The making of dual earning model in Finland

The Economics of Gender Equality

Nordic Experiences

Prague 15.6.2013

Senior Researcher Tapio Bergholm

2

Women’s employment rate in the EU in 2012, 15-64-years

Female employment rate in EU 2008, 15-64 years

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

MaltaItaly

NetherlandsBelgiumGreece

LuxembourgSpain

HungaryGermany

PolandEU-27

IrelandRomania

AustriaUnited Kingdom

SlovakiaFrance

Czech RepublicBulgariaPortugal

LithuaniaCyprus

SloveniaSweden

DenmarkEstoniaFinland

Latvia

Työllisyysaste

Täysiaikaiseksi muunnettutyöllisyysaste

Lähde: Eurostat

EK työmarkkinat

Proportion of part-time work of total employment 2012

Structural change of employment 1970-2010

Male primary Male industry Male service Female primary Female industry Female service0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 600.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

Employment by age cohort 2010

Women

Men

Ikä 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Employment by age cohort 1970

1970 Naiset

1970 Miehet

Committee to research the position of women 1966-1970

Nominated by left wing government Political parties and trade unions represented

Birth control/ abortion Vocational guidance/ education Public day care for children Government Advisory Board of Equality Matters (TANE)

Legislation and institutions matter

Ratification of equal pay resolution of ILO (1951) in Finnish Parliament1962

Labour scarcity in early 1970s’ made labour market parties (social partners) to enhance together female employment

Law of public day care 1973 Separate taxation of married couples (wife and

husband) from 1976 Gradual extension of day care services and rights Women work mainly full-time i.e. over 35 hours.

FINLAND IS NOT A PARADISE FOR WORKING WOMEN IN YEAR 2013

-20 20 - 29 30 - 39 40 - 49 50 - 59 60 - 690.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0

Matalapalkkaisten osuus ikäryhmittäin vuonna 2011

Naiset 2000€ ja alle

Naiset 1800€ ja alle

Miehet 2000€ ja alle

Miehet 1800€ ja alle

-20 20 - 29 30 - 39 40 - 49 50 - 59 60 - 690

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

Number of low wage earners in different age groups

Women 2000€ or less

Women 1800€ or less

Men 2000€ or less

Men 1800€ or less