The March on Rome The March on Rome

18481848

• the spirit of revolution was in the air – with the spirit of revolution was in the air – with uprisings in Vienna, Paris, Sicily, the Piedmont uprisings in Vienna, Paris, Sicily, the Piedmont and in Lombardy and Veniceand in Lombardy and Venice

• In the latter two states, the King of Piedmont and In the latter two states, the King of Piedmont and Sardinia, Charles Albert, pledged support for the Sardinia, Charles Albert, pledged support for the uprisings against the Austrians since Pope Pius IX uprisings against the Austrians since Pope Pius IX and Ferdinanad II of Naples had pledged support. and Ferdinanad II of Naples had pledged support. Ferdinand and Pius however withdrew their Ferdinand and Pius however withdrew their support resulting in the defeat of the rebels and support resulting in the defeat of the rebels and forcing the abdication of Charles Albert in favor of forcing the abdication of Charles Albert in favor of Victor Emanuel II. Victor Emanuel II.

• In Rome, another uprising results in the shooting In Rome, another uprising results in the shooting of the head of the papal government. The Pope of the head of the papal government. The Pope flees Rome to Gaeta as Mazzini sets up a flees Rome to Gaeta as Mazzini sets up a provisional government. provisional government.

• The government named a triumvirate, which The government named a triumvirate, which consisted of Giuseppe Mazzini, Count Aurelio Soffi consisted of Giuseppe Mazzini, Count Aurelio Soffi and Carlo Armelliniand Carlo Armellini

• The Pope excommunicates the leaders of the The Pope excommunicates the leaders of the provisional govermentprovisional goverment

Pope Pius IX (r. 1846-1879)Pope Pius IX (r. 1846-1879)

18491849

• February 5 – Garibaldi is named as a deputy of the February 5 – Garibaldi is named as a deputy of the Roman assembly and suggested setting up a Roman assembly and suggested setting up a republican form of Government, praising the republican form of Government, praising the assassin of Rossi as having “recovered the steel of assassin of Rossi as having “recovered the steel of Marcus Brutus” (Bondanella 160) Marcus Brutus” (Bondanella 160) ( Count Pellegrino Rossi, ( Count Pellegrino Rossi, head of the papal government had been assassinated by an angry crowd head of the papal government had been assassinated by an angry crowd during the revolution) during the revolution)

• April - July - the Pope sends in French troops to April - July - the Pope sends in French troops to restore the city to Papal power fighting in the restore the city to Papal power fighting in the streets breaks out, Garibaldi’s battle cry “Roma o streets breaks out, Garibaldi’s battle cry “Roma o morte” is taken up by the citizens of Rome and morte” is taken up by the citizens of Rome and later became the cry of the Risorgimento. later became the cry of the Risorgimento.

Giuseppe Giuseppe GaribaldiGaribaldi1807-18821807-1882

June, 1849June, 1849

• ““But in the morning of the 28th seven French batteries But in the morning of the 28th seven French batteries opened a murderous fire in unison. Indescribable and opened a murderous fire in unison. Indescribable and terrifying beyond all measure was that whizzing of terrifying beyond all measure was that whizzing of innumerable missiles to which were added hundreds of innumerable missiles to which were added hundreds of bombs catapulted by the enemy mortars simultaneously. bombs catapulted by the enemy mortars simultaneously. The cannons of the Republicans were practically stifled and The cannons of the Republicans were practically stifled and the Villa Savorelli, Garibaldi’s headquarters, was reduced to the Villa Savorelli, Garibaldi’s headquarters, was reduced to a heap of rubble. a heap of rubble.

• The Roman people behaved admirably during these days of The Roman people behaved admirably during these days of supreme ordeal. Driven out of their burning dwellings old supreme ordeal. Driven out of their burning dwellings old people, children and mothers with their infants at the people, children and mothers with their infants at the breast wandered in the lanes in the depth of the night breast wandered in the lanes in the depth of the night under a rain of murderous missiles. The din of war and under a rain of murderous missiles. The din of war and heart-rending lamentations echoed in the streets. But not heart-rending lamentations echoed in the streets. But not one voice was heard which spoke of capitulation. one voice was heard which spoke of capitulation.

• Only one shout drowned out all the others: “Ecco Only one shout drowned out all the others: “Ecco un Pio Nono, ecco la benedizione del Papa, ecco un Pio Nono, ecco la benedizione del Papa, ecco le bombe cristianissime!” [“Here is your Pius IX, le bombe cristianissime!” [“Here is your Pius IX, here is his papal benediction, here are the most here is his papal benediction, here are the most Christian bombs!”] which was heard all around Christian bombs!”] which was heard all around whenever a bullet came whizzing by or a grenade whenever a bullet came whizzing by or a grenade exploded. Who will ever be able to wipe out from exploded. Who will ever be able to wipe out from the memory of the Roman people the gruesome the memory of the Roman people the gruesome remembrances of these nights?” (Melena, Elpis. remembrances of these nights?” (Melena, Elpis. Garibaldi’s Memoirs.Garibaldi’s Memoirs. Ed. Anthony P. Campanella. Ed. Anthony P. Campanella. Sarasota: International Institute of Garibaldi Sarasota: International Institute of Garibaldi Studies, 1981. p. 130-1)Studies, 1981. p. 130-1)

July, 1849July, 1849

• But the Republican forces were But the Republican forces were eventually overpowered and eventually overpowered and capitulated on July 1capitulated on July 1Garibaldi flees through central Italy, his Garibaldi flees through central Italy, his Brazilian born wife Anita, his comrade Brazilian born wife Anita, his comrade in arms, dies during the retreat, in arms, dies during the retreat, Garibaldi disbands his men and then Garibaldi disbands his men and then goes to N. Africa, U.S.A. and Paris goes to N. Africa, U.S.A. and Paris

Monument to Anita Garibaldi, Monument to Anita Garibaldi, Janiculum, RomeJaniculum, Rome

1850’s1850’s

• 18541854Garibaldi returns to ItalyGaribaldi returns to Italy

• 18591859Piedmont has come to the aid of the French in the Crimean Piedmont has come to the aid of the French in the Crimean War – and therefore, Camillo Cavour who is now the Prime War – and therefore, Camillo Cavour who is now the Prime Minister of Piedmont and Sardinia –is assured of French Minister of Piedmont and Sardinia –is assured of French support in the event of war against Austriasupport in the event of war against Austria

• fighting commences with Garibaldi leading the troops and fighting commences with Garibaldi leading the troops and the Austrians cede Lombardy to Piedmontthe Austrians cede Lombardy to Piedmont

18601860

• Plebiscites in Modena, Parma and Tuscany result in a vote Plebiscites in Modena, Parma and Tuscany result in a vote to unite with Piedmont-Sardiniato unite with Piedmont-Sardinia

• May - Garibaldi and his 1000 volunteers in Red Shirts set May - Garibaldi and his 1000 volunteers in Red Shirts set out for and take Sicily with no government support though out for and take Sicily with no government support though Cavour and Victor Emanuel did not try to impede themCavour and Victor Emanuel did not try to impede them

• when Garibaldi has captured Palermo Emanuel decides to when Garibaldi has captured Palermo Emanuel decides to secretly support the effortsecretly support the effort

• October – Garibaldi takes Naples and hands Sicily and October – Garibaldi takes Naples and hands Sicily and Naples over to King Victor Emanuel II, and moves to the Naples over to King Victor Emanuel II, and moves to the island of Caprera near Sardiniaisland of Caprera near Sardinia

18611861March 12, the Kingdom of Italy (with a capital at Turin) is March 12, the Kingdom of Italy (with a capital at Turin) is proclaimedproclaimed

18621862

• Garibaldi is not content to have an Italy that does Garibaldi is not content to have an Italy that does not include Romenot include Rome

• Garibaldi moves to take Rome and is intercepted Garibaldi moves to take Rome and is intercepted by Italian government forces at Aspromonte by Italian government forces at Aspromonte where fighting results in Garibaldi being woundedwhere fighting results in Garibaldi being wounded

• he is then pardoned by the government who he is then pardoned by the government who feared international reprisals in the event of the feared international reprisals in the event of the taking of Rometaking of Rome

18651865

• Florence is made capital of ItalyFlorence is made capital of Italy

Piazza della RepubblicaPiazza della RepubblicaFlorenceFlorence

18661866

• Venice, until now under Austrian Venice, until now under Austrian control, is ceded to Prussia in the control, is ceded to Prussia in the Austro-Prussian War and then to Italy Austro-Prussian War and then to Italy in return for its support of Prussia in return for its support of Prussia during the conflict; Garibaldi led the during the conflict; Garibaldi led the Italian troops in this conflictItalian troops in this conflict

18671867

• Garibaldi leads another private Garibaldi leads another private expedition to take Rome and is expedition to take Rome and is intercepted by French forces at intercepted by French forces at Mentana on November 3 Mentana on November 3

1870-18711870-1871

• July: Franco Prussian WarJuly: Franco Prussian War

• August: French troops withdraw from August: French troops withdraw from Rome (France loses this war)Rome (France loses this war)

• September: Italian troops move in and September: Italian troops move in and occupy the city, entering through the occupy the city, entering through the Porta Pia, September 20, 1870 Porta Pia, September 20, 1870

Porta Pia, 1870Porta Pia, 1870(contemporary photograph)(contemporary photograph)

Italian troops entering RomeItalian troops entering Rome

Porta Pia, RomePorta Pia, Rome

• a plebiscite is taken and the City of a plebiscite is taken and the City of Rome comes under Italian control. Rome comes under Italian control.

• Italian government moves from Italian government moves from Florence to Rome on July 1, 1871. Florence to Rome on July 1, 1871.

Victor Emanuel, enters Rome, Victor Emanuel, enters Rome, July 2, 1871July 2, 1871

Quirinal Palace, home to the Quirinal Palace, home to the Kings of ItalyKings of Italy

• ““The City of the Popes was gone The City of the Popes was gone forever; the thorough going forever; the thorough going secularization of Rome was a task secularization of Rome was a task just started.” (Boardman, Jonathan just started.” (Boardman, Jonathan Rome. A Cultural and Literary Rome. A Cultural and Literary Companion.Companion. New York: Interlink New York: Interlink Books, 2001. p. 172)Books, 2001. p. 172)

Monument to Victor Emanuel IIMonument to Victor Emanuel II(Capitoline Hill)(Capitoline Hill)