The Middle Ages The Middle Ages (500-1500 AD)(500-1500 AD)

I. Successors to Rome: I. Successors to Rome: “Shadows of the Empire”“Shadows of the Empire”

The Eastern EmpireThe Eastern Empire

As Western Europe As Western Europe succumbed to the succumbed to the Germanic invasions, Germanic invasions, imperial power imperial power shifted to the shifted to the Byzantine Empire Byzantine Empire (the eastern part of (the eastern part of the Roman Empire).the Roman Empire).

A. Byzantine EmpireA. Byzantine Empire

Greatest Emperor: Justinian Greatest Emperor: Justinian (527-565 AD)(527-565 AD)

Handed classical learning Handed classical learning and science back to the and science back to the westwest

--Justinian’s Code of Laws --Justinian’s Code of Laws (533)(533)

Rebuilding program in Rebuilding program in ConstantinopleConstantinople

The Hagia Sophia (537)The Hagia Sophia (537)

( Church later turned into a ( Church later turned into a Mosque.)Mosque.)

A. Byzantine Empire A. Byzantine Empire (cont)(cont)

Justinian’s wife Justinian’s wife Theodora—life and Theodora—life and influenceinfluence

Women’s rightsWomen’s rights

A. Byzantine Empire A. Byzantine Empire (cont)(cont)

-- “Greek fire”-- “Greek fire”

--Ottoman Turks capture --Ottoman Turks capture Constantinople (1453)Constantinople (1453)

Tension between the Tension between the eastern and western eastern and western churches over iconschurches over icons

The Imperial Goal: The Imperial Goal: UnityUnity

The imperial goal The imperial goal in the East was to in the East was to centralize centralize government and government and impose legal and impose legal and doctrinal doctrinal conformity.conformity.

One GodOne Empire

One Religion

11stst Method: Law Method: Law

Justinian collated and revised Justinian collated and revised Roman law. Roman law. His His Corpus Juris Corpus Juris CivilisCivilis (body of civil law) had (body of civil law) had little effect on medieval little effect on medieval common law. However, common law. However, beginning with the beginning with the Renaissance, Renaissance, it provided the it provided the foundation for most European foundation for most European law down to the 19law down to the 19thth century century..

22ndnd Method: Religion Method: Religion Religion as well as law Religion as well as law

served imperial served imperial centralization. centralization. In 380, In 380, Christianity had been Christianity had been proclaimed the official proclaimed the official religion of the eastern religion of the eastern empire.empire. Now all other Now all other religions were religions were considered “demented considered “demented and insane.”and insane.”

Between the 4Between the 4thth and and 66thth centuries, the centuries, the patriarchs of patriarchs of Constantinople, Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem and Jerusalem acquired enormous acquired enormous wealth in the form of wealth in the form of land and gold.land and gold.

Increase in Church Increase in Church WealthWealth

Increase in ClergyIncrease in Clergy

The prestige and The prestige and comfort that the comfort that the clergy enjoyed clergy enjoyed swelled the ranks swelled the ranks of the clergyof the clergy in in the Eastern the Eastern Church.Church.

Independent ThinkingIndependent Thinking

Ideas thought to be heresies by the Ideas thought to be heresies by the Roman Catholic Church received imperial Roman Catholic Church received imperial support:support: ArianismArianism denied that Father and denied that Father and

Son were equal and coeternal. Son were equal and coeternal. MonophysitismMonophysitism taught that Jesus taught that Jesus

had only one nature, a composite had only one nature, a composite divine-human one.divine-human one.

IconoclasmIconoclasm forbid the use of forbid the use of images (icons) because it led toimages (icons) because it led toidolatry.idolatry.

33rdrd Method: Strong Method: Strong CitiesCities

During Justinian’s During Justinian’s reign, the empire’s reign, the empire’s strength was its more strength was its more than 1,500 cities. than 1,500 cities. The The largest with 350,000 largest with 350,000 inhabitants, was inhabitants, was Constantinople, the Constantinople, the cultural crossroads of cultural crossroads of Asian and European Asian and European civilizations.civilizations.

""Not since the world was made Not since the world was made was there . . . so much wealth was there . . . so much wealth as was found in Constantinople. as was found in Constantinople. For the Greeks say that two-For the Greeks say that two-thirds of the wealth of this world thirds of the wealth of this world is in Constantinople and the is in Constantinople and the other third scattered throughout other third scattered throughout the world."the world."

--Robert of Clari, a French crusader who witnessed --Robert of Clari, a French crusader who witnessed the pillage of the city in 1204, describing the pillage of the city in 1204, describing Constantinople.Constantinople.

Don’t Write

Loyal Governors and Loyal Governors and BishopsBishops

Between the 4Between the 4thth and 5 and 5thth centuries, councils were centuries, councils were made up of local made up of local wealthy landowners, wealthy landowners, who were not who were not necessarily loyal to the necessarily loyal to the emperor. By the 6emperor. By the 6thth century, special century, special governors and bishops governors and bishops replaced the councils replaced the councils and proved to be more and proved to be more loyal to the emperor.loyal to the emperor.

Extensive Building PlansExtensive Building Plans

Justinian was an ambitious builder. His greatest monument was the magnificent domed church of Hagia Sophia (Holy Wisdom), which was constructed in just five years (532 37).

B. B. Islam and the Islam and the Islamic WorldIslamic World

The life of Muhammad The life of Muhammad (570-632 AD)—founded (570-632 AD)—founded IslamIslam

The Qua’ran (Koran)—The Qua’ran (Koran)—Muslim’s holy bookMuslim’s holy book

Allah—Muslim name for Allah—Muslim name for GodGod

The notion of “jihad”-The notion of “jihad”-religious duty/struggle.religious duty/struggle.

B. Islam and the B. Islam and the Islamic World (cont)Islamic World (cont) The five pillars of The five pillars of

IslamIslam

Black Stone located Black Stone located in the Kaaba in in the Kaaba in Mecca, Saudi ArabiaMecca, Saudi Arabia

B. Islam and the B. Islam and the Islamic World (cont)Islamic World (cont)

Successors to Successors to MuhammadMuhammad

--Shi’ites vs. Sunnies--Shi’ites vs. Sunnies Muslim intellectual and Muslim intellectual and

scientific achievementsscientific achievements

--ALGEBRA--ALGEBRA

--the number “0”--the number “0”

--calligraphy--calligraphy

Middle Ages 500-1500 ADMiddle Ages 500-1500 AD Medieval Medieval

Missionaries helped spread Christianity into Missionaries helped spread Christianity into northern Europenorthern Europe

St. Patrick—monk who helped convert Ireland St. Patrick—monk who helped convert Ireland to Christianityto Christianity

Monks—religious men who lived apart from Monks—religious men who lived apart from society in isolated communitiessociety in isolated communities

Monasteries—communities of monks (strictly Monasteries—communities of monks (strictly organized)organized)

Gave aid, ran schools, copied booksGave aid, ran schools, copied books

(3) (3) The Carolingian The Carolingian Dynasty and CharlemagneDynasty and Charlemagne

Franks conquered Gaul Franks conquered Gaul (France)480s(France)480s-Clovis-Clovis

Pepin the Short, the first Pepin the Short, the first Carolingian king (751)Carolingian king (751)

Pepin’s son, Charles the Pepin’s son, Charles the Great, or Charlemagne Great, or Charlemagne (768-814) helped the Franks (768-814) helped the Franks reach their greatest powerreach their greatest power

Charlemagne was a brilliant Charlemagne was a brilliant warrior and a strong kingwarrior and a strong king

(3) Charlemagne (cont)(3) Charlemagne (cont) Crowned Holy Crowned Holy

Roman Emperor Roman Emperor (Christmas Day, 800)(Christmas Day, 800)

This symbolized a This symbolized a return to the return to the greatness of the greatness of the Roman EmpireRoman Empire

Built schools, brought Built schools, brought in great scholarsin great scholars

Charlemagne’s Charlemagne’s palace city of Aachenpalace city of Aachen

•Feudalism originated partly as result Feudalism originated partly as result of Viking, Magyar (Hungry), Muslim of Viking, Magyar (Hungry), Muslim invasionsinvasionsKings unable to defend their lands, Kings unable to defend their lands, gave land to their noblesgave land to their noblesNobles had to find way to defend own Nobles had to find way to defend own landslandsBuilt castles, often on hillsBuilt castles, often on hillsNot elaborate structures; built of Not elaborate structures; built of wood, used as place of shelter in wood, used as place of shelter in case of attackcase of attack

Origins of FeudalismOrigins of Feudalism

KnightsKnights (soldiers on horseback) were (soldiers on horseback) were usually paid for their services with usually paid for their services with land.land.Land given to a knight for service was Land given to a knight for service was called a fief .called a fief .Knight accepting fief, promising to Knight accepting fief, promising to provide loyalty and support to the provide loyalty and support to the lord, was called a lord, was called a vassal.vassal.Person from whom he accepted fief Person from whom he accepted fief (land) was his lord.(land) was his lord.Lords were also vassals to the king.Lords were also vassals to the king.Historians call system of exchanging Historians call system of exchanging land for service the feudal system, or land for service the feudal system, or feudalismfeudalism . .

William the ConquerorWilliam the Conqueror

William, the Duke of Normandy, decided William, the Duke of Normandy, decided to conquer England in 1066. to conquer England in 1066. He and his He and his knights sailed into England and defeated knights sailed into England and defeated the king near the town of Hasting. the king near the town of Hasting. To To reward his knights, he gave them large reward his knights, he gave them large estates of land. This was the beginning of estates of land. This was the beginning of feudalism in England.feudalism in England.

What is a Knight?What is a Knight? Almost all nobles (barons) were knightsAlmost all nobles (barons) were knights Training began at age 7, as a page, under Training began at age 7, as a page, under

the guidance of the lady of the manorthe guidance of the lady of the manor Became squires at age 15 and were trained Became squires at age 15 and were trained

by other knightsby other knights Those deemed worthy were “dubbed” knightsThose deemed worthy were “dubbed” knights Knights lived by strict codes of honor called Knights lived by strict codes of honor called

chivalrychivalry

There were two groups of There were two groups of peasantpeasant workers on the manorworkers on the manor

Peasants (FreemenPeasants (Freemen)- skilled workers )- skilled workers who paid rent and could leave the manor who paid rent and could leave the manor whenever they wished. whenever they wished. (They usually (They usually had a skill needed by others on the had a skill needed by others on the manor.)manor.)

SerfsSerfs – workers bound to the land by – workers bound to the land by contract with the nobles. contract with the nobles. (They had no (They had no freedom - they were the noble’s property freedom - they were the noble’s property but not actually slaves.)but not actually slaves.)

Workers on the Workers on the Manor Manor

Feudal ContractFeudal Contract

GIVE SERVICE TO

GIVEPROTECTION TO

LORDS

VASSALS

Daily Life in the Middle Daily Life in the Middle AgesAges

The Castle—surrounded by a large The Castle—surrounded by a large estate called a manorestate called a manor

• Life in Middle Ages not easy, did not have Life in Middle Ages not easy, did not have comforts we have todaycomforts we have today

• Early castles built for defense not comfortEarly castles built for defense not comfort

• Few windows, stuffy in summer, cold in Few windows, stuffy in summer, cold in winter, dark alwayswinter, dark always

Don’t WriteDon’t WriteBedroomsBedrooms

• In early castles, noble family bedrooms In early castles, noble family bedrooms separated from main area by sheetsseparated from main area by sheets

• Later castles had separate bedrooms; Later castles had separate bedrooms; latrines near bedrooms (no indoor latrines near bedrooms (no indoor plumbing)plumbing)

• Wooden bathtub outside in warm weather, Wooden bathtub outside in warm weather, inside near fireplace in winterinside near fireplace in winter

Don’t WriteDon’t Write Despite discomforts, life in a castle was Despite discomforts, life in a castle was

preferable to life in a village. The typical preferable to life in a village. The typical village family lived in a small wooden one-village family lived in a small wooden one-room house. The roof was made of straw, room house. The roof was made of straw, the floor of dirt, and the furniture of rough the floor of dirt, and the furniture of rough wood. Open holes in the walls served as wood. Open holes in the walls served as windows.windows.

The family rose before dawn. Men went to The family rose before dawn. Men went to work in the fields; women did chores. work in the fields; women did chores. During harvest, the entire family worked in During harvest, the entire family worked in the field all day. the field all day.

• Most families slept on beds of straw on floorMost families slept on beds of straw on floor

• All shared one room with each other, All shared one room with each other, animalsanimals

• Most glad to have animals to provide extra Most glad to have animals to provide extra heat in cold winters =smallpox?heat in cold winters =smallpox?

• Peasant families cooked meals over open Peasant families cooked meals over open fire in middle of floorfire in middle of floor

• Typical meal: brown bread, cheese, Typical meal: brown bread, cheese, vegetables, occasionally meatvegetables, occasionally meat

• No chimneys, house often full of smoke; No chimneys, house often full of smoke; fires commonfires common