The Management of Invasive Species in Marine & Coastal Environments Module 3 Prevention

11

The Management of Invasive Species The Management of Invasive Species in Marine & Coastal Environmentsin Marine & Coastal Environments

Module 3Module 3

PreventionPrevention

22

Module 3 ObjectivesModule 3 Objectives

• Introduce the concept of Introduce the concept of preventionprevention

• Outline strategies and Outline strategies and procedures for IAS prevention procedures for IAS prevention in marine and coastal in marine and coastal environmentsenvironments

• Explain the concept of risk Explain the concept of risk analysisanalysis

• Discuss the limitations of Discuss the limitations of preventionprevention

33

What do we mean by Prevention?What do we mean by Prevention?

• Application of measures aimed Application of measures aimed at reducing species at reducing species introductionsintroductions

• Applied to intentional or Applied to intentional or unintentional introductions:unintentional introductions:– E.g. EIA’s, permitting E.g. EIA’s, permitting

proceduresprocedures– Shipboard ballast water Shipboard ballast water

treatmenttreatment

44

Steps in the Hierarchical ApproachSteps in the Hierarchical Approach

Zebra mussel

• PreventionPrevention

• Early detection Early detection & rapid & rapid responseresponse

• EradicationEradication

• ContainmentContainment

• Long term Long term controlcontrol

55

Why is Prevention so Why is Prevention so Important?Important?

66

Why is Prevention so Important?Why is Prevention so Important?• More cost-effective than other optionsMore cost-effective than other options• Lack of affordable technologies for targeted Lack of affordable technologies for targeted

containment, eradication, control – especially containment, eradication, control – especially in open coastal watersin open coastal waters

• Limited availability of biological controls for Limited availability of biological controls for marine speciesmarine species

• Ability of marine species to establish and Ability of marine species to establish and spread locally once introducedspread locally once introduced

“An ounce of prevention is worth a

pound of cure”

77

10 Principles of Prevention10 Principles of Prevention

• Prevention better than curePrevention better than cure

• Risk analysis for intentional Risk analysis for intentional introductionsintroductions

• Minimise unintentional introductions by Minimise unintentional introductions by regulating pathways/vectorsregulating pathways/vectors

• Apply the precautionary approachApply the precautionary approach

• Regulate transfers within and between Regulate transfers within and between countriescountries

88

Principles of Prevention cntdPrinciples of Prevention cntd

• No introductions to protected or vulnerable No introductions to protected or vulnerable areasareas

• Minimise risk (zero risk unrealistic)Minimise risk (zero risk unrealistic)

• Co-operate regionally & globally to manage Co-operate regionally & globally to manage pathwayspathways

• Encourage public to become part of the Encourage public to become part of the solutionsolution

• Prevention strategies must be supported by Prevention strategies must be supported by policy, legislation and resources.policy, legislation and resources.

99

Where can Prevention be Applied?Where can Prevention be Applied?Should be applied:

• Pre-BorderPre-Border (risk assessment, certification, (risk assessment, certification, treatment etc)treatment etc)

• Border (compliance assessment, Border (compliance assessment, quarantine etc)quarantine etc)

• Post-BorderPost-Border (early detection & rapid response) (early detection & rapid response)

Prevention is the first and best line of

defense.

1010

Strategies for Marine IAS Strategies for Marine IAS

PreventionPrevention • Measures for regulating intentional introductions – focus on the species concerned

•Measures for unintentional introductions – focus on management of the pathway/ vector

1111

Strategies for Marine IAS Strategies for Marine IAS

PreventionPrevention

• Risk analysisRisk analysis

• Authorisation proceduresAuthorisation procedures

• Species listsSpecies lists

• Treatment or management of Treatment or management of vectorsvectors

• Quarantine and/or border controlQuarantine and/or border control

Measures applied are usually a combination of some of the following tools:

1212

The Role of Risk AnalysisThe Role of Risk Analysis What is Risk?What is Risk?

People engage in risky activities every day on the assumption that the benefits outweigh the risks

Risk is a combination of:Risk is a combination of:- the likelihood of something - the likelihood of something happeninghappening- the severity of the - the severity of the consequencesconsequences

1313

What is risk?What is risk?

Consider the following list:

• Driving a carDriving a car• Having X-rays for diagnosisHaving X-rays for diagnosis• Riding a motorcycleRiding a motorcycle• Smoking a pack of cigarettes per daySmoking a pack of cigarettes per day• Fighting firesFighting fires• Drinking a diet soda (saccharin Drinking a diet soda (saccharin

sweetened) per day sweetened) per day

Exercise: establish criteria and rank the above

1414

Risk in the USARisk in the USA

ActivityActivity Annual deaths/ million Annual deaths/ million peoplepeople

SmokingSmoking 5,0005,000

Riding a Riding a motorcyclemotorcycle

2,0002,000

Fighting firesFighting fires 800800

Driving a carDriving a car 170170

Drinking diet sodaDrinking diet soda 2525

Having X-raysHaving X-rays 1010

1515

How should a Risk Analysis be How should a Risk Analysis be

appliedapplied??

• Particular speciesParticular species– Assessment of invasiveness and impacts – used to determine if Assessment of invasiveness and impacts – used to determine if

introduction should be allowed & permit conditionsintroduction should be allowed & permit conditions

• Particular pathwayParticular pathway– Assessment of the risk of introducing potentially invasive species Assessment of the risk of introducing potentially invasive species

as a result of certain activities – used to determine whether & as a result of certain activities – used to determine whether & what pathway management measures should be imposed.what pathway management measures should be imposed.

With focus on:

1616

Components of Risk AnalysisComponents of Risk Analysis

Risk Management Identifying what needs to be done

to eliminate or reduce the risks

Risk AssessmentIdentifying and

evaluating the risks from a particular

species or the risks associated with a

particular pathway

Risk Communicati

onInforming

stakeholders about the risks and

measures to be taken to manage

those risks

1717

Prevention of Prevention of Intentional Intentional

IntroductionsIntroductions

Intentional introductions include:

• Species introduced for fisheries/ Species introduced for fisheries/ mariculture purposes (wild/ in mariculture purposes (wild/ in captivity)captivity)

• Species introduced for coastal Species introduced for coastal management purposesmanagement purposes

• Aquarium tradeAquarium trade

1818


IntroductionsIntroductions Various frameworks for management: • Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) – Code of Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) – Code of

Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (CCRF) Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (CCRF) (precautionary principle; cooperation with (precautionary principle; cooperation with neighbours; pathogens)neighbours; pathogens)

• International Council for the Exploration of the International Council for the Exploration of the Seas (ICES) Code of Practice – incorporated in FAO Seas (ICES) Code of Practice – incorporated in FAO CCRF (covers undesirable spp; “hitchikers”; CCRF (covers undesirable spp; “hitchikers”; aquarium introductions; GMO’s; permitting issues)aquarium introductions; GMO’s; permitting issues)

1919


IntroductionsIntroductions • Authorisation procedures (EIA/RA/ cost-Authorisation procedures (EIA/RA/ cost-

benefit analysis)benefit analysis)

• Species ListsSpecies Lists– E.g. Black, White, GreyE.g. Black, White, Grey

• Quarantine and border controlQuarantine and border control– Authorised vs Illegal introductionsAuthorised vs Illegal introductions

Remember that permits and licences are only useful for authorised intentional introductions – many IAS have been introduced unintentionally or illegally (by smuggling).

2020

Authorisation ProceduresAuthorisation Procedures

• What is the purpose of the introduction?What is the purpose of the introduction?

• Could an indigenous species be used?Could an indigenous species be used?

• Is the species a pest elsewhere?Is the species a pest elsewhere?

• Does it have close relatives in indigenous biota?Does it have close relatives in indigenous biota?

• What is the biology, preferred habitat etc?What is the biology, preferred habitat etc?

• What precautions can be taken to prevent What precautions can be taken to prevent hitchhikers?hitchhikers?

• Are there existing eradication/control Are there existing eradication/control programmes?programmes?

Some of the questions which need to be addressed:

2121



• Authorisation procedures (EIA/RA/ Authorisation procedures (EIA/RA/ cost-benefit analysis)cost-benefit analysis)



2222

Species ListsSpecies Lists

• Used to facilitate assessments, border Used to facilitate assessments, border checks & post-border surveillancechecks & post-border surveillance

- - Black: prohibitedBlack: prohibited

- White: may be authorised for specific - White: may be authorised for specific purposespurposes

- Grey: those species for which rigorous - Grey: those species for which rigorous assessments need to be done.assessments need to be done.

2323

An importer wishing to bring in a new species (e.g. for mariculture or aquarium use)

Risk analysis undertaken – Import either:

High risk –Unacceptable Low Risk - Acceptable

A licence or permit is issued to bring in the organism. This states what quarantine conditions must be met and/or the treatment needed e.g. sterilization of parasites

Relevant authorities inspect the new import to check compliance with permit conditions

Audits are carried out to identify the importer is complying with conditions

Black list White listGray list

2424


IntroductionsIntroductions • Authorisation procedures (EIA/RA/ Authorisation procedures (EIA/RA/

cost-benefit analysis)cost-benefit analysis)



Remember that permits and licences are only useful for authorised intentional introductions – many IAS have been introduced unintentionally or illegally (by smuggling).

2525

Quarantine and border controlQuarantine and border control

• Legal introductionsLegal introductions

– – check compliance with permit check compliance with permit conditionsconditions

- verify species identity- verify species identity

• Illegal introductionsIllegal introductions– Declarations from passengersDeclarations from passengers– Inspections of baggageInspections of baggage– X-ray screening of baggage or mailX-ray screening of baggage or mail– Inspection of cargo manifestsInspection of cargo manifests

2626

Preventing Unintentional Preventing Unintentional


Main Pathways:

• Shipping (ballast water & hull-Shipping (ballast water & hull-fouling)fouling)

• Marine debrisMarine debris

• CanalsCanalsMore effective to manage a pathway or vector than to target specific species

2727

Ballast WaterBallast Water

• Voluntary Guidelines (1993/1997)Voluntary Guidelines (1993/1997)– Minimise uptake by avoiding high risk Minimise uptake by avoiding high risk

areasareas– Clean tanks regularlyClean tanks regularly– Avoid unnecessary dischargeAvoid unnecessary discharge– Promoting open ocean exchange of Promoting open ocean exchange of

ballast waterballast water– Promoting discharge to onshore Promoting discharge to onshore

reception/ treatment facilitiesreception/ treatment facilities

IMO recommended IMO recommended management toolsmanagement tools :

2828

Open Ocean Ballast Water Open Ocean Ballast Water ExchangeExchange

2929

Ballast WaterBallast Water

• International Convention (2004)International Convention (2004)– Ballast water exchange as interim Ballast water exchange as interim

measuremeasure– Promoting treatment of ballast waterPromoting treatment of ballast water– Sets standards for ballast water Sets standards for ballast water

exchange and treatmentexchange and treatment

IMO recommended IMO recommended management toolsmanagement tools :

3030

Ballast Water TreatmentBallast Water Treatment

• FiltrationFiltration

• Heat treatmentHeat treatment

• UV treatmentUV treatment

• Ozone treatmentOzone treatment

• Chemical treatment Chemical treatment (e.g chlorine)(e.g chlorine)

• Alternative ballast Alternative ballast handling arrangementshandling arrangements

R&D of alternative methodsR&D of alternative methods :- Acceptable methods must meet standards set in the

Convention

3131

Responsibilities of Ship Responsibilities of Ship

Owners / OperatorsOwners / Operators

• Ship-board ballast water Ship-board ballast water management plansmanagement plans

• Ensuring ballast water exchange Ensuring ballast water exchange proceduresprocedures

• Certified ballast water treatment Certified ballast water treatment system (when required)system (when required)

• Record keeping and reportingRecord keeping and reporting

3232

Responsibilities of Port / Coastal Responsibilities of Port / Coastal

StateState

• Development of compliance Development of compliance monitoring and enforcement monitoring and enforcement systems (including reporting, systems (including reporting, inspection of ballast water inspection of ballast water management plans/ management plans/ verification of ballast water verification of ballast water exchange records etc)exchange records etc)

• Development of ballast Development of ballast water sediment disposal water sediment disposal systemssystems

3333

Hull Fouling / BiofoulingHull Fouling / Biofouling

• ShipsShips

• Oil rigs, bargesOil rigs, barges

• Fishing vessels and equipmentFishing vessels and equipment

• Mariculture equipmentMariculture equipment

• Recreational craft (e.g. yachts)Recreational craft (e.g. yachts)

• Marine debrisMarine debris

• Other moveable submerged Other moveable submerged objects (e.g. rafts)objects (e.g. rafts)

Many sub-vectors, each requiring Many sub-vectors, each requiring different management approachdifferent management approach :

3434

Regulation of BiofoulingRegulation of Biofouling

Management measures include:Management measures include:

• Regular cleaning/ anti-fouling Regular cleaning/ anti-fouling programmesprogrammes

• Education/ awareness Education/ awareness programmes for vessel ownersprogrammes for vessel owners

• Regulation of the hull cleaning Regulation of the hull cleaning industry (in water, on slipways & industry (in water, on slipways & in dry docks)in dry docks)

• Inspection of hullsInspection of hulls

No international regime, but No international regime, but some national codes/ protocolssome national codes/ protocols:

3535

CanalsCanals

• Incorporation of IAS issues into EIA Incorporation of IAS issues into EIA process before developmentprocess before development

– To include impact / risk assessment /cost-To include impact / risk assessment /cost-benefit analysisbenefit analysis

• Use of locks where possibleUse of locks where possible

• Electric barriers have been effective Electric barriers have been effective in the great lakes (freshwater in the great lakes (freshwater application)application)

• Alternatives to canal developmentAlternatives to canal development

3636

Limitations of PreventionLimitations of Prevention

• Operational nature and economic imperative of the Operational nature and economic imperative of the shipping industryshipping industry

• Transboundary movements of marine speciesTransboundary movements of marine species

• Large number and range of marine organismsLarge number and range of marine organisms

• Considerable knowledge gaps in marine Considerable knowledge gaps in marine biology/ecology/taxonomybiology/ecology/taxonomy

• Limitations to predictive abilities regarding Limitations to predictive abilities regarding invasionsinvasions

• Current lack of viable ballast water treatment Current lack of viable ballast water treatment optionsoptions

• Difficulties in managing biofouling without Difficulties in managing biofouling without resorting to use of toxic substancesresorting to use of toxic substances

3737

Life is RiskyLife is Risky1.Rank each of the following activities from 1.Rank each of the following activities from

the most risky (6) to the least risky(1)the most risky (6) to the least risky(1)• Driving a carDriving a car• Taking X-rays for diagnosisTaking X-rays for diagnosis• Riding a motorcycleRiding a motorcycle• Smoking a pack of cigarettes per daySmoking a pack of cigarettes per day• Fighting firesFighting fires• Drinking a diet soda (saccharin Drinking a diet soda (saccharin

sweetened) per day.sweetened) per day.2. You must provide the factors on which 2. You must provide the factors on which

you have based your ranking system.you have based your ranking system.After each group has completed their After each group has completed their

ranking, collate all the rankings and ranking, collate all the rankings and discuss the following:discuss the following:

1. Compare and contrast the rankings from 1. Compare and contrast the rankings from the different groups. the different groups.

2.Do the groups have different rankings? If 2.Do the groups have different rankings? If so, what factors can this be attributed so, what factors can this be attributed to? If they are different from the to? If they are different from the statitistics provided by the presenter, statitistics provided by the presenter, what can this be attributed to?what can this be attributed to?

3. Note that risk to a particular person can 3. Note that risk to a particular person can be changed by altering their behaviour. be changed by altering their behaviour. In other words the risk can be managed.In other words the risk can be managed.

ActivityActivity RankingRanking

Smoking a Smoking a pack of pack of cigarettes/daycigarettes/day

Riding a Riding a motorcyclemotorcycle

Fighting firesFighting fires

Driving a carDriving a car

Drinking a diet Drinking a diet soda/daysoda/day

Taking X-rays Taking X-rays for diagnosisfor diagnosis

3838

When evaluating the potential risk of a species (e.g. for a management plan, for developing contingency plans or for evaluating permits) it is important to have as much information on the species as possible. The following are important to consider: 1. Biological information on species – reproduction, life cycle, fecundity (no. of eggs produced/ no. of offspring), growth rates, diet etc. 2. History of invasions in other countries- has it caused any major invasions, what impact have these invasions had etc.3. Habitat- no preference, only sandy shores, mangroves, rocky shores etc.4. Possible risk vectors- does it have planktonic larvae, (present in upper layer of the ocean and are normally very small and sometimes microscopic)which can easily dispersed by currents, attachments to flotsam/ hulls etc. In your groups consider the following:

3939

• Your country is a temperate region bathed by Your country is a temperate region bathed by warm currents. However there are times when warm currents. However there are times when a retroflection from a cold current causes the a retroflection from a cold current causes the water temperature to decrease. Most of the water temperature to decrease. Most of the shoreline is rocky with seaweed beds; however shoreline is rocky with seaweed beds; however there are some sandy beach patches in there are some sandy beach patches in between. There are also a number of mangrove between. There are also a number of mangrove forests and estuaries. There are large fishing forests and estuaries. There are large fishing harbours and one major port on the coast. The harbours and one major port on the coast. The following information has been provided for 4 following information has been provided for 4 fictitious species. Rank these species as:fictitious species. Rank these species as:

• No risk of invasionNo risk of invasion• Low Risk of invasion Low Risk of invasion • Some Risk of invasionSome Risk of invasion• High Risk of invasionHigh Risk of invasion• Use all the available information, rank each Use all the available information, rank each

factor separately and then add up the scores at factor separately and then add up the scores at the end to determine the risk:the end to determine the risk:

4040

SmallLargeLargeSmallFinal size

Cold & Warm Temperate

Tropics, Cold & Warm Temperate

Tropics & Warm Temperate

Tropical Indian Ocean

Natural Distibution

Rocky ShoresNot SelectiveEstuaries & Mangroves

MangrovesHabitat

HerbivoreHerbivoreOmnivoreOmnivoreDiet

Short Planktonic

Direct development

Short Planktonic

Long planktonic

Larval History

50 000 250 000 100 000 50 000 Fecundity(no. of offspring per spawn)

2/yr3-4/yr2/yr1/yrBreeding rate (times/yr)

Slow growerSlow growerFast growerFast growerGrowth rate

DCBA

4141

Information has been provided for 4 crab species. From this information determine the following:

1. From the reproduction, determine as far as possible which species you think would be the most risky?

2. From its habitat preference and current distribution determine whether these 3 crabs would pose a threat to your country. Consider water temperatures, the structure of the coastline – rocky, sandy, lots of seaweed etc

The following websites may assist you with species information:

http://www.issg.org

http://www.marine.csiro.au

http://www.iisgcp.org

http://www.museum.vic.gov.au

http://www.mesa.edu.au http://www.seafriends.org.nz

http://www.issg.org/

http://www.issg.org/

http://www.marine.csiro.au/

http://www.marine.csiro.au/

http://www.iisgcp.org/

http://www.iisgcp.org/

http://www.museum.vic.gov.au/

http://www.museum.vic.gov.au/

http://www.mesa.edu.au/

http://www.mesa.edu.au/

http://www.seafriends.org.nz/

http://www.seafriends.org.nz/

4242

New ZealandNew ZealandSouth Indo-Pacific; South Indo-Pacific; Australia, S.Africa, Australia, S.Africa, S.AmericaS.AmericaChina, Europe, China, Europe,

North AmericaNorth America

Europe, AfricaEurope, Africa

Australia, N. &Australia, N. &

S. AmericaS. America

present present distributiondistribution

40 mm40 mm100 mm100 mm80 mm80 mm60 mm60 mmsize carapacesize carapace

predatorspredatorsherbivorousherbivorousomnivores, but omnivores, but primarily seaweed primarily seaweed & invertebrates& invertebrates

predator/predator/omnivoreomnivoreDietDiet

intertidalintertidalrocky shores among rocky shores among seaweed; subtidalseaweed; subtidal

juveniles in salt/brackish juveniles in salt/brackish water; fresh water for water; fresh water for reproductionreproduction

no preference; no preference; marine & estuariesmarine & estuariesHabitatHabitat

planktonicplanktonicplanktonicplanktonicLarval history

1-2/yr1-2/yr??once, then once, then diesdies

3 times/yr3 times/yrBreeding rateBreeding rate

26 00026 000??250 000 – 1 250 000 – 1 millionmillion

200 000200 000FecundityFecundity

HemigrapsuHemigrapsus edwardsis edwardsi

Plagusia Plagusia chabruschabrus

Eriocheir Eriocheir sinensissinensis

Carcinus maenus

The Management of Invasive Species in Marine & Coastal Environments Module 3 Prevention

Documents

Transcript of The Management of Invasive Species in Marine & Coastal Environments Module 3 Prevention