The Middle East After Rome

P.I BYZANTIUM AND

ORTHODOX Christianity

“TWO ROMES” EAST AND WESTTHE BYZANTINE EMPIRE ALLOWS ROMAN IDEAS TO STAY ALIVE

IT BECOME MORE GREEK THAN LATIN OVER TIME

DEVELOPED A HIGHLY CENTRALIZED GOVERNMENT THAT EMPHASIZED BEAUROCRACY OVER MILITARY POWER

JUSTINIAN AND THEODORA

JUSTINIAN AND THEODORA

LAW- RESPONSIBLE FOR JUSTINIAN CODE-COLLECTION OF LEGAL PRINCIPLES FOR THE EMPIRE

RECONQUERED LOST TERRITORIES IN ITALY AND NORTH AFRICA

Hammurabi’s Code

1758 BCE

12 Tables (Roman) 451

BCE

Edicts of Asoka (269

BCE)

Laws of Manu

(200BCE)

Justinian’s Code (529

CE)

Sharia Law (570 CE)

EMPEROR JUSTINIAN

Justinian attempted to Reconquer Italy (failed)

ALSO Rebuilt Constantinople

Constantinople linked Asia, the Middle East and Europe in a trading network

Regulates all trade (downside if it falls so does trade)

EMPEROR JUSTINIAN

ALSO BUILT HAGIA SOPHIA

CONSTANTINOPLE UNDER SEIGEFOR MANY YEARS MUSLIM ARMIES TRIED TO TAKE THE CITY

STRONG DEFENSES & TECHNOLOGY- ‘GREEK FIRE’ to protect city

FROM 700’S TILL 1453 THEY HELD OFF INVADERS

THE GREAT SPLIT- EAST/WEST

ISSUES DIVIDED THEM:

THE SUPREMACY OF THE POPE IN ROME – In EO Emperor outranks “Patriarch” In WC Pope outranks Everybody

The Great Schism=CATHOLICS AND THE ORTHODOX CHURCH

Western Catholicism

Uses Icons (religious images)

Pope is supreme over Kings

Jesus existed independently from God the Father

Unleavened Bread

Priests forbidden from marrying

Eastern Orthodoxy

(originally says no use of Icons- or religious images)

King must approve of Patriarch

Jesus Originated in God the Father

Leavened Bread

Priests allowed to marry

20th Century

17th Century

GEOGRAPHY OF ARABIA

• Bedouins…

– Herders

– Tribal

(warfare)

– “Relative”

gender

equality

– Polygamy

common

– Polytheistic

with one

supreme God

MECCA

• Mecca

– Important

trading town

– A place of

“truce”

– Kaaba-

pilgrimage site

• Medina

– Trading town

Abraham’s GenealogyABRAHAM SARAHHAGAR

Isaac

EsauJacob

12 Tribes of

Israel

Ishmael

12 Arabian

Tribes

Both Muslims, and Jews (and by extension Christians) trace their origins to Abraham hence the term “Abrahamic Faiths”

The Prophetic

TraditionAbraham

Moses

Jesus

Muhammad is considered the last prophet

The Origins of the Qur’anMuhammad received his first

revelation from the angel Gabriel in the Cave of Hira in 610.

Basic Ideas

Muhammad’s revelations constitute the direct (untranslated) word of God=the Quran

the Torah and the Bible, like the Qur’an, is the word of God.

They believe in the Judeo-Christian God, which they callAllah.

Muslims are strict monotheists.

Women in the Islamic World

• Muhammad taught

that women and

men were

spiritually equal

• He did allow for

men to have up to

four wives

• Polygamy, Veiling

and other

restrictive practices

were already part

of the Middle East

The Origins of the Qur’anMuhammad had a fairly successful start to his new faith even being asked to come to Medina and help solve disputes

Muhammad comes back to Mecca and starts to preach against false gods

622 Hijrah Muhammedflees Mecca for Medina.

* The beginning of theMuslim calendar (1

A.H.)

1. The Shahada

(Prayer)

1

The testimony.

The declaration of faith:

There is no god but Allah, and

Muhammad is His Messenger

The mandatory prayersperformed 5 times a day:

* dawn* noon* late afternoon* sunset* before going to bed

2. The Salat

2. The Salat

2

The call to prayer by themuezzin in the minaret.

Pray in the mosque on Friday.

3. The Zakat

3

Almsgiving (charitable donations).

About 2.5% of your income.

Fasting during the holy monthof Ramadan.

4. The Sawm

5. The Hajj

5

The pilgrimage to Mecca.

Must be done at least once in aMuslim’s lifetime.

2-3 million Muslims make the pilgrimageevery year.

Do now

• Pick up sheet on desk

• Take out notebook

– Update table of contents

• 2.d 5 pillar notes

• 2.e SW Asia Map

• Flip to your 5 pillar notes from

yesterday

5 pillars (Condensed) • Shahada- Prayer (or declaration of

Faith)

• Salat- Daily Prayer

• Zakat- Charity

• Sawm- Fasting

• Hajj- Pilgrimage

Equality and the Umma• Muhammad main goal political goal was to

unite the Arab speaking people

• Anyone who converted was considered Umma,

part of the Community, including those taken

as slaves in conquest

• Islam has no clergy, or equivalent of priests

Islam after Muhammad

Holy Roman

Empire

Building a Muslim Civilization

• Jihad- struggle in God’s service*

• To Muslims Islam is both a religion and a way of life

• Their laws are based on the teaching of Islam-Sharia*

• Debate over caliph –political and religious leader

• First Dynasty is Sunni family Umayyad – not descendent of Muhammad

LAW- RESPONSIBLE FOR JUSTINIAN CODE-COLLECTION OF LEGAL PRINCIPLES FOR THE EMPIRE

RECONQUERED LOST TERRITORIES IN ITALY AND NORTH AFRICA

Hammurabi’s Code

1758 BCE

12 Tables (Roman) 451

BCE

Edicts of Asoka (269

BCE)

Laws of Manu

(200BCE)

Justinian’s Code (529

CE)

Sharia Law (570 CE)