The Mughal Empire 2nd period.ppt

5/19/2018 The Mughal Empire 2nd period.ppt

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The Mughal

Empire1526-1858 A.D.

By: Lauren Sibille,Asia DaCosta

Marilyn Sanabria

2nd

Period

The white area on the map is

where the Mughal Empire was

during most of its rule.


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Background InformationThe Mughal (or Mogul) Empire ruled most of India and Pakistan in the 16th

and 17th centuries.

It consolidated Islam in South Asia, and spread Muslim (and particularlyPersian) arts and culture as well as the faith.

The Mughals were Muslims who ruled a country with a large Hindumajority.

However, for much of their empire they allowed Hindus to reach seniorgovernment or military positions.

The foundation of the Mughal Empire was established around 1504 by Al-Din Muhammad. Also known as Babur (The Tiger).

Muhammad was a Chagatai Turk who claimed descent from both GenghisKhan and Tamerlane. He took control of Kabul (the largest city in

Afghanistan) and eastern regions of Khorasan, which included the fertileSindh region and lower valley of Indus River.

In 1526, the Muhammad defeated the last of the Turkic Delhi Sultans,Ibrahim Sha Lodi, at the First Battle of Panipat to put the newly foundedKingdom in motion.


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Why was the Mughal Empire

important?

The Mughals brought many changes to India:

Centralized government which brought togethermany smaller kingdoms

Delegated government with respect for humanrights

Persian art and culture

Persian language mixed with Arabic and Hindi tocreate Urdu

Periods of great religious tolerance A style of architecture (e.g. the Taj Mahal)

A system of education that took account ofpupils' needs and culture


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Political Organization

The Empire Babur founded was a sophisticated

civilization based on religious toleration. It was amixture of Persian, Mongol, and Indian culture.

While Humayun, Baburs successor, was certainly

disastrous as a ruler, his love of poetry andculture heavily influenced his son Akbar, and

helped to make the Mughal Empire an artistic

power as well as a military one.

Akbar established a form of delegated governmentin which the provincial governors were personally

responsible to him for the quality of government

in their territory.


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This is a Delhi tomb in India.


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Emperors of the Mughal Empire

Babur, the first Mughal emperor, wasfollowed by his son Humayun who was abad emperor, a better poet, and a drugaddict.

The third Emperor, Abu Akbar, is regardedas one of the great rulers of all time.

Akbar was followed by Jahangir, and thenhis son Jahan. They both had majorreligious and cultural influences in theMughal Empire.


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Emperors (cont.)

Jahan's son, Aurangzeb, was to be the last great

Mughal Emperor. He was a strong leader, whose conquests

expanded the Mughal Empire to its greatest size.

Under Aurangzeb, the Mughal Empire reached thepeak of its military power, but the rule was unstable

mostly because the empire got too big to handle.

Aurangzeb's extremism caused Mughal territory to

dry up and the Empire went into decline. The lastMughal Emperor was disposed of by the British in

1858.


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Youcan see here

that only under the

emperors Jahan and

Aurangzeb did the

Mughal Empire ever

reach most of India.


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Role of Religion Under Babur, Hinduism was tolerated and new

Hindu temples were built with his permission. Baburs first act after conquering Delhi was to

forbid the killing of cows because that was

offensive to Hindus.

He even wrote an autobiography, The Babur -Namah. The autobiography is candid, honest, and

at times even poetic.

Akbar proclaimed an entirely new state religion of'God-ism', a jumble of Islamic, Hindu, Christian and

Buddhist teaching with himself as deity. It never

spread beyond his court and died when he did.


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Role of Religion (cont.) Fatehpur Sikri was the new capital built by

Akbar. Akbar believed that that a ruler's duty was

to treat all believers equally, all religions

should be tolerated, and, whatever theirbelief.

Akbar's son, Emperor Jahangir, readoptedIslam as the state religion and continued

the policy of religious toleration. His court included large numbers of Indian

Hindus, Persian Shi'a and Sufis and

members of local heterodox Islamic sects.


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This is the famous Fatehpur Sikri

which was the new capital built

by Akbar, as a part of his attempt

to absorb other religions into

Islam.

Fatehpur Sikri is a synthesis of

Hindu and Islamic architecture.


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Cultural Developments Jahangir began building the magnificent

monuments and gardens by which theMughals are chiefly remembered today.

Jahangir's approach was typified by the

development of Urdu as the official languageof Empire.

Urdu uses an Arabic script, but Persian

vocabulary and Hindi grammatical structure. Jahan, Jahangirs successor, commissioned

the Taj Mahal.


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This is the world famous Taj Mahal

which was built by Emperor Jahan as a

symbol of the empires stability,

power, and confidence.


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Social Aspects Generally the Mughal Empire is thought of as a prosperous

time period.

Even though the Mughal Empire existed 300-500 yearsago, its influence still exists in current day India.

The social aspects of the Mughal Empire and India todayespecially relate including family life, religion, art, music,literature, and education.

During the Mughal Empire, women had a significant role infamily life.

Women received salaries, owned land, participated inbusiness transactions, and literary activities.

Aristocratic women painted, wrote poetry, and played musicbecause they received a higher education.


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Social Aspects (cont.)The Mughal Empire was run by Muslim emperors, however

India was and still is Hindu dominated.

Hindus, specifically of the upper class, adopted the Muslimpractice of isolating women, called purda.

The Hindu practice of cremation of widows, called suttee,continued even though the Mughals tried to abolish it.

The Mughal rulers sometimes forced Islam upon theHindus, but many times the Hindus resisted.

Hindu men would marry Islam women and convert them toHinduism in order to keep their religion prominent.

Families looked down upon Hindus if one converted toIslam.

Child marriage also remained common.

Depending on the emperor, there was religious acceptanceand tolerance, but religious segregation still existed.


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Economic DevelopmentsProductive agricultural economy was the base and

foundation to all of the Islamic empires.They relied heavily on crops of wheat and rice.

The profit from agricultural trade and productionwent mostly to finance armies and

bureaucracies.The Columbian exchange brought change (though

not as dramatic as the change in Europe andAsia) by introducing American food crops

such as maize, potatoes, and tomatoes.Maize was used as feed for animals because it

was not popular for food use for the Islamicpeople.


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Economic Developments (cont.)Tobacco and coffee traded by European merchants

became very popular in the 16th century.

Plantations specialized in the production of theseitems in a similar way as sugar in America.

The interest in coffee and tobacco sparked a newtradition of coffee and smoke houses where the

people could indulge in both of the addictivesubstances.

In the mid sixteenth century, both the drink andtobacco were outlawed because of their distractionon moral teachings.

The rise in population in the Mughal empire wasattributed mainly to their success in agriculturerather than trade. The people of the Mughal empirealso participated actively.


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Bibliography "History of the Mughals." SSCNet. 31 Jan.

2008. "Historyof the Mughals." SSCNet. 31 Jan. 2008

."Social Aspects of the Mughal Empire in

India." Menloschool. 31 Jan. 2008 .

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