The most useful medicinal herbs to treat diabetes
Transcript of The most useful medicinal herbs to treat diabetes
DOI:10.15419/bmrat.v5i8.463
Review
Article History:
Keywords:
Diabetes, Medicinal plants,
Phytomedicine, Treatment
Author for correspondence:
Saber Abbaszadeh
e-mail:
The most useful medicinalherbs to treat diabetesBehzad Moradi1, Saber Abbaszadeh2,1,
Somayeh Shahsavari3, Mohsen
Alizadeh2,1 and Fatemeh Beyranvand1
1Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan
University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran2Student Research Committee, Lorestan University of
Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran3Biotechnology and Medicinal Plants Research Center,
Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
Biomed PressAn Open Access Publisher
© 2018 The Authors. Published by the BioMedPress under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/
by/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, provided the original author and
source are credited.
Diabetes mellitus is a syndrome that is characterized by hyperglycemia, change in the metabolism of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, and in the long term, with eye, kidney, cardiovascular, andneurological complications. Plenty of plants from different regions of the world have beeninvestigated for anti-diabetic effects. This review article was designed to report some of the mostimportant medicinal plants with hypoglycemic properties according to reliable clinical andlaboratory evidence, and also touched on the medicinal plants that are prescribed in Iraniantraditional medicine, for the treatment of diabetes. The information in this review was obtained from the eligible articles retrieved using the search terms diabetes mellitus, medicinal plants, type 1 diabetes and medicinal plants, type 2 diabetes and medicinal plants, and the effect of extract andessential oil of medicinal plants affecting diabetized tissues in the human body indexed in databases such as Iran medex, Irandoc, ISI, PubMed, Scopus, SID, Magiran, Google Scholar, etc. Based on the results drawn in this review the plants, Urtica, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Allium sativum, Carthamus tinctorius, Ferula assa-foetida, Bauhinia, Gymnema sylvestre, Swertia, Combretum, Sarcopoterium, Liriope, Caesalpinia bonduc, Coccinia grandis, Syzygium cumini, Mangifera indica, Momordica charantia, Ocimum tenuiflorum, Pterocarpus, Tinospora cordifoli, Salvia officinalis, Panax, Cinnamomum verum, Abelmoschus moschatus, Vachellia nilotica, Achyranthes, Fabaceae, Mentha, Asphodelaceae, Andrographis paniculata L, Artemisia herba-alba, Artemisia dracunculus, Azadirachta indica, Caesalpinioideae, Pachira aquatic, Gongronema latifolium, Nigella Sativa, Tinospora cordifolia (guduchi), Chrysanthemum morifolium, Zingiber zerumbet, Symphytum, Cactaceae, Symplocos, Perilla frutescens, Terminalia chebula and Aloe vera are effective to controland treat diabetes.
Abstract
Received: 18 June 2018 Accepted: 15 July 2018Published: 21 August 2018
Moradi et al. Biomedical Research and Therapy 2018, 5(8): 2538-2551
Biomed. Res. Ther. 2018, 5(8): 2538-2551 2538
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Biomed. R
es. Ther. 2018, 5(8):2538-2551..............................................................
1. IntroductionDiabetes mellitus is a syndrome that is characterized by hyperglycemia, change in the metabolismof lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins [1]. Diabetes mellitus is the most common chronic andmetabolic disease characterized by an increase in glucose levels due to absolute or relativeinsulin deficiency. The disease is associated with eye, renal, cardiovascular, and neurologicalcomplications in the long term. This disease is also associated with symptoms such as polyuria,fatigue, weight loss, delayed wound healing, blurred vision, increases in urine glucose levels,etc. [2–4]. Destruction of beta-cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas and consequentlydevelopment of insulin-dependent diabetes is one of the impairments of the regulation of theimmune system. Several environmental and genetic factors affect the immune system, leading tothe attack of lymphocytes, especially lymphocytes, and pancreatitis. This inflammatory responsemay cause insulitis and diabetes [5,6]. There are currently more than 150 million people withdiabetes across the globe, which seems to reach 300 million by 2025 [7]. In the absence ofproper treatment, cardiac, vascular, neurological, and renal damage and neuropathy may occur.Treatment includes diet, exercise, and medication [8]. Currently, the main and effective treatmentfor diabetes is the use of insulin and hypoglycemic drugs, but these compounds also have manyadverse side effects [9]. Medicinal plants have a long history of usage and today, they are beingextensively used for various diseases [10–14]. There are several reasons for increasing the useof medicinal plants. Many plants from different parts of the world have been investigated forantidiabetic effects. This review article reported some of the most important medicinal plants withhypoglycemic properties according to reliable clinical and laboratory evidence, and also touchedon the medicinal plants that are prescribed, in Iranian traditional medicine, for the treatment ofdiabetes.
2. Materials and methodsThe information in this review was obtained from the eligible articles retrieved using the searchterms diabetesmellitus, medicinal plants, type 1 diabetes and medicinal plants, type 2 diabetes andmedicinal plants, and the effect of extract and essential oil of medicinal plants affecting diabetized tissues inthe human body indexed in databases such as Iran medex, Irandoc, ISI, PubMed, Scopus, SID, Magiran,Google Scholar, etc.
3. ResultsBased on the results drawn in this review the studies, Urtica, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Allium sativum, Carthamus tinctorius, Ferula assa-foetida, Bauhinia, Gymnema sylvestre, Swertia, Combretum, Sarcopoterium, Liriope, Caesalpinia bonduc, Coccinia grandis, Syzygium cumini, Mangifera indica, Momordica charantia, Ocimum tenuiflorum, Pterocarpus, Tinospora cordifoli, Salvia officinalis, Panax, Cinnamomum verum, Abelmoschus moschatus, Vachellia nilotica, Achyranthes, Fabaceae, Mentha, Asphodelaceae, Andrographis paniculata L, Artemisia herba-alba, Artemisia dracunculus, Azadirachta indica, Caesalpinioideae, Pachira aquatic, Gongronema latifolium, Nigella Sativa, Tinospora cordifolia (guduchi), Chrysanthemum morifolium, Zingiber zerumbet, Symphytum, Cactaceae, Symplocos, Perilla frutescens, Terminalia chebula and Aloe vera are effective to control and treat diabetes. The names, families, and used parts of the medicinal plants are summarized in Tables 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. The mechanism of the effect of these drugs is shown in Tables 6 and 7.
4. DiscussionDiabetes is a condition that is characterized by high blood sugar levels. Millions of peopleworldwide are affected by the disease. Research on diabetes is ongoing. When a person develops
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Tabl
e1.
Med
icin
alhe
rbs
and
ther
apeu
ticin
form
atio
nin
diab
etes
No.
Scie
ntifi
cN
ame
Part
of plan
tN
ame
Ori
gin
ofpl
ant
Cou
ntry
ofst
udy
Year
Res
ult
Ref
1U
RTI
CA
DIO
ICA
(U.
dioi
ca)
Leav
esU
rtic
acea
est
ingi
ngne
ttle
Itis
nati
veto
Euro
pe,A
sia,
nort
hern
Afr
ica
Bang
lade
shIn vivo
2009
Aqu
eous
extr
acto
fU.d
ioic
ale
afim
prov
edth
egl
ycem
iale
vels
inty
pe2
diab
etic
rats
,whi
chis
med
iate
dby
the
cent
rale
ffec
ton
the
func
tion
alst
atus
ofpa
ncre
atic
beta
-cel
ls.
[35]
2Tr
igon
ella
foen
umgr
aecu
m
Seed
Faba
ceae
fenu
gree
kIn
dian
Iran
In vivo
2005
15gr
ams
ofpo
wde
red
fenu
gree
kpr
escr
ibed
topa
tien
tsw
ith
type
IIdi
abet
esis
redu
ced
Dar
qndk
hvn
sens
e.[3
6]
3C
arth
amus
tinc
tori
usFl
ower
Com
posi
tae
Saffl
ower
Indi
a,th
eU
nite
dSt
ates
and
tonn
esan
dK
azak
hsta
n
Iran
In vivo
2016
The
hydr
oalc
ohol
icex
trac
tofC
.tin
ctor
ius
flow
erca
nbe
used
totr
eatt
ype
1an
dty
pe2
diab
etes
.The
phyt
oche
mic
alan
alys
esof
C.t
inct
oriu
sflo
wer
show
that
itis
ari
chso
urce
offla
vono
ids,
such
asqu
erce
tin
and
kaem
pfer
ol,t
hata
reth
eca
uses
ofan
tiox
idan
tand
hypo
glyc
emic
effe
cts
ofth
ese
com
poun
ds.
[37]
4Fe
rula
assa
-fo
etid
a
Gum
Api
acea
eA
safo
etid
aIr
anan
dA
fgha
nist
anIr
anIn vivo
2016
Due
toth
epr
esen
ceof
anti
oxid
antc
ompo
unds
,F.
assa
foet
ida
gum
can
redu
ceth
eam
ount
offr
eera
dica
lsin
the
cell
and
stim
ulat
eth
esy
nthe
sis
and
secr
etio
nof
insu
linin
type
2di
abet
es,a
ndhy
perp
lasi
aof
resi
dual
panc
reat
icce
llsan
dre
duce
gluc
ose
inth
ebl
ood.
[38]
5Ba
uhin
iafo
rfica
taLe
afLe
gum
inos
aeBr
azili
anor
chid
tree
Arg
enti
na,
Braz
ilan
dPe
r u
Indi
aIn vitr
o20
10
Aft
er31
days
oftr
eatm
entw
ith
deco
ctio
n,in
the
type
2di
abet
icgr
oup,
plas
ma
gluc
ose
and
urin
ary
gluc
ose
leve
lssi
gnifi
cant
lyde
crea
sed.
[39]
6G
ymne
ma
sylv
estr
eLe
afA
scle
piad
acea
eco
wpl
ant,
cent
ralI
ndia
and
SriL
anka
Indi
aIn vitr
o20
10
The
G.s
ylve
stre
crud
eex
trac
tsan
dth
eco
mpo
und
isol
ated
from
it,d
ihyd
roxy
gym
nem
ictr
iace
tate
,exh
ibit
hypo
glyc
emic
effe
ctin
rats
wit
hst
rept
ozot
ocin
-ind
uced
diab
etes
mel
litus
indo
se-a
ndti
me-
depe
nden
tman
ner.
[38]
Com
mon
Fam
ily
Nam
e
Moradi et al. Biomedical Research and Therapy 2018, 5(8): 2538-2551
Biomed. Res. Ther. 2018, 5(8): 2538-2551 2540
Biomed. R
es. Ther. 2018, 5(8):2538-2551
2541
Biom
ed.R
es.Ther.
2018,5(7):2349-2364
..............................................................
Tabl
e2.
Med
icin
alhe
rbs
and
ther
apeu
ticin
form
atio
nin
diab
etes
(Tab
le1
cont
inue
d)
No.
Scie
ntifi
cN
ame
Part
of plan
t
Com
mon
Nam
eO
rigi
nof
plan
tof stud
y
Res
ult
Ref
7Sw
erti
apu
nice
aW
hole
plan
t
Nam
e
Gen
tian
acea
e Sw
erti
am
uch
ofEu
rasi
aan
dw
este
rnN
orth
Am
eric
a
Indi
aIn vi
tro
2010
The
acti
onm
echa
nism
ofhy
pogl
ycem
icef
fect
ofS.
puni
cea
was
confi
rmed
byth
eim
prov
emen
tof
insu
linre
sist
ance
inth
em
ice
wit
hdi
abet
es.
[38]
8C
ombr
etum
Mic
rant
hum
Leav
esC
ombr
etac
eae
know
nas
kink
elib
ain
Beni
n,Se
nega
lan
dkn
own
as‘g
eza’
inH
ausa
Afr
ica
Indi
aIn vi
tro
2010
The
hypo
glyc
emic
acti
vity
ofth
ispl
ant’s
extr
act
was
test
edby
usin
ggl
ucos
eto
lera
nce
and
fast
ing
bloo
dsu
gar
asse
ssm
enti
nno
rmal
rats
.The
aque
ous
extr
acto
fC.m
icra
nthu
mle
afw
asha
spo
tent
iala
ntid
iabe
tic
prop
erty
for
both
type
1an
dty
pe2
diab
etes
mel
litus
.
[38]
9Sa
rcop
oter
ium
spin
osum
Roo
tR
osac
eae
S.sp
inos
umso
uthe
ast
Med
iter
rane
anre
gion
Indi
aIn vi
tro
2010
The
aque
ous
extr
acto
fS.s
pino
sum
root
may
prod
uce
anti
diab
etic
effe
cton
prog
ress
ive
hype
rgly
cem
iain
gene
tica
llydi
abet
icm
ice.
The
aque
ous
root
extr
acto
fthe
plan
tsho
ws
insu
lin-l
ike
acti
ons
inta
rget
sti
ssue
s.
[38]
10Li
riop
esp
icat
aLe
aves
Lilia
ceae
mon
key
gras
sEa
stA
sia
and
chin
aIn
dia
In vitr
o20
10
The
aque
ous
extr
acto
fthe
plan
tcau
sed
am
arke
dde
crea
seof
fast
ing
bloo
dsu
gar
leve
land
asi
gnifi
cant
impr
ovem
ento
fglu
cose
tole
ranc
ean
din
sulin
resi
stan
cein
stre
ptoz
otoc
in-i
nduc
edty
pe2
diab
etic
mic
e,co
nfirm
ing
its
hypo
glyc
emic
effe
cts.
[38]
11C
aesa
lpin
iabo
nduc
ella
Seed
sC
aesa
lpin
iace
aeG
ray
Nic
ker
indi
aIn
dia
In vitr
o20
07
The
aque
ous
and
50%
etha
nolic
extr
acts
ofC
.bo
nduc
ella
seed
show
edan
tihy
perg
lyce
mic
and
hypo
lipid
emic
acti
viti
esin
stre
ptoz
otoc
in-d
iabe
tic
rats
.Bot
hth
eaq
ueou
san
det
hano
licex
trac
tssh
owed
pote
nthy
pogl
ycem
icac
tivi
tyin
chro
nic
type
IIdi
abet
icm
odel
s.th
ean
tihy
perg
lyce
mic
acti
onof
the
seed
extr
acts
may
bedu
eto
the
bloc
kage
ofgl
ucos
eab
sorp
tion
.
[39]
12C
occi
nia
indi
caLe
aves
and
shoo
ts
Cuc
urbi
tace
aeG
ourd
Wor
ldw
ide
Indi
aIn vi
tro
2007
Ora
ladm
inis
trat
ion
of50
0m
g/kg
ofC
.ind
ica
leaf
prod
uced
sign
ifica
nthy
pogl
ycem
icef
fect
sin
allo
xan-
diab
etic
dogs
and
incr
ease
dgl
ucos
eto
lera
nce
inbo
thno
rmal
and
diab
etic
dogs
.
[39]
Cou
ntry
Yea
rFa
mil
y
Moradi et al. Biomedical Research and Therapy 2018, 5(8): 2538-2551
Biomed. Res. Ther. 2018, 5(8): 2538-2551 2541
2542
. .............................................................
Tabl
e3.
Med
icin
alhe
rbs
and
ther
apeu
ticin
form
atio
nin
diab
etes
(Tab
le1
cont
inue
d)
No.
Scie
ntifi
cN
ame
Nam
eO
rigi
nof
plan
tC
ount
ryO
fst
udy
Yea
rR
esul
tR
ef
13Sy
zygi
umcu
min
iSe
eds
Myr
tace
aeJa
mbo
lan
Indi
anSu
bcon
tine
ntan
dSo
uthe
ast
Asi
a
Indi
aIn vitr
o20
07
The
extr
acto
fjam
unpu
lpsh
owed
hypo
glyc
emic
acti
vity
inst
rept
ozot
ocin
-dia
beti
cm
ice
wit
hin
30m
inof
adm
inis
trat
ion
whi
leth
ese
edof
the
sam
efr
uitn
eede
d24
h.Th
ese
extr
acts
also
inhi
bite
din
sulin
ase
acti
vity
inth
eliv
eran
dki
dney
.
[39]
14M
angi
fera
indi
caLe
aves
Ana
card
iace
aem
ango
in Bang
lade
sh,
Indi
aan
dPa
kist
an
Indi
aIn vitr
o20
07
The
resu
lts
indi
cate
dth
ataq
ueou
sex
trac
tofM
.ind
ica
has
hypo
glyc
emic
acti
vity
.Thi
sm
aybe
due
toa
redu
ctio
nin
the
inte
stin
algl
ucos
eab
sorp
tion
.
[39]
15M
omor
dica
char
anti
aFr
uitp
ulp,
seed
,lea
ves
and
who
lepl
ant
Cuc
urbi
tace
aebi
tter
gour
dgr
own
inA
sia,
Afr
ica,
and
the
Car
ibbe
an
Indi
aIn vitr
o20
07
Etha
nolic
extr
acts
ofM
.cha
rant
ia(2
00m
g/kg
)sho
wed
anan
tihy
perg
lyce
mic
and
hypo
glyc
emic
effe
ctin
norm
alan
dst
rept
ozot
ocin
-dia
beti
cra
ts.
This
may
bebe
caus
eof
inhi
biti
onof
gluc
ose-
6-ph
osph
atas
ean
dfr
ucto
se-1
,6-b
ipho
spha
tase
inth
eliv
eran
dst
imul
atio
nof
hepa
tic
gluc
ose-
6-ph
osph
ate
dehy
drog
enas
eac
tivi
ties
.
[39]
16Sa
lvia
nem
oros
aAer
ialp
art
Lam
iace
as.
nem
oros
ace
ntra
lEu
rope
and
Wes
tern
Asi
a
Iran
In vitr
o13
87
Thes
eae
rial
part
sof
the
plan
ttha
tcon
tain
meg
asti
gman
egl
ycos
ide
and
salv
iono
side
caus
ea
sign
ifica
ntin
crea
sein
insu
linle
vels
indi
abet
icra
tsco
mpa
red
tohe
alth
yra
ts,a
ndis
also
resp
onsi
ble
for
inte
nse
insu
linac
tivi
ty.
[40]
17G
inse
ngR
oots
,sta
lk,
leav
es,a
ndbe
rrie
s
Ara
liace
aeA
sian
gins
eng
Nor
thA
mer
ica
and
inea
ster
nA
sia
Chi
naIn
vitr
o20
11G
inse
ngsi
gnifi
cant
lyde
crea
sed
insu
linre
sist
ance
and
fast
ing
bloo
dgl
ucos
e(F
BG)i
nT2
DM
pati
ents
.am
ong
30ca
ses
ofT2
DM
trea
ted
wit
hR
ensh
enta
ngta
i,an
inje
ctio
nco
ntai
ned
Gin
seng
poly
pept
ide
and
poly
sacc
hari
des;
86.7
%of
the
pati
ents
show
edap
prec
iabl
eef
fect
ondi
abet
icsy
mpt
oms.
[41]
18M
omor
dica
char
anti
aFr
uit
Cuc
urbi
tace
aebi
tter
mel
onA
sia
Chi
naIn
vivo
2011
Bitt
erm
elon
low
ered
fast
ing
and
post
pran
dial
seru
mgl
ucos
ele
vels
inT2
DM
pati
ents
.Bit
ter
mel
onex
erte
da
anti
hype
rgly
cem
icEf
fect
byin
hibi
tion
ofpr
otei
nty
rosi
neph
osph
atas
e1B
(PTP
1B),
acti
vati
onof
AM
PK,i
ncre
ase
ofgl
ucos
etr
ansp
orte
rty
pe4
(GLU
T4)e
xpre
ssio
n,pr
omot
ion
ofth
ere
cove
ryof
beta
cells
And
insu
lin-m
imic
king
acti
on.
[41]
Com
mon
Part
ofpl
ant
Fam
ily
Nam
e
Moradi et al. Biomedical Research and Therapy 2018, 5(8): 2538-2551
Biomed. Res. Ther. 2018, 5(8): 2538-2551 2542
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es. Ther. 2018, 5(8):2538-2551
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. .............................................................Ta
ble
4.M
edic
inal
herb
san
dth
erap
eutic
info
rmat
ion
indi
abet
es(T
able
1co
ntin
ued)
No.
Scie
ntifi
cN
ame
Part
ofFa
mil
yN
ame
Com
mon
Nam
eO
rigi
nof
plan
tC
ount
ryof stud
y
year
Res
ult
Ref
19Tr
igon
ella
foen
um-
grae
cum
Fenu
gree
kN
ear
East
and
Indi
an
Chi
naIn vi
vo20
11
Com
bine
dth
erap
yof
tota
lsap
onin
sof
Fenu
gree
kw
ith
sulf
onyl
urea
shy
pogl
ycem
icdr
uglo
wer
edth
ebl
ood
gluc
ose
leve
land
amel
iora
ted
clin
ical
sym
ptom
sin
46ca
ses
ofT2
DM
com
pare
dw
ith
23ca
ses
ofco
ntro
ls.
[41]
20A
llium
sati
vum
Bulb
Am
aryl
lidac
eaeGar
licce
ntra
lA
sia
Afr
ica,
and
Euro
pe
Chi
naIn vi
vo20
11
Gar
licha
dan
tihy
perg
lyce
mic
and
anti
hype
r-Li
pide
mic
Effe
ctin
T2D
Mpa
tien
ts.I
nth
e4-
wee
kdo
uble
-blin
ded
plac
ebo-
cont
rolle
dst
udy
in60
T2D
Mpa
tien
ts,G
arlic
low
ered
FBG
.Gar
licim
prov
edgl
ycem
icco
ntro
lthr
ough
incr
ease
din
sulin
secr
etio
nan
den
hanc
edin
sulin
sens
itiv
ity
[41]
21C
inna
mon
Who
lePl
ant
Laur
acea
eC
inna
mom
umve
rum
Asi
aan
dA
fric
aC
hina
Invi
vo20
11ci
nnam
onin
the
diet
ofpa
tien
tsw
ith
T2D
Mw
ould
redu
ceri
skfa
ctor
sas
soci
ated
wit
hdi
abet
esan
dca
rdio
vasc
ular
dise
ases
.Cin
nam
onlo
wer
edhe
mog
lobi
nA
1c(H
bA1C
)by
0.83
%co
mpa
red
wit
hus
ualc
are
alon
elo
wer
ing
HbA
1Cby
0.37
%in
pati
ents
wit
hT2
DM
ina
rand
omiz
ed,c
ontr
olle
dtr
ial.
[41]
22D
endr
obiu
mch
ryso
toxu
mae
rial
part
sor
chid
acea
eG
olde
n-bo
wD
endr
obiu
mna
tive
toSo
uthe
ast
Asi
a,
Chi
naIn vi
voan
din
vitr
o20
14
DC
alle
viat
edth
ein
crea
sed
1an
dph
osph
oryl
ated
p65,
IκB,
and
IκB
kina
se(I
KK
)in
diab
etic
rats
.The
refo
re,
DC
can
alle
viat
eD
Rby
inhi
biti
ngre
tina
linfl
amm
atio
nan
dpr
even
ting
the
decr
ease
ofti
ghtj
unct
ion
prot
eins
,su
chas
occl
udin
and
clau
din-
1.
[42]
23Z
ingi
ber
zeru
mbe
tro
otZ
ingi
bera
ceae
Bitt
ergi
nger
Asi
aan
din
dia
Taiw
anIn vi
tro
2015
Zin
gibe
rze
rum
bet’
rhiz
ome
etha
nole
xtra
cts
(ZZ
Rex
t)A
fter
thre
em
onth
sof
diab
etes
,the
wei
ghtg
ain
inST
Z-d
iabe
tic
rats
was
sign
ifica
ntly
less
whe
nco
mpa
red
wit
hno
rmal
rats
,and
the
bloo
dgl
ucos
ele
vels
wer
esi
gnifi
cant
lyhi
gher
The
redu
ctio
nin
body
wei
ghtw
asno
tobv
ious
inST
Z-d
iabe
tic
rats
rece
ivin
gZ
ZR
extd
urin
gth
eex
peri
men
talp
erio
d.
[43]
24K
aem
pfer
iapa
rvifl
ora
root
Z
ingi
bera
ceae
(KP)
or
Kra
chai
dum
belo
ngs
orTh
aigi
nsen
gs
in Thai
land
Thai
land
In vitr
o20
17
KP
(Kae
mpf
eria
parv
iflor
a)t
reat
men
tdem
onst
rate
da
sign
ifica
ntre
cove
ryof
sexu
albe
havi
our
and
seru
mte
stos
tero
nele
vels
indi
abet
icra
ts.
[44]
plan
t Le
aves
Faba
ceae
Moradi et al. Biomedical Research and Therapy 2018, 5(8): 2538-2551
Biomed. Res. Ther. 2018, 5(8): 2538-2551 2543
Biomed. R
es. Ther. 2018, 5(8):2538-2551
2544
. .............................................................Ta
ble
5.M
edic
inal
herb
san
dth
erap
eutic
info
rmat
ion
indi
abet
es(T
able
1co
ntin
ued)
No.
Scie
ntifi
cN
ame
Part
ofpl
ant
Nam
eN
ame
Ori
gin
ofpl
ant
Cou
ntry
Yea
rR
esul
tR
ef
25O
punt
iam
egac
anth
aleav
esC
acta
ceae
culin
ary
Sout
hA
fric
aan
dSo
uth
Am
eric
a
ofst
udy
Zim
babw
e1999
invi
tro
Adm
inis
trat
ion
ofth
ele
afex
trac
twas
also
asso
ciat
edw
ith
anin
crea
sed
GFR
inST
Z-d
iabe
tic
rats
.alt
houg
hth
era
tew
asun
alte
red
inno
n-di
abet
icra
ts.
[45]
26Sy
mpl
ocos
cocc
inea
Seed
and
leav
es
Sym
ploc
acea
een
dem
icto
Mex
ico
Indi
aIn
vitr
o20
14Bu
tSC
E(h
ydro
etha
nolE
xtra
ctof
Sym
ploc
osco
chin
chin
ensi
s)A
dmin
istr
atio
nre
sult
edin
alo
wer
plas
ma
leve
lofu
rea
and
crea
tini
nein
trea
ted
grou
psco
mpa
red
toth
edi
abet
icco
ntro
lgr
oup
This
Show
spr
otec
tive
prop
erty
ofSC
EA
gain
stre
nal
dam
age.
[46]
27pe
rilla
Leav
esLa
mia
ceae
"per
illa"
Am
eric
aan
dA
sia
and
Euro
peJa
pan
In vivo
2005
The
flavo
noid
lute
olin
from
peri
llalu
teol
intr
eatm
ent
prev
ente
dth
ede
velo
pmen
tofd
iabe
tic
neph
ropa
thy
bysi
gnifi
cant
lylo
wer
ing
BUN
and
crea
tini
nein
diab
etic
anim
als.
This
coul
dbe
expl
aine
dth
atth
ere
was
incr
ease
dcl
eara
nce
ofbl
ood
urea
and
crea
tini
neby
the
kidn
eyor
that
ther
ew
asde
crea
sed
prot
ein
degr
adat
ion.
Mor
eove
r,lu
teol
inal
sopr
even
ted
the
incr
ease
in24
-hur
eapr
otei
nin
diab
etic
rats
.
[47]
28A
llium
sati
vum
Seed
Am
aryl
lidac
eaeG
arlic
Chi
naan
dco
mm
onse
ason
ing
wor
ldw
ide.
Iran
Invi
tro
2016
Gar
licex
trac
thas
the
oppo
site
effe
cton
the
rena
lfun
ctio
nm
arke
rsan
dhi
stop
atho
logy
ofdi
abet
icra
ts.S
ince
hype
rgly
caem
iaca
uses
the
diab
etic
com
plic
atio
ns,c
ompo
unds
that
have
hypo
glyc
aem
icef
fect
sca
nbe
effe
ctiv
ein
redu
cing
ofdi
abet
icco
mpl
icat
ions
such
asre
nald
ysfu
ncti
on.
[48]
29Te
rmin
alia
cheb
ula
seed
sC
ombr
etac
eaec
hebu
licm
yrob
alanSo
uth
Asi
afr
omIn
dia
and
Nep
alea
stto
sout
hwes
tC
hina
Can
ada
Invi
tro
2006
T.ch
ebul
ais
mor
eef
fect
ivel
yin
hibi
ted
the
inci
denc
eof
diab
etic
neph
ropa
thy.
Dia
beti
cne
phro
path
yis
mai
nly
asso
ciat
edw
ith
exce
ssur
inar
yal
bum
inex
cret
ion,
abno
rmal
rena
lfun
ctio
nas
repr
esen
ted
byan
abno
rmal
ity
inse
rum
crea
tini
ne.
[49]
30A
loe
vera
.Bu
rm
leaf
Asp
hode
lace
aeA
loe
vera
arou
ndth
ew
orld
Turk
eyIn
vitr
o20
03th
efu
ncti
onan
dst
ruct
ure
ofki
dney
may
beaf
fect
edby
chan
ges
inth
ele
vels
ofin
sulin
Dia
beti
cki
dney
exhi
bits
char
acte
rist
icch
ange
sle
adin
tore
nali
nsuf
ficie
ncy
orco
mpl
ete
kidn
eyfa
ilure
.The
maj
oral
tera
tion
was
obse
rved
espe
cial
lyin
the
prox
imal
tubu
les
ofth
eki
dney
tiss
uein
the
diab
etic
anim
als.
The
rupt
urin
gof
the
brus
hbo
rder
,sho
ws
that
the
stru
ctur
alin
tegr
ity
ofth
em
embr
ane
was
disr
upte
d.
[50]
Fam
ily
Com
mon
Moradi et al. Biomedical Research and Therapy 2018, 5(8): 2538-2551
Biomed. Res. Ther. 2018, 5(8): 2538-2551 2544
Biomed. R
es. Ther. 2018, 5(8):2538-2551
2545
. .............................................................
Tabl
e6.
Ant
idia
betic
mec
hani
smac
tivity
ofm
edic
inal
herb
s
Scie
ntifi
cN
ame
Mec
hani
smR
ef.
UR
TIC
AD
IOIC
A(U
.dio
ica)
The
aque
ous
UD
extr
actp
lays
anim
port
antr
ole
byim
prov
ing
the
mor
phol
ogy
and
/or
func
tion
ofbe
tace
lls.P
reve
ntin
gda
mag
eto
beta
-cel
lcel
ls,r
epai
rda
mag
edbe
tace
lls,r
ebui
ldin
gne
wce
lls,a
ndst
imul
atin
gin
sulin
secr
etio
nin
func
tion
alce
llsis
one
ofth
em
echa
nism
sof
acti
onof
the
extr
acto
fthi
spl
ant
[35]
Trig
onel
lafo
enum
grae
cum
The
ther
apeu
tic
effe
ctof
fenu
gree
kse
edon
diab
etes
isat
leas
tpar
tly
due
toth
edi
rect
stim
ulio
fan
amin
oac
idca
lled
hydr
oxys
olec
uine
-4on
insu
linse
cret
ion
from
beta
cells
.Fol
low
ing
cell
dam
age,
the
acti
vity
ofC
aA
TPas
ean
dN
a/
KA
TPas
epu
mps
decr
ease
sth
eco
nsum
ptio
nof
fenu
gree
kse
eds
byre
duci
ngth
efr
eera
dica
ls,e
limin
atin
gth
ese
diso
rder
s.
[36]
Car
tham
usti
ncto
rius
The
rich
sour
ceof
flavo
noid
s,su
chas
quer
ceti
nan
dca
mph
orol
,is
linke
dto
its
anti
oxid
anta
ndhy
pogl
ycem
icac
tivi
ty.
[36]
Feru
laas
sa-f
oeti
daD
ueto
the
pres
ence
ofan
tiox
idan
tcom
poun
ds,g
umca
nre
duce
the
amou
ntof
intr
acel
lula
rfr
eera
dica
lsan
dst
imul
ate
the
synt
hesi
san
dse
cret
ion
ofin
sulin
orhy
perp
lasi
aof
the
rem
aini
ngbe
tace
llsin
the
panc
reas
.Ant
hocz
one
gum
may
redu
cebl
ood
gluc
ose
byst
imul
atin
gth
esy
nthe
sis
and
secr
etio
nof
insu
linan
dhy
perp
lasi
aof
the
rem
aini
ngbe
tapa
ncre
atic
beta
cells
.
[37]
Bauh
inia
forfi
cata
Itis
rich
inpo
lyph
enol
ican
tiox
idan
tcom
poun
ds,fl
avon
oids
,whi
chre
duce
bloo
dgl
ucos
eby
incr
easi
ngin
sulin
secr
etio
nan
din
duci
nggl
ucos
etr
ansf
erth
roug
hin
sulin
-dep
ende
ntpa
thw
ays.
[37]
Gym
nem
asy
lves
tre
Gym
nem
icac
idm
olec
ules
have
are
cept
oron
the
surf
ace
ofth
eou
ter
laye
rsof
the
inte
stin
eth
atpr
even
tsth
eab
sorp
tion
ofsu
gar
mol
ecul
esby
the
inte
stin
e,w
hich
lead
sto
ade
crea
sein
bloo
dsu
gar
leve
ls.
[38]
Swer
tia
puni
cea
The
mec
hani
smof
acti
onof
the
Swer
tia
Puni
cea
Glu
cose
Red
ucin
gEf
fect
byIm
prov
ing
Insu
linR
esis
tanc
e,w
hich
incr
ease
sth
eab
sorp
tion
and
secr
etio
nof
insu
lin.
[38]
Com
bret
umM
icra
nthu
mSt
imul
ates
the
synt
hesi
san
dse
cret
ion
ofin
sulin
orhy
perp
lasi
aof
the
rem
aini
ngbe
tace
llsin
the
panc
reas
.[3
8]
Sarc
opot
eriu
msp
inos
umT
hebl
ueex
trac
toft
hero
otof
the
Sarc
opot
eriu
msp
inos
umpl
ante
xhib
its
acti
vity
sim
ilar
toin
sulin
.[3
8]
Liri
ope
spic
ata
Incr
ease
sin
sulin
secr
etio
nan
dab
sorp
tion
,and
impr
oves
gluc
ose
tole
ranc
ein
the
body
.[5
0]C
aesa
lpin
iabo
nduc
ella
Incr
ease
sin
sulin
secr
etio
nfr
ompa
ncre
atic
isle
ts.T
hean
ti-h
yper
glyc
aem
icef
fect
ofth
epl
ant’s
extr
acts
may
bedu
eto
bloc
kage
ofgl
ucos
eup
take
[39]
Coc
cini
ain
dica
Thes
eex
trac
tslo
wer
edth
elip
opro
tein
lipas
e(L
PL)e
nzym
eac
tivi
tyan
dre
cons
titu
ted
gluc
ose
6-ph
osph
atas
ean
dla
ctat
ede
hydr
ogen
ase,
whi
chin
crea
sed
indi
abet
icpa
tien
tsw
itho
uttr
eatm
ent
[39]
Syzy
gium
cum
ini
The
cAM
Pco
nten
tinc
reas
esla
nger
hans
,whi
chis
asso
ciat
edw
ith
incr
ease
din
sulin
prod
ucti
on.T
his
role
play
sa
role
inco
nver
ting
peri
nsul
into
insu
linw
ith
incr
ease
dac
tivi
tyof
cate
psin
.Iti
ncre
ases
the
acti
vity
ofin
sulin
and
inhi
bits
the
acti
vity
ofN
a/
KA
TPas
efr
omth
epa
tien
t’ser
ythr
ocyt
es.
[39]
Man
gife
rain
dica
This
may
bedu
eto
decr
ease
din
test
inal
abso
rpti
onof
gluc
ose.
[39]
Moradi et al. Biomedical Research and Therapy 2018, 5(8): 2538-2551
Biomed. Res. Ther. 2018, 5(8): 2538-2551 2545
Biomed. R
es. Ther. 2018, 5(8):2538-2551
2546
. .............................................................
Tabl
e7.
Ant
idia
betic
mec
hani
smac
tivity
ofm
edic
inal
herb
s(Ta
ble
1co
ntin
ued)
Scie
ntifi
cN
ame
Mec
hani
smR
ef.
Mom
ordi
cach
aran
tia
Itin
hibi
tsgl
ucos
e6-
phos
phat
ase
inad
diti
onto
fruc
tose
-1,6
-bis
-sep
sfat
ase
inth
eliv
eran
dst
imul
ates
gluc
ose
6-ph
osph
ate
dehy
drog
enas
e[3
9]
Salv
iane
mor
osa
Inhi
biti
ngin
sulin
secr
etio
nin
resp
onse
togl
ucos
est
imul
atio
n,th
epl
anti
nhib
its
insu
linre
sist
ance
.[4
0]G
inse
ngG
inse
ngha
sa
bloo
dgl
ucos
e-lo
wer
ing
effe
ctth
atst
imul
ates
insu
linse
cret
ion,
prot
ects
panc
reat
icis
lets
,sti
mul
ates
gluc
ose
upta
ke,a
ndin
crea
ses
insu
linse
nsit
ivit
y.[4
1]
Mom
ordi
cach
aran
tia
Bitt
erm
elon
incr
ease
sth
ean
ti-h
yper
glyc
emic
effe
cts
byin
hibi
ting
prot
ein
tyro
sine
phos
phat
ase
1B(P
TP1B
),ac
tiva
ting
AM
PK,i
ncre
asin
gth
eex
pres
sion
ofty
pe4
gluc
ose
(GLU
T4),
enha
ncin
gbe
tace
llula
rity
and
insu
linef
fect
s.[4
1]
Trig
onel
lafo
enum
-gra
ecum
Its
anti
hype
rgly
caem
icm
echa
nism
sw
ere
asso
ciat
edw
ith
incr
ease
din
sulin
secr
etio
n,in
crea
sed
insu
linse
nsit
ivit
y,an
din
hibi
tion
ofdi
gest
ion
and
inte
stin
alca
rboh
ydra
tein
take
.[4
1]
Alli
umsa
tivu
mTh
ese
effe
cts
are
mai
nly
caus
edby
repa
irof
insu
linre
spon
ses
and
inhi
biti
onof
gluc
ose
inte
stin
alab
sorp
tion
.The
seef
fect
sof
the
panc
reas
βre
sult
inst
imul
atio
nof
insu
linse
cret
ion
from
the
cells
.[4
1]
Cin
nam
onLo
wer
ing
effe
cts
wor
kby
prom
otin
gin
sulin
secr
etio
n,in
crea
sed
insu
linse
nsit
ivit
y,an
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Moradi et al. Biomedical Research and Therapy 2018, 5(8): 2538-2551
Biomed. Res. Ther. 2018, 5(8): 2538-2551 2546
Biomed. R
es. Ther. 2018, 5(8):2538-2551
2547
. .............................................................
diabetes, insulin deficiency or the body’s inability to consume it causes the sugar to remain inthe blood instead of reaching the cells and producing energy. This excess amount of sugar in theblood causes the blood sugar level to exceed normal level.
Before the discovery of insulin and hypoglycemic drugs, diabetic patients were treated withmedicinal plants and traditional treatments. So far, the positive effects of over 1200 herbal drugs inreducing blood glucose levels or the complications due to hyperglycemia have been established.Each plant may have its own effective component to reduce hyperglycemia. However, theseplants have been shown to possess antioxidant activities [15–20]. Oxidative stress is involvedin development of diabetes and a lot of other diseases [19–24]. Therefore, these plants, at least inpart, impose their anti-diabetic activities through this mechanism. Because oxidative stress is thecause of a wide variety of other disease and these plants have antioxidant activity, hence, theymay have beneficial effects on other diseases, too [25–29]. It is noteworthy that these plants dueto their antioxidant activities and other mechanisms are able to reduce the toxic effects of toxicagents or other drugs [30]. However, they themselves may have toxic effects and might be usedwith caution [31]. More importantly a lot of other plans have antioxidant capacity [32–34].
5. ConclusionsHence, these plants may also have anti-diabetic activities and/or can reduce diabetescomplications.
6. Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License(CCBY4.0) which permits any use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided theoriginal author(s) and the source are credited.
7. List of abbreviationsDiabetes: Diabetes mellitus
8. Competing interestsThe authors declare no conflict of interest.
9. Authors’ contributionsAll authors searched, studies, reviewed and contributed to the design of the research. All authorsreviewed, commented and approved the final draft.
10. AcknowledgmentsThe present study was supported by Lorestan University of Medical Sciences. We cordially thankof Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Iran.
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