The March in the 19th and Early 20th Centuries Europe and America.
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Transcript of The March in the 19th and Early 20th Centuries Europe and America.
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The March in the 19th and Early 20th
Centuries
Europe and America
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Why did the march become so popular in the 19th century?
I. Technological advances led to better woodwind and brass instruments
II. The Civic Orchestra became a prominent institution
III. Numerous Revolutions and Wars engendered
patriotism
IV. The Middle Class wanted more accessible music
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I. Technology• There were many scientific
advances in the 19th century: “The Industrial Revolution”
• Led to improvements in instrument manufacture, especially woodwinds and brass
• Percussion instruments also became more prominent
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Adolphe Sax1814-1894
• Belgian musician and inventor/manufacturer of instruments
• Perfected many brass instruments and the bass clarinet
• Invented the saxophone and saxhorn
• Championed by Berlioz, who used many of the new instruments
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The Saxophone• First shown at the Paris
Exhibition of 1844
• First used in an opera orchestra later the same year
• Not really accepted as a regular member of the orchestra, but used in symphonic and military bands and later in jazz
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II. The Civic Orchestra• A permanent ensemble
giving a regular schedule of concerts
• Rare before the middle of the 19th century, even in large cities
• After mid 19th-century, even small towns had orchestras and town bands
• These ensembles often participated in parades and festivals for which marches were often appropriate
Johann Strauss, Jr.’s Orchestra
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III. Revolution• The era of revolutions began
in the late 18th century:--American Revolution, 1776--French Revolution, 1789
• In the 19th century, there were even more revolutions in Europe
• Military bands became important
• Much band music was patriotic
Delacroix, “Liberty Leading the People,” 1830
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IV. The Middle Class• The growing population wanted
more music, especially music they could relate to
• Orchestras and bands played in concert halls, but also in dance halls, music halls, parade grounds, and town squares
• Music was everywhere and was important in everyday life
“Johann Strauss, Sr.’s Orchestra in the Volksgarten, Vienna”
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The March
• Written for orchestras as well as for military bands
Musical features:• Distinct sections that
return throughout the piece
• Prominent rhythms• Importance of wind, brass,
and percussion instruments
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The March in Europe: Vienna
• Vienna had a long tradition of good music and prominent composers:
--Haydn
--Mozart
--Beethoven
--Schubert
--Brahms
--The Strauss
Family
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The Strauss Family
• Johann, Sr. (1804-1849)
• Johann, Jr. (1825-1899)
• Josef (1827-1870
• Eduard (1835-1916)
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Johann Strauss, Sr.1804-1849
• Along with Josef Lanner, he made the Viennese waltz a popular dance, as well as an art form
• Formed his own dance orchestra in 1825 and toured Europe extensively, becoming a popular “star”
• Also composed marches and other genres, especially dances
Radetsky March
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Johann Strauss, Jr. (center) with brothers, Eduard (left) and Josef
(right)
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The March in the U. S. A.• Brass Band Movement
began in the 1850s
• Later, during the Civil War, military bands became very important
• Post-Civil War America emphasized optimistic, often patriotic music
Town band, ca. 1850
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Music in Middle-Class America
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• Social functions were often simple and involved music-making
• Most middle-class households had pianos
• Many people played instruments
G. Hollingsworth, “The Hollingsworth Family,” ca. 1840
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The March in the USA
Patrick Gilmore
And
John Philip Sousa
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Patrick Gilmore (1829-1892)“Father of the American Band”
• Emigrated from Ireland to America and settled in Boston in 1849
• Raised the musical level of the American band
• Conducted band performances all over the world
• Revered by J. P. Sousa
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John Philip Sousa1854-1932
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John Philip SousaAmerica’s “March King”
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Sousa’s Life
• Born in Washington, D. C. in 1854• His father played trombone in the US Marine Band• At the age of six, John began to study music--voice,
piano, violin, flute, cornet, baritone, trombone, and alto horn
• After he tried to join a circus band at the age of 13, his father apprenticed him to the Marine Band
• Discharged from the Marines in 1875, but later returned to lead the band
• Toured all over the world until his death in 1932
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Sousa’s Band in Johannesburg, So. Africa (1910-11)
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Some of Sousa’s band members
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R. Meredith Wilson
• Played flute and piccolo for three years with Sousa’s band
• Later composed The Music Man, a musical about a slick band instrument salesman who takes an Iowa town by storm
• Shows the importance of a band music in early 20th-century America
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Sousa’s Music• Composed many different
types of music, including operettas, overtures, songs, and solo works
• Most famous for his patriotic marches--composed 135
Childe Hassam, “Allies Day 1917”
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Some of Sousa’s Marches
• Semper Fidelis (1888)• The Thunderer (1889)• Washington Post (1889)• The Liberty Bell (1893)• King Cotton (1895)• El Capitan (1896)• Stars and Stripes Forever
(1896): the official march of the USA
• Hands Across the Sea (1899)
• The Invincible Eagle (1901)
• The Glory of the Yankee Navy (1909
• America First (1916)
• Boy Scouts of America (1916)
• Flags of Freedom (1918)
• Old Ironsides (1926)