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The more things change, the more they stay the same...”: Why digital journals differ so little...
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Transcript of The more things change, the more they stay the same...”: Why digital journals differ so little...
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“The more things change, the more they stay the same...”:
Why digital journals differ so little from paper
Michael A MabeCEO, STM
&Visiting Professor, Information Science,
University College, London
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Prof. Sir D’Arcy Wentworth Thompson
On Growth and Form
First Published 1917
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Some things stay much the same...
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From this... ...to this
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Other things change a lot...
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From this... ...to this...
No article structure
Highly structured
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Fundamental needs of researchers (I)
AUTHOR MODE• To be seen to report an idea first• To feel secure in communicating that idea• [For empirical disciplines] To persuade
readers that their results are general and arise from enactment of the scientific method
• To have their claim accepted by peers• To report their idea to the right audience• To get recognition for their idea• To have a permanent public record of their
work
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Fundamental Needs of Researchers (II)
READER MODE• To identify relevant content• To select based on trust and authority• To locate and consume it• To cite it• To be sure it is final and permanent
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9
Functions of the journal à la Oldenburg
• Date stamping or priority via registration• Quality stamping through peer-review• Recording the final, definitive, authorised
versions of papers and archiving them• Dissemination to targeted scholarly
audience • [Added later] For readers, search and
navigation– Achieved via creation and then management
of the “journal brand”• (journal title and its associated attributes for
researchers)
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• [We must be] very careful of registring as well the person and time of any new matter.., as the matter itselfe; whereby the honor of ye invention will be inviolably preserved to all posterity.
[Oldenburg, 24 November 1664]• all Ingenious men will be thereby incouraged to impart their
knowledge and discoveryes[Oldenburg, 3 December 1664]
• [I should not] neglect the opportunity of having some of my Memoirs preserv’d, by being incorporated into a Collection, that is like to be as lasting as usefull
[Boyle, 1665]• “[Phil. Trans. should be] licensed under the charter by the Council
of the Society, being first reviewed by some of the members of the same.”
[R.Soc. Order in Council 1/3/1665]
Inventing the Journal: Oldenburg’s Letters
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Evidence of researcher needs
Data from 36,188 Authors; 0= unimportant10= very important
2=
1
6
5
7
8
4
2=
QUALITY&SPEED
Source: Elsevier Author Feedback Programme
CERTIFICATION
REGISTRATION
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Motivations for Publishing
57%
20%
13%8%
2%
18%
27%
40%
15%
3%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Disseminateresults
Further mycareer
Future funding Recognition Establishprecedence
1993. B. R. Coles: “STM Information System in the UK”. Royal Society/ ALPSP/ British Lib.
1st most important motivation (93)
2nd most important motivation (93)
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Motivations for Publishing
57%
20%
13%8%
2%
18%
27%
40%
15%
3%
73%
13%
5% 5% 4%
11%
26% 25%20%
16%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Disseminateresults
Further mycareer
Future funding Recognition Establishprecedence
1993. B. R. Coles: “STM Information System in the UK”. Royal Society/ ALPSP/ British Lib.
2005. Elsevier/NOP study What would you say are the two most important motivations for publishing? Base: (6344)
1st most important motivation (93)
2nd most important motivation (93)
1st most important motivation (05)
2nd most important motivation (05)
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Motivational change over 10 years
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
Disseminateresults
Further mycareer
Futurefunding
Recognition Establishprecedence
First most important motivation 93/05 diffSecond most important motivation 93/05 diff
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Similarities
• Form follows function...
... and function follows need
• At a macro/fundamental level– researcher human needs change little over
time...
... so functions remain constant
... and gross form remains stable
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Example from 10 May 2009
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Example from 14 November 1985
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Example from 19 February 1672
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Form follows function: macro level
• Relatively short articles• Author names prominent• Dates of submission, acceptance,
publication present• Registration, certification, dissemination
and archive achieved simultaneously via the act of formal publication
• Branded by journal title
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Differences
• Form follows function...
... and function follows need
• At a micro/detailed level, as researcher populations increase
– Need for independent trust and authority grows... rhetorical mechanisms are more important
...increased formalisation of structure...exemplars of scientific method
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Form & Function: Micro Level Registration
Registration &Certification
Navigation
Navigation &rhetoric
Article levelrhetoric
Whole article:archive
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Journal level v article level effects
• Journal– Brand (title)
• Certification• Dissemination (channel and scoping)
– Citation (article referent)• Navigation and Dissemination• Certification
• Article (with journal branding and referent)– Act of publication
• Registration• Macro Rhetoric: Evaluated public formal affadavit
– Internal structure• Micro Rhetoric: argument and language
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Philosophical status
Ideas/beliefs knowledgeepistemologicalengine
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Philosophical status
Results/observationsKnowledgepro tempore
Act of formal publication
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ACCEPTANCE AS FACTACCEPTANCE AS FACT
CRITICAL EVALUATION
COMMUNICATIONOBSERVATIONOBSERVATION
Private Co-workers Invisible college Speciality Discipline Public
research
Peer reviewed paperin a journal
Pre-print
monograph historytextbook
referencework
Review
paperprizes
Sciencejournalism
Draftfor
comment
1st
draft Seminar/workshop/conferenceDraftmss
Create
Discuss& revisit
Criticism
Formalpublic
evaluation
Formalconfirmation
Acceptance& integration
Macro Rhetoric and Articles
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Micro Rhetoric of Articles
• Publication is not just communication
• Articles are written to persuade readers that
– a singular observation made by one observer is generally true for all observers at all times
– the research reported is an enactment of the idealised scientific method
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Micro Rhetoric of Articles
• The structure and language of an article reflect these intentions– standardised impersonal sections
• methods, results, discussion etc.
– passive voice, generalised language• E.g., “A reaction was observed...” NOT “I saw...”
– embedding the article in network of other articles through reference and citation
– using others results to support the conclusions
• See: A G Gross Rhetoric of Science
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Scholarly Communication & Information Ecology• Communication Dimensionality
– Mode• 1:1, 1:many, many:many
– Directionality• unidirectional, interactive
– Delivery regime• oral, written
– Temporality• Live or recorded
– Register:• private, public, informal, formal
– Enhancement: • local, at a distance
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• Case of an oral lecture (like this!)– Mode: one-to-many– Directionality: unidirectional (except for Q&A)– Delivery regime: oral – Temporality: live– Register: public, formal– Enhancement: in the lecture hall none
• but technology allows development to “at a distance”– broadcast, but reduced directionality– webcast, no reduced directionality
Scholarly Communication & Information Ecology: An Example
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Deliveryregime Mode Old New
Instances Directionality Instances Directionality
Oral One-to-one in person conversation verbal question instant messaging
audiovisual verbal question
telephone conversation verbal question Voip
telephony verbal question
One-to-many lecture/conference talk verbal question instant messaging
audiovisual verbal question
television broadcast n/a web video email
Written One-to-one letters letter reply email email
One-to-many printed publication
counter publicationWritten correspondence
web based publication
blogs
rapid response commentaries
Many-to-many n/a n/a wikis in-built
e whiteboards in-built
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Future Change
• Formal scholarly publishing system has evolved to satisfy– Human needs of researchers– Philosophical requirements of knowledge
generation
...and to occupy its– Information ecological niches
• Needs and niches are relatively constant over time
• Conservatism of form reflects this constancy• Technology enables greater efficiency
– New tools, but new tools for old purposes
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Future Change II
• New dimensions to “natural selection” pressures?– Sustainability of business models– Group wish think– Mythical “killer app”?
• Post “asteroid” mass extinction?
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Independent evolution of the eye