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The Low Temperature Universe

Roger BlandfordStanford

SLACKIPAC

Hot Young Stars

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Sun 6000o Rigel 11000o

Carinae20-30,000o

Orion Nebula

AB7 120,000o

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100o Steam 373o

0o Ice 273o

-269o Liquid Helium 4o

-273o Coldest 0o

Kelvin

Thermodynamics- It’s the law

I Energy conservedII Disorder increasesIII Unattainable, zero temperature

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Electromagnetic Waves

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300,000 km per second!

Light, infrared radiation, radio waves, X-rays…. are all electromagneticElectromagnetic waves comes in particles called photons

Wavelength

Energy ~ Frequency

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The Electromagnetic Spectrum

Radio (s)mm IR O UV X-ray ray

High frequencyShort wavelength

Low frequencyLong wavelength

Colder Cold Warm Hot Hotter

Gas Temperature

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ColdSlow molecules

HotSlow molecules

Hot Young Stars

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Sun 6000o Rigel 11000o

Carinae20-30,000o

Orion Nebula

AB7 120,000o

Brown dwarfs, planets and …

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Uranus 50K

Gliese 229B1800K

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The Electromagnetic Spectrum

Radio (s)mm IR O UV X-ray ray

High frequencyShort wavelength

Low frequencyLong wavelength

Colder Cold Warm Hot Hotter

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The Electromagnetic Spectrum

Radio (s)mm IR O UV X-ray ray

High frequencyShort wavelength

Low frequencyLong wavelength

Colder Cold Warm Hot Hotter

M51 “Whirlpool Nebula”

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Hubble

Herschel

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The Electromagnetic Spectrum

Radio (s)mm IR O UV X-ray ray

High frequencyShort wavelength

Low frequencyLong wavelength

Colder Cold Warm Hot Hotter

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ALMA

Barnard 68

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16 K

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HELP!I’VE BEEN ABDUCTED

BY ALIENS

293K

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HELP!I’VE BEEN ABDUCTED

BY ALIENS

80K

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HELP!I’VE BEEN ABDUCTED

BY ALIENS

4K

Cryogenic Dark Matter Search

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50 mK

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The Electromagnetic Spectrum

Radio (s)mm IR O UV X-ray ray

High frequencyShort wavelength

Low frequencyLong wavelength

Colder Cold Warm Hot Hotter

Microwave Background

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240K

310K

2.7K

Planck

QUaDWMAP

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Neutron Stars

1 solar mass10 kmSuperconductivitySuperfluidity!

…are very cold!

M87 – Virgo Cluster

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Six billion solar massesTen billion km

Hawking Radiation

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Tiny Black Holes are Hot

Big Black Holes are Cold

M87 – Virgo Cluster

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Six billion solar massesTen billion kmOne billion, billionth KOne photon per year!

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The Universe is a Cool Place!