1

The Qing Dynasty1644-1911

China’s Last Dynasty

2

In the early 1600s, the peasants of southern China rebelled against the Ming emperor.

While the Chinese army was busy in the south, the Manchu, a tribe from the north, took control of Manchuria.

The Manchu conquered the Ming dynasty in 1644.

The Manchu Conquer China

Manchu guard

3

TheMing

Empire

Compare these two maps

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TheQing

Empire

What things can you infer from:

1. Knowing the Qing Dynasty lasted 270 years

2. From the 2 maps (Ming and Qing)

6

Qing Dynasty

The Manchu founded the Qing (“Ching”) dynasty which lasted until 1912. The Manchu controlled the army. The Chinese were allowed to govern the bureaucracy.

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For the second time in Chinese history, China was under foreign rule. The first 3 emperors, Kang Xi, Yong Zheng, and Qian Long, brought

133 years of peace to China.

The Manchu (Qing) Rule China

Manchu archerEmperor Qian Long

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Population Growth

The population increased almost 4X under Qing rule.

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The Manchu banned marriage between Manchu and Chinese. Manchu documents were not printed in Chinese.

The Qing separated themselves from the Chinese

Manchu bride Manchu clothing

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China by mid 1800s had isolated itself from much of the worldLimited trade with Europeans (only in Canton- now called Guangzhou)

EXTERNALLY: Foreign Relations

TeaPorcelein

11

Britain spending vast amounts for Chinese goods, but China wasn’t buying (didn’t want?) anything Britain had to offer

Unequal Trade with the British

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The British brought opium from their colonies to trade.

This caused severe social problems in China because many became addicted to opium.

Until: Opium

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In 1839, China ended the opium trade. Great Britain went to war against the Chinese to defend its right to sell opium. This was called The First Opium War. In 1842, China was forced to sign the Treaty of Nanjing which gave Hong Kong

to Britain and allowed European traders in several port cities.

The First Opium War

Other countries soon after also forced China to open up trade for them as well

• Ports opened up• Foreigners came into

China• Extraterritoriality of

foreigners (not subject to China’s laws

• Missionaries could preach Christianity and had to be protected

• Legalized opium trade

20Emperor Qian Long

INTERNALLY: Rebellions

Rebellions: •1775 - The Society of the White Lotus • 1813 - The Society of Heaven's Law• 1850-1864 - The Taiping Rebellion• 1851 - Nien Rebellion • 1856 - Panthay Rebellion

Emperor Qian Long (“Che-on Long”) expanded China to its greatest extent.

He brought prosperity to the Manchu, but not to Chinese peasants.

Massive poverty led to many rebellions.

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INTERNALLY: Rebellions

Large population increase but no increase in food production

China not modernizing

Most people still subsistence farming

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Tens of thousands died in these rebellions.

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The Taiping Rebellion

The Taiping Rebellion lasted from 1850 to 1864.It was led by a village schoolteacher named Hong Xiuquan.Believed he was brother of Jesus Christ (mystical Christianity)Between 20 to 30 million Chinese died during the rebellion.The Qing dynasty’s imperial army was unable to stop the rebellion and needed

the help of the British and French armiesAfterwards, the Qing had to share power with local warlords.

Hong XiuquanChina in 1850

24The Taiping Rebellion

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Chinese General Li Hongzhang during the Sino-Japanese War

In 1895, China lost to Japan during the Sino-Japanese war. The Japanese army was superior to the New Model Army. Japan also destroyed the Chinese navy.

By 1860s, China’s government led (unofficially) by the Empress Dowager Cixi)

Problems in China in 1900:

Chapters 1 and 2 and list internal and external problems

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The Boxer Rebellion

The Boxer Rebellion was a popular Chinese revolt against foreign imperialism.

It lasted from November 1899 to September 7, 1901.

The Europeans called the Chinese fighters “boxers” because martial arts looked to them like boxing.

The rebels called themselves The Righteous Harmony Society, which was sometimes translated as “The Righteous and Harmonious Fists."

Boxer rebels

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Initially the Boxers fought against foreign involvement in China.

However, by August 1900, the Boxers turned against Christian missionaries and Chinese converts.

The Boxers killed hundreds of foreigners and tens of thousands of Chinese Christians.

Chinese Boxer rebel

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The rebellion was encouraged by the Empress Dowager Cixi (“Kee Chee”). The Boxers believed that they could not be killed by bullets or cannons. Thousands of rebels died as they charged European rifles and artillery.

European troops meet lightly-armed Boxers Empress Dowager Cixi

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In June of 1900, the Boxers, aided by the Imperial Army, attacked foreign embassies in Tianjin and Beijing.

The embassies of Belgium, France, Germany, Japan, the Netherlands, Russia, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States were all under siege.

A coalition of 8 nations declared war on China and sent troops to rescue the ambassadors and their families.

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For two months the ambassadors and their families defended themselves in Beijing with only a single cannon and personal firearms.

They were rescued by the 54,000 foreign troops of the Eight-Nation Alliance. On September 7, 1901, the Qing emperor signed the Boxer Protocol and ended

the fighting.

American troops Japanese marines

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After the Boxer Rebellion, China fell into civil disorder.

Two succeeding emperors died in the same year.

The only Qing heir remaining was a two-year-old boy.

Both the Empress Dowager and the regent, Zai Feng, were in charge of the infant.

Empress Dowager Longyu

The Infant Emperor

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Yuan Shikai

Sun Yat-sen, leader of the Wuchang Uprising, took over the city of Nanjing on October 10, 1911.

On January 1, 1912, Sun Yat-sen officially declared the Republic of China.

On January 11, he was elected the first provisional president of the republic.

General Yuan Shikai was asked to defeat Sun Yat-sen.

Yuan refused unless he was made regent. The empress made Yuan regent.

Republic of China

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Sun Yat-sen agreed to make Yuan president of the republic on March 10, 1912.

The Empress agreed that her infant son would abdicate the throne and allow China to become a republic.

The Qing dynasty ended in 1912, which ended 2,000 years of dynastic rule in China.

Sun Yat-sen

The Qing Dynasty Ends

Abdicate: Give up power.