– Origin: attached to the immovable or less

movable bone– Insertion: attached to the movable bone, and

when muscle contracts, moves toward the origin

• Some muscles have interchangeable origins & insertions or multiple origins/insertions (i.e. biceps brachii)

• body movement occurs when muscles contract across joints

Biceps Brachii• Fig 6.12, page 197• 2 origins at shoulder• Insertion across elbow – attaches to ulna

Belly

Interactions of Skeletal Muscles

• Muscles function in groups• Groups of muscles that produce opposite

movements lie on opposite sides of a joint

• Prime mover: muscle that has major responsibility for causing a movement

• Antagonists: muscles that oppose or reverse a movement

• Muscles can be both prime movers and antagonists (i.e. biceps & triceps)

• Synergists: help prime movers by producing same movement or reducing undesirable movements (stabilize joints)

Interactions of Muscles

Putting it all together:Physics!!

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• Direction of the muscle fibers– External obliques

• Relative size of the muscle– Pectoralis major

• Location of the muscle’s origin and insertion

– Sternocleidomastoid

• Shape of the muscle– deltoid

• Action of the muscle– Extensor digitorum

Naming Skeletal Muscles

Direction of Muscle Fibers• External oblique

– oblique= at a slant• Rectus abdominus

– Rectus = straight (parallel)

• Using the midline of the body or axis of a long bone

Relative Size of Muscle• Major/minor• Vastus

– Long; covers a lot of area; big

• Maximus/minimus• Medius• Longus

Location

• Frontalis• Temporalis• Tibialis anterior• Biceps femoris(not the same as the

biceps brachii in your arm!)

Action of the Muscle

• Adductor• Extensor digitorum

Number of Attachments• Biceps brachii• Biceps femoris• Triceps brachii

Also give location (brachial; femoral)

Arrangement of Fascicles

• Determines range of motion and power• Circular: concentric rings (sphincters)

– Ex. Orbicularis muscles (eyes & mouth)

• Convergent: fascicles converge toward a single insertion tendon (triangular or fan shaped)– Ex. Pectoralis major

• Parallel: length of fascilces run parallel to the long axis of muscle (straplike)– Fusiform: spindle-shaped with expanded “belly”– Ex. Biceps brachii

• Pennate: short fascicles attach obliquely to central tendon– Unipennate (insert into one side of tendon)– Bipennate & multipennate (most powerful)

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Circular• Orbicularis oculi• Orbicularis oris

Convergent

• Pectoralis Major

Parallel• Sternocleidomastoid• Sartorius

Fusiform• Biceps brachii• Tensor fasciae lata• Semitendinosus

Unipennate

• Extensor digitorum longus

Bipennate• Rectus femoris

Multipennate• Deltoids

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