The Muon: A Laboratory for Particle Physics
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Transcript of The Muon: A Laboratory for Particle Physics
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The Muon: A Laboratory for Particle Physics
Everything you always wanted to know about the muon but were
afraid to ask.
B. Lee RobertsDepartment of Physics
Boston University
[email protected] http://physics.bu.edu/roberts.html
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Outline
• Introduction to the muon
• Selected weak interaction parameters
• Muonium
• Lepton Flavor Violation
• Magnetic and electric dipole moments
• Summary and conclusions.
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The Muon (“Who ordered that?”)
• Lifetime ~2.2 s, practically forever
• 2nd generation lepton
• mme = 206.768 277(24)
• produced polarized
For decay in flight, “forward” and “backward” muons are highly polarized.
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The Muon – ctd.
• Decay is self analyzing
• It can be produced copiously in pion decay– PSI has 108 /s in a new beam
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A precise measurement of + leads to a precise determination of GF
Predictive power in weak sector of SM:
Top quark mass prediction: mt = 177 20 GeV Input: GF (17 ppm), (4 ppb at q2=0), MZ (23 ppm),
2004 Update from D0 mt = 178 4.3 GeV
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Lan @ PSI aims for a factor of 20 improvement
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The Leptonic Currents
• Lepton current is (V – A)
There have been extensive studies at PSI by Gerber, Fetscher, et al. to look for other couplings in muon decay.
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Leptonic and hadronic currents• For nuclear capture there are induced
formfactors and the hadronic current contains 6 terms.– the induced pseudoscaler term is important
further enhanced in radiative muon capture
A new experiment at PSI MuCap hopes to resolve the present 3 discrepancy with PCAC
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Muonium
Hydrogen (without the proton)
Zeeman splitting
p = 3.183 345 24(37) (120 ppb)
where p comes from proton NMR in the same B field
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muonium and hydrogen hfs → proton structure
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Lepton Flavor
• We have found empirically that lepton number is conserved in muon decay and in beta decay.– e.g.
• What about
or
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General Statements
• We know that oscillate– neutral lepton flavor violation
• Expect charged lepton flavor violation at some level– enhanced if there is new dynamics at the TeV
scale• in particular if there is SUSY
• We expect CP in the lepton sector (EDMs as well as oscillations)– possible connection with cosmology
(leptogenesis)
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The Muon Trio:• Lepton Flavor Violation
• Muon MDM (g-2) chiral changing
• Muon EDM
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Past and Future of LFV Limits
+e-→-e+
MEG → e – 10-13 BR sensitivity
• under construction at PSI, first data in 2006
MECO ++A→e++A– 10-17 BR
sensitivity• approved at
Brookhaven, not yet funded (Needs Congressional approval)
Bra
nchi
ng R
atio
Lim
it
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Magnetic Dipole Moments
The field was started by Stern
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Z. Phys. 7, 249 (1921)
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(in modern language)
673 (1924)
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Dirac + Pauli moment
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Dirac Equation Predicts g=2
• radiative corrections change g
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The CERN Muon (g-2) Experiments
The muon was shown to be a point particle obeying QED
The final CERN precision was 7.3 ppm
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Standard Model Value for (g-2)
relative contribution of heavier things
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Two Hadronic Issues:
• Lowest order hadronic contribution• Hadronic light-by-light
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Lowest Order Hadronic from e+e- annihilation
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a(had) from hadronic decay?
• Assume: CVC, no 2nd-class currents, isospin breaking corrections.
• n.b. decay has no isoscalar piece, while e+e- does• Many inconsistencies in comparison of e+e- and
decay:
- Using CVC to predict branching ratios gives 0.7 to 3.6 discrepancies with reality.
- F from decay has different shape from e+e-.
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• Comparison with CMD-2 in the Energy Range 0.37 <s<0.93 GeV2
(375.6 0.8stat 4.9syst+theo) 10-10
(378.6 2.7stat 2.3syst+theo) 10-10
KLOECMD2
1.3% Error0.9% Error
a= (388.7 0.8stat 3.5syst
3.5theo) 10-10
2 contribution to ahadr
• KLOE has evaluated the Dispersions Integral for the 2-Pion-Channel in the Energy Range 0.35 <s<0.95 GeV2
• At large values of s (>m) KLOE is consistent with CMD and therefore
They confirm the deviation from -data!.
Pion Formfactor
CMD-2KLOE
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
s [GeV2]
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
45
0
KLOE Data on R(s)
Courtesy of G. Venanzone
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A. Höcker at ICHEP04
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ahad [e+e–
] = (693.4 ± 5.3 ± 3.5) 10 –10
a SM
[e+e–
] = (11 659 182.8 ± 6.3had ± 3.5LBL ± 0.3QED+EW) 10 –10
Weak contribution aweak = + (15.4 ± 0.3) 10
–10
Hadronic contribution from higher order : ahad [( /)3] = – (10.0 ± 0.6) 10
–10
Hadronic contribution from LBL scattering: ahad [LBL] = + (12.0 ± 3.5) 10
–10
a exp – a
SM =(25.2 ± 9.2) 10
–
10
2.7 ”standard deviations“
Observed Difference with Experiment:
BNL E821 (2004):a
exp =(11 659 208.0 5.8) 10 10
not yet published
not yet published
preliminary
SM Theory from ICHEP04 (A. Höcker)
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Hadronic light-by-light
• This contribution must be determined by calculation.
• the knowledge of this contribution limits knowledge of theory value.
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aμ is sensitive to a wide range of new physics
• muon substructure
• anomalous couplings• SUSY (with large tanβ )
• many other things (extra dimensions, etc.)
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SUSY connection between a , Dμ , μ → e
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Courtesy K.Olivebased on Ellis, Olive, Santoso, Spanos
In CMSSM, a can be combined with b → s, cosmological relic density h2, and LEP Higgs searches to constrain mass
Allowedband a(exp) – a(e+e- theory)
Excluded by direct searches
Excluded for neutral dark matter
Preferred
same discrepancy no discrepancy
With expected improvements in ahad + E969 the error on the difference
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Spin Precession Frequencies: in B field
The EDM causes the spin to precess out of plane.
The motional E - field, β X B, is much stronger than laboratory electric fields.
spin difference frequency = s - c
0
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Inflector
Kicker Modules
Storagering
Central orbitInjection orbit
Pions
Target
Protons
π
(from AGS) p=3.1GeV/c
Experimental Technique
π
μνS
Spin
Momentum
B
• Muon polarization• Muon storage ring• injection & kicking• focus by Electric Quadrupoles• 24 electron calorimeters
R=711.2cm
d=9cm
(1.45T)
Electric Quadrupoles
polarized
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muon (g-2) storage ring
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The Storage Ring Magnet
r = 7112 mm
B0 = 1.45 T
cyc = 149 ns
(g-2) = 4.37 s
= 64.4 s
p = 3.094 GeV/c
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B Field Measurement
2001
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Detectors and vacuum chamber
Detector acceptance depends on radial position of the when it decays.
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Fourier Transform: residuals to 5-parameter fit
beam motion across a
scintillating fiber – ~15 turn period
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Where we came from:
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Today with e+e- based theory:All E821 results were obtained with a “blind” analysis.
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Life Beyond E821?
• With a 2.7 discrepancy, you’ve got to go further.
• A new upgraded experiment was approved by the BNL PAC in September
E969• Goal: total error = 0.2 ppm
– lower systematic errors– more beam
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E969: Systematic Error Goal
• Field improvements will involve better trolley calibrations, better tracking of the field with time, temperature stability of room, improvements in the hardware
• Precession improvements will involve new scraping scheme, lower thresholds, more complete digitization periods, better energy calibration
Systematic uncertainty (ppm) 1998 1999 2000 2001 E969
Goal
Magnetic field – p 0.5 0.4 0.24 0.17 0.1
Anomalous precession – a 0.8 0.3 0.3 0.21 0.1
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Improved transmission into the ring
InflectorInflector aperture
Storage ring aperture
E821 Closed End E821 Prototype Open End
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E969: backward decay beam
Pions @ 5.32 GeV/c
Decay muons @ 3.094 GeV/c
No hadron-induced prompt flash
Approximately the same muon flux is realized
x 1 more
muons
Expect for both sides
Pedestal vs. Time
Near side Far side
E821
E821: Pions @ 3.115 GeV/c
momentum
collimator
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Electric and Magnetic Dipole Moments
Transformation properties:
An EDM implies both P and T are violated. An EDM at a measureable level would imply non-standard model CP. The baryon/antibaryon asymmetry in the universe, needs new sources of CP.
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Present EDM Limits
Particle Present EDM limit
(e-cm)
SM value
(e-cm)
n
future exp 10-24 to 10-25
*projected
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μ EDM may be enhancedabove mμ/me × e EDM
Magnitude increases withmagnitude of ν Yukawa couplings
and tan β
μ EDM greatly enhanced when heavy neutrinos non-degenerate
Model Calculations of EDM
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aμ implications for the muon EDM
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Recall
The EDM causes the spin to precess out of plane.
EDM Systematic errors are huge in E821 because of (g-2) precession!
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Muon EDM
• use radial E field to “turn off” g-2 precession so the spin follows the momentum.
• look for an up-down asymmetry which builds up with time
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Beam Needs: NP2
• the figure of merit is Nμ times the polarization.
• we need
to reach the 10-24 e-cm level. • Since SUSY calculations range from 10-22 to
10-32 e cm, more muons is better.
= 5*10-7
(Up-
Dow
n)/(
Up+
Dow
n)
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Summary and Outlook
• The muon has provided us with much knowledge on how nature works.
• New experiments on the horizion continue this tradition.
• Muon (g-2), with a precision of 0.5 ppm, has a 2.7 discrepancy with the standard model.
• This new physics, if confirmed, would show up in an EDM as well.
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Outlook• Scenario 1
– LHC finds SUSY– (g-2), LFV help provide information on
important aspects of this new reality; for (g-2) → tan
• Scenario 2– LHC finds the Standard Model Higgs at a
reasonable mass, nothing else, (g-2) discrepancy and m might be the only indication of new physics
– virtual physics, e.g. (g-2), EDM, →e conversion would be even more important.
Stay tuned !
Thank you
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Extra slides
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Better agreement between exclusive and inclusive (2) data than in 1997-1998 analyses
Agreement between Data (BES) and pQCD (within correlated systematic errors)
use QCD
use data
use QCD
Evaluating the Dispersion Integral
from A. Höcker ICHEP04
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Tests of CVC (A. Höcker – ICHEP04)
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Shape of F from e+e- and hadronic decay
zoom
Comparison between t data and e+e- data from CDM2 (Novosibirsk)
New precision data from KLOE confirms
CMD2
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The MECO ApparatusStraw Tracker
Crystal Calorimeter
Muon Stopping Target
Muon Beam Stop
Superconducting Production Solenoid
(5.0 T – 2.5 T)
Superconducting Detector Solenoid
(2.0 T – 1.0 T)
Superconducting Transport Solenoid
(2.5 T – 2.1 T)
Collimators
10-17 BR single event sensitivity
p beam
approved but not funded
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MEG @ PSI (10-13 BR sensitivity)
MEG will start running in 2006
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Experimental Experimental boundbound
Largely favouredLargely favoured and confirmed by and confirmed by KamlandKamland
Additional contributionAdditional contribution toto slepton mixingslepton mixing fromfrom VV2121, matrix element , matrix element responsible responsible forfor solar neutrino deficit solar neutrino deficit. (. (J. Hisano & N. Nomura, Phys. Rev. J. Hisano & N. Nomura, Phys. Rev. D59D59 (1999) (1999) 116005)116005)..
All All solar solar experimentsexperiments combinedcombined
tan(tan() = ) = 3030
tan(tan() = 0) = 0
MEG MEG goalgoal
AfterAfterKamlandKamland
Connection with oscillations
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E821 ωp systematic errors (ppm)
E969
(i)(I)
(II)
(III)
(iv)
*higher multipoles, trolley voltage and temperature response, kicker eddy currents, and time-
varying stray fields.
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Systematic errors on ωa (ppm)
σsystematic 1999 2000 2001 E969
Pile-up 0.13 0.13 0.08 0.07
AGS Background 0.10 0.10 *
Lost Muons 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.04
Timing Shifts 0.10 0.02 0.02
E-Field, Pitch 0.08 0.03 * 0.05
Fitting/Binning 0.07 0.06 *
CBO 0.05 0.21 0.07 0.04
Beam Debunching 0.04 0.04 *
Gain Change 0.02 0.13 0.13 0.03
total 0.3 0.31 0.21 0.11Σ* = 0.11