The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone … · HCFC Phase-Out under the Montreal...
Transcript of The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone … · HCFC Phase-Out under the Montreal...
UNEP DTIE OzonAction Branch Compliance Assistance Programme
The Montreal Protocol on Substances that
Deplete the Ozone Layer:
Policy and Compliance Obligations
ASHRAE Hellenic Chapter, the International Conference on Energy and Environment in Ships : Athens, Greece, May 22-24, 2015:
Ms. Artie Dubrie: UNEP ROAP , Regional Network Coordinator- Pacific Islands Countries (PIC)
UNEP ROAP
UNEP DTIE OzonAction Branch Compliance Assistance Programme
Presentation Overview
Phase-out implication in the marine/
shipping and fishing sector
Status
Rules of the Montreal Protocol
Challenges for developing countries on
phasing-out HCFC in the Fishing/Shipping
sector
Selected recommendations for way
forward
UNEP DTIE OzonAction Branch Compliance Assistance Programme
HCFC Phase-Out under the Montreal Protocol
At the 20th Meeting of the Parties to the
Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete
the Ozone Layer agreement was reached
to adjust the Montreal Protocol's HCFC
phase out schedule to accelerate the phase-
out of production and consumption of HCFCS.
Purpose that this decision will result in a
significant reduction in ozone depletion and as
well as in global warming.
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China – Lao Round Table Dialog on Control of ODS Trade Level Year
Baseline 1989 HCFC consumption + 2.8% of 1989
CFC consumption
Freeze 1996
35% reduction (65% of baseline) 2004
75% reduction(25% of baseline) 2010
90% reduction(10% of baseline) 2015
Total phase-out 2020
0.5% of baseline restricted to
servicing of refrigeration & air-
conditioning equipment until 2030
2020 - 2030
The schedule for non-Article 5 (developed) country phase-
out for production and consumption of HCFCs is:
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China – Lao Round Table Dialog on Control of ODS Trade Schedule Year
Baseline Average of 2009 and 2010
Freeze 2013
10% reduction (90% of baseline) 2015
35% reduction (65% of baseline) 2020
67.5%(reduction (32.5% of baseline) 2025
Total phase-out 2030
2.5 % of baseline averaged over 10
years (2030-2040) allowed, if
necessary, for servicing of refrigeration
& air-conditioning equipment until 2040
2030 - 2040
The schedule for Article 5 (developing) country phase-out for
production and consumption of HCFCs is:
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HCFC Montreal Protocol Obligations Supply and demand scenario
Developed Countries 2015: 90%reduction
Developing Countries 2015 10% reduction
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ODS requiring attention for the fishing and shipping sectors
HCFC- Refrigeration and Air-conditioning (Major)
Others:
HCFC- contained foams, insulation
Methyl Bromide- plant quarantine and pre-shipment
Fumigation of Cargo hulls
HCFC (R141b) Flushing of tubes, lines
HCFC Fire Extinguishers
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Sea transport and fishing vessels
Virtually all of the 35,000 plus merchant ships worldwide larger than 500 gross tonnes (Hochhaus, 1998) have some on-board refrigeration system.
The majority of systems use HCFC-22
Worldwide there are about 1.3 million decked and about 1.0 million undecked, powered fishing vessels.
In 2001, more than 21,500 fishing vessels over 100 gross tonnes were recorded (FAO, 2002), with a slightly decreasing trend.
Vessels of that size are assumed to operate internationally and to be equipped with significant refrigeration equipment
It is assumed that 15% of the fleet have full size refrigeration systems, while the remaining fleet is assumed to be equipped with small refrigeration systems that have a filling mass of approximately 100 kg of refrigerant.
REF: https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/special-reports/sroc/sroc04.pdf
Note lack of more recently published data
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MAY 2014: MONTREAL PROTOCOL, REPORT OF THE TECHNOLOGY AND ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT PANEL: VOLUME 4
10.1.3 Transport Refrigeration The equipment has to be able to carry
any one of a wide range of cargos with different temperature needs and often even different temperatures simultaneously in different compartments. At the same time acceleration and vibration has to be accommodated.
3.1.3 Transport refrigeration Vessels The majority of the existing
fleet (80%) use HCFC-22,
Refrigerant charges vary from less than 1 kg (refrigerated vans) to more than several kg (trucks, trailers and reefer containers) to 3,000 kg on board large fishing vessels (Schwarz et al., 2011).
Leakage rates are estimated at 20% for trucks/trailers, 30% for vans and up to 40% for fishing vessels (Schwarz et al., 2011).
All intermodal containers use hermetic or semi-hermetic systems, which have an estimated leakage rate below 5%.
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HCFC NH3
Example of Year of Built/ Refrigeration Technologies for the Fishing vessels
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ODS Trade on control All parties to the Montreal Protocol are required to have
an import/export licensing system
Each Party under the Montreal Protocol is required to report annually for:
Import, Export
Recovered and recycled
Production
Destruction
How is this data received from the Fishing and Shipping sectors?
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Implication to the Shipping/Fishing sectors
National vessels in national waters
Cross-boundaries operating vessels:
Flag states
Chartered (popular in the Pacific Fisheries sector)
Montreal Protocol-obligation challenges
Internationally mobile – multistate, nationality
Under the rules of the Montreal Protocol- compliance is assessed as State Party this convention and
The Montreal Protocol Multilateral Fund (MLF) supports Developing countries as individual State Party
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Montreal Protocol, Enforcement controls
Rules, regulations and reporting requirements:
Owner state, flag-state, port-state, charter-state,
Rules of vessel registration, re-registration
State where repairs of vessels are conducted and type of repairs: servicing, dry-docking, etc.
Supplies of ODS and ODS dependent technologies
To note that some member states have decided to accelerate the HCFC phase-out schedules
Others?
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Sources of ODS data and possible gaps for the Refrigerated Marine Sector
Traditional (customs, importers, exporters, distributors etc.)-proven
Licensed Local vessels working only in national waters- and receiving all supplies locally- yes good chance
Flagged vessels working in international waters? No decisions of the MOP
Foreign flagged vessels licensed to work in your waters?
Others legal arrangements that can give access to data for example under MARPOL – log of ship registry on ODS?
No standardized/agreed set of international rules/procedures on the reporting of ODS in marine vessels working in international waters
UNEP DTIE OzonAction Branch Compliance Assistance Programme
Implications of HCFC phase-out on the Shipping/Fishing sector- time to act!
With the global phase-out of ODS, marine systems increasingly find it difficult to source HCFCs for servicing
This reduced availability of HCFC can result in illegal trade and/or supply of low quality and possible adulterated HCFCs which have great potential to damage the refrigeration systems and other environment and safety impacts
E.g reported cases of R40 accidents and resulted in deaths
this may also cause disruption in the value chain which depends on the cold chain
other social, economic and environment impacts related to the fishing industry
For example, for the Pacific islands, Fishery is the single largest economic sector. In 2013, the estimated catch was
2.62 million tonnes and valued at 6.3 Billions USD (FFA)
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Counterfeit Refrigerants in Shipping Container Refrigeration Units
Refrigeration technicians working on reefer refrigeration units overseas were killed when the units exploded. Investigations have found that the usual refrigerant R134a (1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane) was replaced with a fake refrigerant mixture containing R40 (methyl chloride).
The aluminium components in the refrigeration units might have reacted with the R40, potentially forming trimethyl aluminium.
This hazardous substance emits white smoke and spontaneously burns upon contact with air.
R40 has been found in a number of reefer refrigeration units around the world. It is also possible that R40 may be present in imported refrigerant gas cylinders.
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Safety hazards Flammability
Explosion
Suffocation
Toxicity
Acidity
Equipment damage
UNEP DTIE OzonAction Branch Compliance Assistance Programme
Coordination between International Agencies, Private sector, experts, National Agencies, Customs, Environment, Fisheries & Maritime Transport, Police, Navy, etc.:
Need for data to determine demands and address obligations Enforcement: Harmonize actions for Port Inspections and reporting
requirements International and Regional Cooperation with other countries
Communicate information, networking Regional Plan of Action raising awareness, advocacy Etc.
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Other reason for refrigerant management in the Fishing/shipping sectors Different forms of IUU in marine fisheries
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No refrigeration no fishery
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Suggestions for way forward Know your vessels refrigeration types,
age, supply sources and demand
Stakeholder consultation on the implications of the Montreal protocol implementation for the shipping, fisheries and aquaculture sectors (fishing, maritime, regional shipping/fishing bodies)
Assess the dependence on HCFCs and the implications on dependence on HCFC and conversion to other non ozone depleting gasses
Have agreed public/private sector mechanisms to address the HCFC supply and demand and recommend suitable alternatives
Address policy, legislation training, capacity needs for both developed and developing countries
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A productive, viable marine eco-system depends on our sustained, collective and
share commitment We Thank you