The Libyan Revolution Part 4

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PART 4

THE LIBYAN REVOLUTION Anthony Bell, Spencer Butts, and David Witter

November 2011

the tide turns



Photo Credit: Fighters for Libya’s interim government rejoice after winning control of the Qadda

stronghold of Bani Walid, via Wikimedia Commons.

All g v. P u sa of Amca. no pa of pblcao ma b poc o am a fom o b a ma, lcoc o mcacal, clg poocop, cog, o a fomao oag o val m, wo pmo wg fom pbl.

©2011 b i fo s of Wa.

Pbl 2011 u sa of Amca b i fo s of Wa.

1400 16 s nW, s 515 Wago, dC 20036.

p://www.agwa.og



PART 4

THE LIBYAN REVOLUTION Anthony Bell, Spencer Butts, and David Witter

the tide turns



ABOUT THE AUTHORS

Anthony Bell a rac Aa a isW, w coc ac o polcal a c amcon Libya. He has previously studied the conicts in Afghanistan and Iraq, and published the ISW reportReversing the Northeastern Insurgency.

Anthony holds a bachelor’s degree from the George Washington University in International Aairs with aconcentration in Conict and Security. He graduated magna cum laude and received special honors for o o o of u.s. polc owa Afgaa. h cl a gaa sc s Pogam a Gogow uv.

Spencer Butts a rac Aa fo Lba Pojc a isW. Po o jog isW, M. B a Packpg a sabl Opao i a Am Wa Collg w wo a la

review of the Commander’s Emergency Response Program in Iraq. Mr. Butts holds a Bachelor’s Degree bo Govm a ho fom Collg of Wllam a Ma Wllambg, Vga.

David Witter a rac Aa a isW, w nAtO vo Lba a wlla c amc Afgaa. h a pvol pbl isW po Reversing the Northeastern

Insurgency, backgo Uzbek Militancy in Pakistan’s Tribal Region, a wll a bf o ilamc Movm of uzbka a Lba ilamc Fgg Gop.

Bfo comg o isW, dav wok a a ac a Poomac i fo Polc s a C fo sc Polc. h ol a Baclo’ dg Polcal scc fom uv of California, Berkeley. In October 2011, he will enter Ocer Candidate School to begin a career in theu sa Am.

AcknOwlEdgEmEnTS

W wol lk o o ga o Mcal Wak fo ogfl comm a ppoa o Jack Pag fo ac cobo. W wol alo lk o ak Magg rackl fo technical skill with graphics and nal design, and Tricia Miller and Marisa Cochrane Sullivan for gac wg a g pap.

ABOUT THE InSTITUTE

The Institute for the Study of War (ISW) is a non-partisan, non-prot, public policy research

organization. ISW advances an informed understanding of military aairs through reliable research, aal, a ovav cao. W a comm o mpovg ao’ abl o c mla opao a po o mgg a o o acv u.s. agc

objcv.



tABLe OF COntents

ExEcUTIvE SUmmARy ................................................................................. 06

glOSSARy ................................................................................................... 10

I. InTROdUcTIOn ......................................................................................... 13

II. THE nAfUSA mOUnTAInS cAmPAIgn ...................................................... 13

III. THE ASSAUlT On TRIPOlI ...................................................................... 17

Iv. THE fInAl STROngHOldS ................ ................ ............... ................ ....... 20

v. cO ncl USI On .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. 22

nOTES .......................................................................................................... 30

mAPS

mAP Of lIByA .............. ................ ............... ................ ................ ............... .. 12

THE ASSAUlT On TRIPOlI............................................................................ 18

THE fInAl STROngHOldS ................ ............... ................ ................ ............ 21

the LiByAn reVOLutiOn | PArt 4- the tide turns | BeLL, Butts, & Witter | nOVeMBer 2011



6 www.UndERSTAndIngwAR.ORg

This report is the nal installment of a four-part series on the revolution in Libya. Part Four: The Tide Turns details the narebel oensives and the challenges the new government faces. The rst section documents the conict in the NafusaMoa, caacc of bl foc a faco a l o bako. t co co plathe taking of Tripoli and the ghting at the last remaining strongholds. Lastly, the nal section discusses the obstacles

bl m ovcom o ablz co a ao o a mocac ccfll.

THE nAfUSA mOUnTAInS cAmPAIgn

t nafa Moa, a capm of low-lg moa w tpolaa j o of Jafaah

Pla, c appomal 150 ml w fom bo w ta o c of Gaa. t nafaMoa a om o Lba’ Bb poplao a wll a a mo of Aab.

t poplao c nafa a ca aco moa, agg fom lag c c ah

Gaa, Za, yafa, nal a Ja o oz of mall vllag. Mo of lm a aop nafa’ gl, wc pov a aal fo-lk c.

Comba nafa Moa bga Fba 2011 a a popla ac aga gm’ c ahpolcal o ac ow.

Zintan was the rst city in the Nafusa Mountains to join the uprising against Qadda on February 18, followed•b of nal o Fba 19. B Fba 26, bl cooll ow fom nal wo Gaa a.

Fo mo, loal foc ak a all a o low-lg o o k owh

while simultaneously cutting o any resupply.

Loal ol ook c of Gaa o Fba 25.•

In mid-March, Qadda’s troops attacked Zintan and Yafran, which were suering from food shortages and•

lcc oag, b a bw Mac 22 a Mac 27.dp vvg mo v aal b gm, bl-l ow moa ma•bg og m-Apl a pc oag of foo, mc, lcc, a oppl.

t bl ovcam gm’ olao ag b zg bo ow of Waz o Apl 21, opg•a ppl l fom ta a gg nafa Moa campag.

t g of moa c co ogo Ma w fw cag bal l. Govm•foc lac pa aal o Za a Waz wl glal llg bl ogol ogo moa.

t fo-mo-log alma nafa Moa J w bl wo val bal.h

NATO airstrikes in addition to multiple covert shipments of weapons from France and Qatar empowered theh

rebels’ June oensives.

t mla ga w o-lv, owv, a comba Jl l o a alma a opaoal capach

of nafa bl appa lm.

The rebel oensive in the Nafusa Mountains in late July and early August drove toward Tripoli and deposed theh

gm.

exeCutiVe suMMAry the LiByAn reVOLutiOn | PArt 4- the tide turns | BeLL, Butts, & Witter | nOVeMBer 2011



7www.UndERSTAndIngwAR.ORg

THE ASSAUlT On TRIPOlI

Rebel forces launched an oensive into Tripoli and surrounding towns in late August.h

The Tripoli oensive had been planned several weeks beforehand at a meeting in Paris between Sarkozy and theh

Maa Mla Cocl o Jl 20.

The subsequent rebel assault on Tripoli featured three separate opposition groups acting in close cooperationh

bl ba o of nafa Moa, Maa, a fom w tpol.

The rebel seizure of Bir al-Ghanam on August 6 allowed the Nafusa ghters to move north and attack Zawiyahh

o Ag 13. O Ag 20, bl cooll all of Zawa.

t bal fo tpol bga o g of Ag 20 w bal fo cool of ah

gbooo of sok al-Jmaa, Aa, a tajoa.

rbl fom Maa lac a ampbo aal a a aack o tajoa.•

O Ag 21, nafa bl avac fom poo Zawa o ak cool of a gm mla•ba loca ow of Maa a op a co fo tpol’ w gbooo.

Fc cla o Ag 22 mp cm ov bl ga a loal foc acl f•Qadda’s Bab al-Aziziya compound and the pro-regime neighborhoods surrounding it. Rebel ghters andtpol am o a loo Bab al-Azza compo o Ag 23.

The rebels expanded their control of Tripoli on August 24 and 25 as ghting continued in the city’s•southwestern neighborhoods. The last of Tripoli’s southern neighborhoods fell on August 28, and much o c o omal b of Ag.

THE fInAl STROngHOldS

Opposition ghters seized control of Brega after loyalists withdrew following Saif al-Islam’s reported arrest onh

Ag 22.

t bl p w; b Ag 24, a ak cool of po ow of ra Laf a av h

B Jawa.

O spmb 21, bl foc z mo of sba cp fo a fw olo c.h

rbl foc all amp o goa w bal l s o ac a pacfl , b wh

ccfl. O spmb 9, bl foc bga avacg fom a, w, a o.

t al aal o Ba Wal alo bga o spmb 9.h

In Sirte, the rebels surrounded remaining pro-Qadda ghters in the ‘Number 2’ and ‘Dollar’ neighborhoodsh

o w of c b Ocob 10.

On October 16, rebel forces made unconrmed claims that they had captured signicant portions of Banih

Wal.

On October 20, rebel forces captured Qadda after engaging his convoy as it ed the city. Qadda was aliveh

despite his wounds, but died before reaching the hospital in Misrata. The nal pockets of resistance in Sirte sooncollapsed, and rebel troops conducted searches for loyalists. They found and killed Qadda’s son Mutassim andam cf Ab Bak yo.





O Ocob 23, ntC cla lbao, makg bgg of aoal ml o lco,h

wc wa o ak appomal a a a a alf.

Two days later, on October 25, the NTC buried Qadda, Mutassim, and Younis at a secret location in the deserh

af a mo ilamc cmo.O Ocob 21, nAtO aoc a plma co o opao o Ocob 31. s a la, h

un sc Cocl pa a olo o maa pmg vo o Ocob 31.

nAtO’ mo Lba fomall o Ocob 31, 2011.h

cOnclUSIOn

In the short-term, Libya’s future is highly uncertain. The NTC must nd a way to exert control over and unifyh

co fac of a covg coom, a abl c ao, a fagl polcal allac.

t ntC fac callg o cg lgmac. Ma p gop cv fg ah

ppl o fom ntC b fom wal val, o-govm ogazao, o fog co

Preliminary reconstruction eorts in rebel-held areas and recently liberated territory are important to theh

Cocl’ lgmac a abl o pojc pow, b ntC m wok w ma of a copdisorganized, and inecient government. In the long term, the NTC must gain the capability to meet Libya’s col.

Libya’s natural resource-driven economy seemed like it would be able to fund NTC initiatives quickly. Howeverh

compl lac of a a coom o ol v wll ca mma a log-m callga col b a po of vlabl fo w govm.

Security conditions and nancial factors pose problems to both inactive and active oil elds. The new•govm m aac fog wok back o co, pcall o vc ol . t o

alo facg a back bca of amp gao of loal maag.Even if the transitional government brings oil output back to pre-conict levels in a timely fashion, the money• ga col bg poblm of ow. rgoalm a balm col complca boof ol com.

Lba’ foz a col mg a a ccal oc of mo.h

t aoal govm fac coabl al c callg:h

Remaining loyalists could launch an insurgency, though Qadda’s death may make this less likely.•

Wapo b b gm o loo fom ockpl aa co a po a poblm•o w govm. t ntC a pom o c am po a p amam, b o

fa av o b ccfl.The NTC must also clear Libya of remaining ordnance, including multiple mineelds loyalist troops laid in•dierent regions of the country during the months of ghting.

Co av cogz om of majo c poblm m govm m cofo a•have oered to help.

The NTC must bring the independent militias under a formal military force to ll the security vacuum in• co.





t lack of cool ov bl mla a o callg ntC ao b alg coclaoÌ

eorts.

t a alo ocm ca of oppoo foc abg ma g. Wl ntC pomÌ

vgao o clam of ab, bl la av o al pog o a l fominquiries.

Amg w govm abl o a coomc a c callg, wll ll av o gapplh

w polcal o b ccfl.

Lba a p polcal clavag ow goal a bal l, a mo abo abo a pobl•ilam-cla v.

t w govm wll alo av o balac appog o wo v gm w gagh

pblc ppo fo w poo.

Finally, the ripple eects of Libya’s revolution pose security risks and threaten the stability of surroundingh

co.Escaping regime members or loyalist ghters create diplomatic and security problems for other countries.•t gm’ va wapo ockpl a pcall capabl of pg c, a aoalcomm cogz a a gav a.

Libya remains in a delicate situation that will require continued international engagement to heal its regionalh

p, c co, fom a fcog govm, abl a c appaa, a m paof wapo.




Abdel Fattah Younis: A former member of the Qadda regime, Abdel Fattah Younis served as Qadda’s interior minister before hisfco o Fba 22, 2011. yo v a cf bl mla comma l aaao b a kow bl bgaon July 28, 2011.

Ajdabiya: t ow of Ajaba loca 95 ml ow of Bgaz. Ajaba a val cooa fo Caca. hgwa o o Bgaz, a o po c of tobk, a oa og ol-pocg go o Kfa Oa. Ajaba wa coby rebels and loyalist ghters in mid-March, until NATO air support allowed rebels to retake the town on March 26, 2011.

Benghazi: Benghazi, the largest city in the Cyrenaica region, served as the center of power for the Sanusi Monarch prior to Qadda’s 1969coup. Demonstrations against the Qadda regime began in Benghazi on February 15. Security forces began to use lethal force against theprotests on February 17, 2011, and rebels successfully seized the city on February 20, 2011. The National Transitional Council ociallyconvened for the rst time in Benghazi on March 5, 2011 and the city served as the NTC’s capital throughout the rebellion.

Brega: Located 115 miles southwest of Benghazi, the town of Brega contains an oil, natural gas, and petrochemical renery. Brega is Libya’fth largest renery and provides natural gas to Benghazi and Tripoli. Qadda forces retook Brega from rebel ghters on March 15, 2011a bl foc w abl o log loal f fom ow l loal ww o Ag 17, 2011.

Cyrenaica: Caca o of c go Lba. Compg a alf of co, Caca a capac of Bgaz v a a of pow fo Kg i i sa Moac. d o ocal val w wregion of Tripolitania, Cyrenaica was long a cradle of anti-Qadda sentiment and was the rst area to rise up against Qadda.

Fezzan: Fzza ow go of Lba. Owg o mo a pa poplao, Fzza a o fa poml o val bw Caca a tpolaa. i lag c, saba, v a go’ amav c. Fzza oma bthe Maqarha tribe, one of Libya’s largest tribes which staunchly supported Qadda.

Khamis Qadda and the Khamis Brigade: Khamis Qadda is one of the younger sons of Muammar Qadda and the commander of l 32 Bga (alo kow a Kam Bga ). t bga wa pma paamla foc plo aga bl w Lba. rbl av po Kam’ a o val occao, mol cl ag wa kll bal o Ag 292011.

Libyan Islamic Fighting Group (LIFG): t Lba ilamc Fgg Gop a m ilamc o gop fom oppooto Qadda’s regime in 1995. The LIFG was violently suppressed by the Qadda regime. The U.S. government designated the group asa terrorist organization in 2004 for its links with al-Qaeda. The LIFG became defunct by the end of the 1990s, though former LIFGghters declared their support for the National Transitional Council. Abdul Hakim Belhaj, the leader of the Tripoli military council, wa ovall comma of LiFG.

Mahmood Jibril: Mahmood Jibril served as a senior economic advisor in the Qadda regime until his resignation in 2010. Jibril became Cama of naoal taoal Cocl’ ecv Boa o Mac 23, 2011 a wa appo Pm M of ntC. h a b Cocl’ ma vo o aoal comm.

Misrata: t po c of Maa loca 125 ml oa of tpol alog Maa coa. i Lba’ -lag c w200,000 . Maa jo pg o Fba 17, 2011 Loal foc bg Maa fom al Mac o m-Ma. tbal wa mak b av ba comba a oa of caal. Af g wa lf, Maa bl bga avacg owatpol al Ag.

Muammar Qadda: Colonel Muammar Qadda seized control of Libya in a military coup on September 1, 1969. Qadda crafted the“t uval to,” wc comb lm of ocalm, mocac, pa-Aabm, a ilam o am olog ol 1975 Green Book. Qadda dispatched paramilitary forces to quell the protests in February 2011; many soldiers and a number of governmenocials defected soon after, as the conict escalated.

Mustafa Abdul Jalil: Mustafa Abdel Jalil served as Qadda’s Minister of Justice from 2007 until his resignation on February 21, 2011. Jali wa a fog mmb of naoal taoal Cocl a wa am cama of Cocl o Fba 26, 2011. Kow fohis reformist eorts while serving in the regime, Jalil secured signicant domestic and international support as the leader of the NTC.

Mutassim Qadda: Mutassim is the fourth son of Muammar Qadda and served as his father’s National Security Advisor since 2009. Hea ol bo saf al-ilam av log b co wo mo lkl o o plac fa, lg a a valbw m. dg bllo, Mam pol comma 9 Bga, a paamla fom s a wa avlgag aga bl o a fo a Bga.


GLOssAry the LiByAn reVOLutiOn | PArt 4- the tide turns | BeLL, Butts, & Witter | nOVeMBer 2011




Nafusa Mountains: t nafa Moa a gla aa a c fom ow of Gaa o ta bo. t nafMoa a a ca pacwok of mall Aab a Bb b. t Bb poplao a aoall b a o w Qadda regime. Many towns in the Nafusa joined the uprising in February and fought o loyalist attacks during the subsequent monthsThe Nafusa Mountain rebels coordinated an oensive against Tripoli with NATO in August and seized the capital.

National Transitional Council (NTC): The National Transitional Council is the ocial political body that represents the Libyan rebemovm. t ntC wa abl Bgaz o Fba 27, 2011 a ntC ecv Boa wa ca o Mac 23, 2011

Ba o of Bgaz, ntC bga gaall locag o tpol af fall of capal c. Ma of Cocl’ la aformer Qadda regime ocials, Libyan exiles, and eastern Libya politicians.

Operation Odyssey Dawn: Opao O daw wa am of u.s. mla opao coc Lba fom Mac 19to March 31, 2011 to enforce UNSCR 1973. It was a joint air and sea operation to enforce a no-y zone, maritime arms embargo andpoc cvla o go b bombg gm foc. Af Mac 31, u sa pp ow fom lap ol acontributed military assets to the NATO-led Operation Unied Protector.

Operation Unied Protector: Operation Unied Protector is the name of the NATO-led mission to enforce UNSCR 1973 began onMac 23, 2011 w allac ook pobl fo focg a am mbago o Lba of am mbago. O Mac 31, 2011nAtO ook fll pobl fo a campag ov Lba.

Ras Lanuf : The coastal town or Ras Lanuf is situated 126 miles southeast of Sirte and contains Libya’s largest oil renery. Rebel forcesz ra Laf al Mac, og a loal coaack ov bl fom ow o Mac 11, 2011. Followg bl

assault on Brega, rebel ghters attacked and captured Ras Lanuf on August 23, 2011.

Saif al-Islam Qadda: The second son of Muammar Qadda, Saif al-Islam was the heir apparent to his father. Prior to the rebellion, Saispearheaded political and economic initiatives and was regarded as a reformer. Throughout the conict, Saif was the most visible memberof the Qadda family. While he initially tried to appease protesters with promises of reform, he publicly defended the regime’s brutacrackdown on demonstrators as the conict escalated. He evaded capture by rebel forces following the fall of Tripoli.

Sirte: t c of s loca cal Lba a al boa bw tpolaa a Caca. s omowof Muammar Qadda and a stronghold of the Qadadfa tribe. During Qadda’s rule, he developed Sirte into a major administrative centerand military garrison. The city’s heavily defended garrison has remained loyal to Qadda throughout the war. As of September 2011,loal oop co o olo s.

Tripoli: The capital of Libya, Tripoli is located on the western coastline and is the country’s largest city with 1.8 million residentsInitial protests in the capital were suppressed by mid-March.The seat of power for the Qadda regime, NATO aircraft bombed Tripoli

more frequently than anywhere else during the war. The Nafusa Mountain rebels began advancing towards Tripoli in early August incoordination with others inside the city. Qadda’s compound was captured by the rebels on August 24, 2011, and rebel commandersreported the city was secure on August 28, 2011.

Tripolitania: tpolaa ow go of Lba. i mo popla go of Lba, w capal c of tpol amajo c c a Maa a Zawa. a cl capal c of tpol. t go a a oc val w Caca a.

United Nations Security Council Resolution (UNSCR) 1970: t un sc Cocl pa unsCr 1970 o Fba 26, 2011. iestablished an arms embargo, imposed a travel ban on regime ocials, and compelled member states to freeze the nancial assets of sixregime gures and members of the Qadda family. It also granted the International Criminal Court jurisdiction over all war crimes andcm aga ma comm Lba af Fba 15, 2011.

UNSCR 1973: t un sc Cocl aoz unsCr 1973 o Mac 17, 2011. i ga mmb a ao o “all necessary measures” to protect Libyan civilians threatened by Libyan military forces and enforce a no-y zone and arms embargo onLba.

Zawiyah: The city of Zawiyah is located 30 miles west of Tripoli and contains Libya’s second largest oil renery. Anti-Qadda forces droveloyalist troops from the city on February 20, 2011, though regime forces retook Zawiyah on March 11, 2011. Many of Zawiyah ghterssubsequently ed and joined the rebellion in the Nafusa Mountains to the south. The rebels attacked Zawiyah in an oensive coordinated with NATO on August 13, 2011, nally recapturing the city on August 20, 2011 and securing a route to Tripoli.

Zintan: Located 85 miles southwest of Tripoli, the town of Zintan is the largest city in the Nafusa Mountains. Zintan joined the uprising m-Fba, a bl foc pl loal aack fom Fba og Ma. nAtO ak abl Za bl o bakthrough loyalist lines on June 2, and rebel ghters seized numerous towns in the Nafusa Mountains in the following weeks.

GLOssAry the LiByAn reVOLutiOn | PArt 4- the tide turns | BeLL, Butts, & Witter | nOVeMBer 2011




I. InTROdUcTIOn

t po fo allao of a fo-pa o volo Lba. Part Four: The Tide Turns althe nal campaigns of the conict up to the country’slbao a am obacl facg w government. The report begins by analyzing the ghting Lba’ w nafa Moa, clmag

bl’ bako. n, ocm akg of tpola mplcao fo volo. t cofollows the fall of the nal regime strongholds. It detailsnAtO’ po o vlopm, a la o aoal ml. Lal, po look aa a poblm ag Lba’ pacfl ao a p aoal comm a ak.

II. THE nAfUSA mOUnTAInS cAmPAIgn

t nafa Moa a loca w tpolaa

just south of the Jafara Plain, a at and densely populatedaa a c w of tpol alog Maacoa o ta bo. t Jafaa Pla ac abofty miles inland before transitioning to the northernfac of nafa Moa, a capm of low-lg moa a c appomal 150 ml fom ao w, g fom ta bo o c of Gharyan, located fty miles south of Tripoli. In the north,the Nafusa Mountains rise sharply from the at Jafara Plaino a lvao of 1,000 o 2,000 f, wl o

fac of nafa ao amll o glaof tpolaa Plaa.

t nafa Moa a om o Lba’ Bbpoplao, alo kow a Amazg, a wll a a moof Aab. t Bb a go aba of

Lba wo p-a Aab vao of no Afca lv-c. Wl ma Lba a ofm Aab-Bb c, ma a cvBb o-lgc gop a p Lba’most signicant minority, comprising approximately vepc of poplao.1 t Bb’ av lagag Amazg a a Aabc. Ma Bb paccibam, a c bac of ilam fom s a sa

which further dierentiates them from the principallys ao. t poplao c nafa aca aco moa, agg fom lag cc a Gaa, Za, yafa, nal a Ja o oz

of mall vllag. Mo of lm a aop nafa’ mpog gl, wc pov a aalfo-lk c a ocall a poc mfom val b a va.2 t wo pma oa nafa Moa a o w o oppo of ag. t low-lg oa, wc pov acco Jafaa Pla, aow gl o o acoc mall lm a foo of moat g oa aop plaa, lkg moaow fom o.

PART 4

the tide turnsB Ao Bll, spc B, a dav W

this four-part series provides a detailed narrative of the war in Libya and seeks to explain the underlying dynamicsbehind the conict for policymakers contemplating policies regarding Libya’s future. Part One: Roots of Rebellion detailsLibya’s political history, human terrain, economy, and the Qadda regime’s unique political and military structures. Italso addresses the early stages of the conict in February 2011, beginning with the protests in Benghazi that triggered therebellion, the formation of the National Transitional Council. The paper also details the spread of unrest to western Libyaand the regime’s crackdowns in Tripoli and Zawiyah. Part Two: Escalation and Intervention discusses the internationalreaction to the war and the process that led to the U.S. and allied military intervention in March. This section explains theU.S.-led Operation Odyssey Dawn and the NATO-led Operation Unied Protector. Part Three: Stalemate and Siegedocuments the ebb of ghting in eastern Libya, the pinnacle battle of Misrata, and the turmoil within the rebel ranks. This

section concludes with the extensive eorts to break the siege of Misrata. Part Four: The Tide Turns documents the ghting in the Nafusa Mountains of western Libya that culminated in the rebel seizure of Tripoli in August. This nal installmentin the series concludes with discussion of the most pressing issues facing Libya in the aftermath of the regime’s collapse.

THE LIBYAN REVOLUTION





loal foc ak a all a o low-lg o o k ow wl mlaolcutting o any resupply. The rebels were unable to turn l J af nAtO ak wak gmpoo a af mlpl cov pm of wapofrom France and Qatar empowered opposition ghters to

go on the oensive. Two subsequent rebel oensives inla Jl a al Ag bl po ga a combaslowly moved o the mountain into the Jafara Plain.

Zintan, with a population of approximately twenty-vethousand, was the rst city in the Nafusa Mountains to jointhe uprising against Qadda.12 Govm foc avlto Zintan on February 18 to recruit the city’s tribesmen tolp p ow a bllo.13 Oended by thepopoal, poo mac o c of ow

where they set re to security and government oces over a.14 t gm all amp o

end the demonstrations by sending top regime ocials tooer families money for their allegiance. The failure of thisappoac l o mo aggv maclg aalg moao acutting o the town’s water and electricity.1

r of nal, a c of oaogl v ml w of Zamoa a mla fao oFebruary 19 and quickly drove out the localc foc.

Local polc a am fco

contributed to the rapid retreat of Qaddafoc aco nafa.16 Poo z wapo fom a govm wapo po

ow of Gaa, pompg gm o bombo wapo oag facl ogo moaB Fba 26, bl cooll ow agg fomnal w o Gaa a a bga fomgpolcal comm o ogaz oppoo.17

Qadda’s forces quickly launched a counteroensive thatog o ola ac poplao c. Loal aka all ll ow fom low oa a

ground attacks to secure anking positions. One of thegm’ pma ag wa Za. i bcam focapo of ac nafa a la o bl’ goal comma.18 t gm fal o akZintan in an attack on February 28, but it was able to layg o a ma of o v ow b poogoop alog low oa a zg cool of k poo of moa ag.19 Pog a fcoloal ol ook c of Gaa o Fba 25af poo a z a al.20 Gaa

Wl pomal Bb, comm of nafa Moa a a ca pacwok of Bb,

Aab, a m b. dp a log o of bal wafa nafa, facoalm o pl oll alog Aab-Bb o mb of m b aallac.3 nvl, mpoa o ackowlg

logag c o bw Bb a Aabcomm.4 t lag Aab b nafa a Maaa, Awla Baf, nawal, rjba,and the Riyyana—at least several of which Qadda hasclva a all.5 t lag Za b, o of mopom b bllo, c o owof Za a a wo cv Aab a Bb b-b.6 t Bb A Wllol b oma coaalc of Zwaa o o Jafaa Pla, w gm c bl Mac.7 Ma of Bbb, c a yafa, Ja, Faa, Kabaw,a haaba, jo bllo Fba.8

The Berbers of the Nafusa and the Qadda regime havelog b a o. t Bb wppo of Kg i, wo com o o balac lavl wak inuence against the oppositional tribesand elite of Tripolitania. Qadda wasfo pco of m af o pow. h co o ppo of

Aab b tpolaa fo polcalba a aop a pa-Aab aoalideology. For nearly four decades, Qadda

p a polc of Aabzao, cog a Bb wa a coloalvo a a Lba wa a pl Aaba.9 t gm c of Bb wlmlaol cmag aga m w opv polc, clg bag of

Amazg lagag.10 Lba fom nafa go ava m ala aga gm; val of am ocers who participated in the 1993 assassination attempton Qadda were from the Zintan tribe.11

Comba nafa Moa bga Fba a a

popla ac aga gm’ c a polcalo ac ow. t pg occmlaol w bllo lw Lba b

w all o cooa w ntC. A poao o am comba, moaop locaoof nafa c bcam a obl-g wo. togit proved extremely dicult for the regime’s ground forceso aal c, lack of mmal avalablfoo a maaa ppl ma moaoredoubts equally vulnerable to siege. For three months,

The Berbers of theNafusa and theQadda regime

have long been atodds.




the LiByAn reVOLutiOn | PArt 4- the tide turns | BeLL, Butts, And Witter | nOVeMBer 2011

mlv fom wl op bo cog.33

t g of moa c co ogoMa w fw cag bal l. Govmfoc lac pa aal o Za a Waz

wl glal llg bl ogol ogo

moa. tog bl o c go w abl o p bo g bal l.B of mo, bl cooll Za,

yafa, Waz, nal, a Kkla, b w abl odrive Qadda’s forces from their positions along the low-lg fooll a low oa. Mmal nAtO bombgaco nafa Moa lm bl’ abl obak g. Ak g al po wgla a foc l o loal foc aoZa a o ow of Mza.34 The frequency

w wc nAtO bomb wapo oag facl aMza ca wa a majo ppl c fo gm

foc.35

t fo-mo-log alma nafa Moa J w bl wo val bal. O

June 2, Zintan-based rebels pushed Qadda’s forces ouof two low-lying towns to the north, Shakshuk and Qasral haj, makg Za l vlabl o gm’bombam.36 t wfo bag oom allowthe rebels to launch an oensive eastward towards Yafran,

wc a ma coa aack fom loalfoc. t ow wa a k wapo o mac owa agcall mpoa loal ogol of Gaa

O J 15, bl foc fom Za ook vllag wl movg a o a po ml o of yafat p oval w bl vco bo yafa aKiklah, where NATO airstrikes supported rebel oensivesa ov govm oop f awa fom c.37 t alo ook cool of a pawlg am pofteen miles south of Zintan in the town of Gha’a. Thisseizure was signicant because it led to the discovery offomao cocg z of gm’ ockplof shoulder-red surface-to-air missiles (SAMs).38

The success of the rebels’ June oensive is due largely to

ca mla ppo fom nAtO a all. tnAtO a campag nafa Moa Ma a J. Ak Ma a J ck ag w gacoc a lag mb ow of yafanal, Gaa, a Za.39 ica nAtO akb gm’ abl o ak, all pcand rocket launchers to strike rebel positions eectivelyt ag w alo mo vlabl pla’ opterrain as compared to the urban battleelds elsewhere in Lba a.

lag poplao c nafa Moaa agcall loca o moa’ a g,positioned along a major highway that extends fty mileso o tpol. t govm’ cool of Gaapv bl fom avacg cl p gwa o tpol a gav govm foc a mpoa

ba of opao.21 t lo of Gaa lf bl’amo poo a mall ow of Kkla, abow ml ow.22 t gm alo plo oopo pma bo cog w ta (kow a

Waz-dba bo cog) o Mac 2, pvg large quantities of supplies from owing to rebel ghtersfom ta.23

Loal foc g g og Mac, llg w c of nal fom ab ow of Gazaa

wl pal aalg Za a yafa w aka o amo vcl a amp o c ow

o from each other.24

Za a yafa pcshortages of foodstus and intermittent electricity, as wella gla all a ock baag.25 i m-Mac,Qadda’s troops pressed their advantage and launchedoensives on both towns. Government tanks and armored

vcl aack Za fom o a o oMac 16 a compll ccl ow; gm focmov o w wo ml of c’ ok b Mac19.26 A co loal aal – compl w amofocm – ck Za a yafa val ala, og foc col p o ow.27 Loal foc al aal a a bw

Mac 22 a Mac 27; bal’ amc w cla,b a po a bl back aal

w ak.28 nAtO coc ak o Mac 27, bbl a coalo apow lp of bal a Za a yafa.29

dp vvg mo v aal b gm, bl-l ow moa mabg og m-Apl a pc oagof foo, mc, lcc, a o ppl.30 rgm foc poo alog low oa coto shell the towns while moving along the road to cut o

Za fom yafa a ta bo cog.31 t bl ovcam olao ag b zg

Waz, a bo ow, o Apl 21, opg a ppl lfom ta.32 t wfo ppl o g nafa Moa campag, povg pplo c alog bl-cooll moa oa (monotably Zintan and Yafran). The signicance of this waso lo o gm foc. Ov co of

week, loyalist soldiers launched a broad oensive in anamp o ovwlm bl bfo col ppl





Zintan-based ghters of not distributing the Qatari andFc wapo.46

P-g bal amo l o aackg ofQawalish on July 6 and challenged the Nafusa rebelsabl o poz aoal objcv ov local

Fg fom Za b a o all bpillaged Qawalish and three other nearby villagesagg local Maaa b. t Maaa’ppo fo gm fo bal amot gm lagl fac Za a o

Aab/Bb b f w wl Maaa avhistorically enjoyed Qadda’s largesse. Regime support forthe Mashashiya subsequently became an asset in resolvingdisputes over the longstanding land ownership conictsbw Maaa a Za. Za lput these dierences aside and tried to negotiate with theMaaa po o Jl aal o ga ppo,

b Maaa f a allow gm oag mla a vllag.47 t capac fobal wafa, comb w pa of lmmla objcv, m o coag pobla nafa bl col magfll cob oovowg gm.

Fall, a ca of comma a appa o b moapaoal a fcoal lm bl’ opaoacapabl. Colol Moka Mla Faa, a gmcomma wo fc Fba, wa ntC’comma moa.48 i Mac, mla

cocl ogo nafa Moa lc Faao b go’ mla la a lao o ntC.4

t g o wc Faa g bl opao moa cla. h clam o av ablo call nAtO ak og ntC ma Bgaz, b lack a c lk o allac a ofal Jl.50 There are reports that other military ocers

who defected from the regime did not assume eectivelap a om ca o pacpa a all the ghting.51 Mla cocl majo c of acgo of nafa cooa a-o-a mlaopao, og mb of cocl a

of cool a cla. i lkl a opa mla wa o o cocl nal a Za, wcpol pa w og vllag o clag mla opao.52

Yet the rebel oensive in the Nafusa Mountains in late Julya al Ag amacall ovcam appalmao w ov owa tpol a po gm. Af mo of bal fag aowlfoc objcv a lm capabl, oppoo

France and Qatar’s shipment of weapons to oppositionghters in the Nafusa Mountains prior to the Juneoensive also contributed to the rebels’ success. Frenchgovernment ocials revealed in late June that they hadpaac wapo o go al a mo.t pm pol cl mall am, ock-

popll ga, a MiLAn a-ak wapo.40 Qatar’s weapons were in place as early as late May, whenpo Za aw moa a ammo cabearing Qatari labels.41 Qatari cargo aircraft ew these

wapo o Bgaz, wc bl apoo mla nafa Moa ogta o, a of Jl, cl fom Bgaz o rbaap b pva al.42 i al Jl, gm owo approximately one hundred Belgian FN assault riesa oa of o of ammo a clamto have taken two rebel boats captured o the coast of

Jazo, a ow abo ml w of tpol.43 Wl

ao of am cao b mdenitively, the shipment indicates that Qatar continuedo ppo bl a v a a ma fo

wapo fom W.

The Nafusa rebels followed their June oensive with theseizure of Qawalish, a small town on the eastern side of thenafa Moa, o Jl 6.44 Qawalish was importantbca of pom o Gaa’ obo gwa.

A bl vco Gaa wol o ol pav wa fo apush into the capitol, but it would also cut o Tripoli froma majo ppo ba a o of gwa

a saba. rgm foc w ogl c Gaa, a wa a obvo fv poo aga apobl aack fom v moa go a rebels had not mounted an oensive against it. Since late

J, nAtO ak a cagl ag Gaa,og ak, mla compo, a a-acaf

wapo.

t mla ga w o-lv, owv, a comba Jl l o a alma a opaoal capac of nafa bl appa lm. t abc of a bl aal o Gaa m o ca a

bl nafa Moa w wllg o ablo coc opao a o foc o pog o a mma a o c. Mo bal nafa c o val ow, a blghters who participated were local men ghting for theirom. t bl foc o aow objcv wa boout by reports that individual groups of ghters hoarded

wapo a a cap fom loal o cvfrom Qatar and France.45 som nafa bl acc





tog bl’ abl o pojc foc o of moa all lm nafa campag’signicance, the rebels based out of Bir al-Ghanamavac o a aack gm foc Zawa o

Ag 13. Af a -a bal fo c, blspearheaded an eastward oensive on August 20 for the

clmacc bal of tpol.

III. THE ASSAUlT On TRIPOlI (AUgUST 2011)

The ve-month conict reached a dramatic climax inlate August when rebel forces launched an oensive intotpol a og ow. W val a, ago ac movm tpol—aby ghters from the Nafusa Mountains and Misrata—droveo mo of gm’ c foc. Coc bloensives throughout Tripolitania successfully seized

almo v majo ow.

The Tripoli oensive had been plannedval wk bfoa. Mmb of Maa Mla Cocl polpopo a wo-pog aal o tpolg a Jl 20 mg Pa wSarkozy. The plan required rebel ghtersba o of Maa a nafaMoa o aack capal fom a a w appoac.59 tMaa bl alo ak aoa

coalo fo f mla aac olac aal.

dg followg wk, BFrench, and Qatari special operationsfoc Lba pov wapofl, foo, a mc o bl

tpolaa.60 Coalo mla avo lp pla aal g all mag of loal poo aa cag amo of u.s. llgc pov afa u.s. co al Jl o mov lmao ollgc ag. t collc fomao ca

a gm’ comma c, ppl capabla moal a oa coabl.61 t waka wol pov oppo o lac Agoensive.

nAtO alo pp p aal bombg campag ofacla bl’ avac owa tpol. t u.sparticipated in these intensied bombing sorties despite Obama amao’ pvo clam a

Amca mla wa o gag majo ol

ghters demonstrated newfound coordination and a focuso agc, a a accal, objcv. i lkl a u.s. a eopa pa gav mo aaco bl mla g m. t nafaoensives represented the turning point of OperationUnied Protector.

Af val o of nAtO ak o mog of July 28, several hundred Naluti rebels pushed into theow of Gazaa a tak fooll og nal.53 The oensive, which would later attack the townsof tj a al-Jaw, a wo objcv: o v gmall a amo bo po w colll nal a o c ma oa a afom ta bo.54 Cool of low-lg oaa ow of tak, tj, a al-Jaw wol a ppl l fom ta bo o bl-l

villages of Shakshuk and Qasr al-Haj. The

bl ov loal foc fom Gazaaa tak, b w all ablo z tj a al-Jaw a a o ow’ ok.55 Though the oensive

wa o a oal cc, bl c ppl l fom ta o nal. tobjectives of the oensive remained focusedo mma c moa,b lag z of bl foc a goal cal of aal mak asignicant shift in the Nafusa campaign.

The second oensive occurred on August6 when hundreds of rebel ghters seized mall ow of B al-Gaam, locafteen miles north of Yafran along the low-lg oa a ac o tpol.56 tbl’ co o ak B al-Gaammm fom a o a gm’ ol o tpol a og aa, aghters pledged to march north across the Jafara Plain afterzg B al-Gaam owa gm-l ow of Zawa o sma.57 t bal a B al-Gaam aloreected an apparently newfound willingness to pursue a

goal w aoal mplcao plac of o a oll aected security in the mountains. The rebels chose noto gag loal foc c Gaa—amo mma a o nafa bl—wo z

wol av accompl mla agc objcv.58 Wl pa of ao bl aack B al-Gaama of Gaa ma av b bca wol b aeasier ght, it still demonstrated a willingness to expand campag o of moa.

The ve-monthconict reached adramatic climax in late August

when rebel forces launched

an oensiveinto Tripoli and surrounding towns.





t k o aal wa pog ma b nafabl po wk. t bl z of B al-Gaamon August 6 allowed the Nafusa ghters to move northa aack Zawa. t c—j ml fom capital—hosted the last oil renery under regime controla a a a gwa ov wc ppl mov fomta o tpol. t gm a ball pp amajo pg Zawa la Fba, a c’o of oppoo ma a al pgboa fo nafa bl’ g aack o tpol.

t nafa bl, avg co o ac fomgm foc a mov o fom B al-Gaam,aack Zawa o Ag 13.66 nAtO ak oloyalist armor cleared the way for opposition ghterso z c’ w gbooo o Ag14, b loal llg a pg pv fgains. Rebels managed to push into the renery facilityo Ag 17 a cap followg a.67 Maloyalist soldiers ed the city shortly thereafter, but they

as part of Operation Unied Protector. The Departmentof df a a u.s. coc -gak bw Ag 10 a Ag 22, avagg ao ac a. t wa ogl obl pacof u.s. k coc bw Apl 1 a Ag 10.62

Additionally, six armed U.S. Predator drones ew over capal a vo fo val wk po o aal, fg cocal gm a a kg cla ag.63 do coc v k Lba g afomo po.64

The subsequent rebel assault on Tripoli built o thesebombam a fa paa oppoogop acg clo coopao. t coalo clbl ba o of nafa Moa, Maa, afom w tpol. t nafa a Maa blppo a local pg a wa cl o bg afvg pa o Ag 20. t a alo a lgosignicance, as it marked the Prophet Mohammad’slbao of ol Mlm c of Mcca.65

REBEL ADVANCE

BATTLE

Ghazaya

Takut Al-Jawsh Qasr al-Haj

AUGUST 13

AUGUST 13

SABRATHA

CAPTURED

AUGUST 17

AUGUST 20

ZAWIYAH

CAPTURED

AUGUST 20

TRIPOLI

CAPTURED

AUGUST 28

GHARYAN

CAPTURED

AUGUST 15

TIJI

CAPTURED

AUGUST 17

THE ASSAULT ON TRIPOLI





gathered in the city center, known as the Green Square.80

Ag o clbao w al po a bforces had captured three of Qadda’s sons: Saif al-Islamsaa, a Moamm.81 t iaoal CmaCourt conrmed Saif al-Islam’s capture on August 21,

clamg a w goag w ntC o c af.82 t wabo of saf al-ilam’ fahowever, were unknown; the only sign of Qadda wasa ao mag la o local ma a a ggTripoli residents to ght the rebels.83

Fc cla o Ag 22 mp cm ov bgains as loyalist forces staunchly defended Qadda’s Babal-Azza compo a po-gm gbooosurrounding it. After opposition ghters seized a femalepolc acam a a lvo boacagblg, w po o k cao’ ab

compo.84

howv, loal ak mg fom compound and red on rebel positions, thwarting theaack. rgm c foc alo appa o cool c’ wafo aa a Ab salm c.85 Ab salmcaacz a a Wafalla gbooo ppov of gm, a l popla lm loca o ofQadda’s compound.86

t bl w f coag w saf al-ilammg fom a loal covo o vg of Ag22 o ol a p cofc w fog joal a lo ro hol.87 h mo of

cap a l po o a o of loal-coollo Ab salm a ab Bab al-Azzacompo.88 rpo a saf al-ilam’ bo lcap compo fao mmg fom pblcappaac. Moamm cap fom o a, wlsaa appa o o av avo a l.89

t back of Ag 22 pov ol mpoa pfo gm foc, a bl z Bab al-Azza next day. Following a six-hour reght, rebel ghters andtpol am o cao’ compo o

Ag 23.90 Lba vaalz a loo compl

a ma lf cag wl poc wapo.91

dp cap of a majo mbol of gm, bal foTripoli was not over. Qadda and his sons were not in thecompo, b cao clam o ll b tpolg a po call la a a o Wol C FaoP Ka ilmzov.92 Aoall, combaco Ab salm a haba c.93

t bl pa cool of tpol o Ag24 and 25 as ghting continued in the city’s southwestern

lf a aga a f c c fom blavac.68 t aga—coc all blgthat overlooked the city center—nally succumbed to thebl aal o Ag 20. Fall, bl coollall of Zawa.69

The Qadda regime recognized that rebel control of Zawa p a mma a o tpol a o focm o c o Ag 20.t pov o b a ll-fa co. nAtO waplaquickly bombed the loyalist convoy and forced it toa ml a of Zawa.70 Mo mpoal, algm w loal foc awa fom tpol, wa go ac movm lac clmacc pg la a vg.

t bal fo tpol bga o g of Ag 20 af coclo of vg pa. t pa pol

gal a of aack.71 tpol , bag wapo a bl a mggl o c g pvo wk, bal fo cool of agbooo of sok al-Jmaa, Aa, a tajoa.72

Appomal 150 bl avl b boa fom Maa,lac a ampbo aal, a a aack otajoa.73 t opao ppo a bl aack oloal foc c w Mga apo.74

t Maa bl ma av lac a-boopao bca w abl o mov aco lato Tripoli quickly. On August 19, Misratan rebels fought

a bloo bal w loal foc Zla asuered 180 casualties.75 rbl a Zla clam athere were “heavy numbers of Gadda troops inside.”

Alog comba followg a foc a loal afom Zla, c of al-Km ll oo bw Maa bl a tpol.76 t Maa bl ma av c a a ovla avac wol o actpol m o ppo nafa bl’ aack o

w tpol a a op fo boa aal.

O Ag 21, nafa bl avac fom poo Zawa o op a co fo tpol’ w

gbooo. Bfo avg capol, owv, bl a o ak cool of a gm mla baloca ow of Maa.77 t ba, v ml

w of tpol, o lm of Kam Bgaa wa pa of o-call “g of l” fvpm ao capal.78 dp baalo’ va pao, fw loal ol wll fg ba a fll o nafa bl laa a.79 B vg, bl covo p og

w tpol a jo a poc cow a a





o a campag o c aa, a ak gm acomplicated by its massive weapons distribution eortsSeveral pro-Qadda towns refused to disarm, but theydid not have signicant amounts of manpower to mountag mo a a ok ac.

s a Ba Wal po ga obacl fo blQadda considerably built up Sirte, his hometown, from1969 o, g c a a lo ao o ofog ga a o favo g.103 havgbeneted from the dictator’s largesse, locals did not rise upaga gm a lw. t magloal c foc p fv poo othe town to fend o rebel attacks.104 nAtO akcagl ag ow af fall of tpol.10

rbl foc all amp o goa w ball o ac a pacfl , b w ccfl. Followg a

of c o pm cvla poplaoo lav c, o spmb 9 bl focbga avacg fom a, w, ao.106 The rebel oensive followed theback a fo aack coaack acctypical of ghting earlier in the conict

A mav aal of of vclbog bl o w fo o ok of c o spmb 15,but they retreated after erce resistance.107

t al aal o Ba Wal alo

bga o spmb 9 af goao w bal l bok ow.108 tac of loal f aBa Wal’ moao gogapallowed pro-Qadda troops to throw back

multiple rebel oensives.109 dogazao a a lack ofa comma c cppl bl foc, v ogaoal mla av o l ppo. Af afw amp, bl l o pmml c wall a ntC pac comma yo al-tom o gop bl o of c o a glopag foc.110 The rebel assault suered a setback onSeptember 28, however, after a rocket attack killed Dawsal, o of op bl comma.111

t bl l o all baag o wak loalfv poo a s bfo cog aackThe slow rebel stranglehold cut o Sirte’s water, electricitya acc o ppl, wc ga a a am ofcvla lavg c.112 dp low avac, loalcoaack, a coc ogazao, bl

neighborhoods Abu Salim and Hadba. A rebel oensive Ab salm c a famo po a gm’llgc blg, lag o la of of polcal po. Amog po w a fw fom mmb of Lba ilamc Fgg Gop (LiFG), a ilamc mla gop a lac

attacks against Qadda’s regime in the 1990s.94 t u.s.govm ga LiFG a a aoalterrorist group in 2004 for having links to al-Qaeda, butb gop appa o b lagl fc. A m of pblcao, acv o o of fom po kow.

t la of tpol’ o gbooo fll o Ag28, and much of the city returned to normal by the endof Ag.95 som goc o op, a cam back o pblc.96 ngbooo

wac gop lp pv wpa

loog. Acc o bac vc, owv,ma lm. tpol facoag of lcc, g wa, fpoc, a gaol.

Iv. THE fInAl STROngHOldS

tpol’ gowg abl o gal conict’s conclusion, as clashes continued Caca. ev af tpol fll, gm maa cool ov s, Ba

Wal, a saba go. rbl focz w go a avac owa mag gm ogol s.Opposition ghters seized control of Bregaaf loal ww followg saf al-ilam’ po a o Ag 22.97 t bl p w; b Ag 24, a ak cool of po ow of ra Laf a av B Jawa.98 tavac B Jawa, owv, w a paack al bl g ow.99 t makthe second time during the conict that regime forcesamb bl a B Jawa, a bo ca bl

clam a local a loal aack.100 t ’ complc ma ca a a atribal allegiance with the Sirte-based Qadafha tribe.

O spmb 21, bl foc z mo of saba cpfo a fw olo c.101 A a la, oppoo oopannounced that they had defeated the nal loyalist pockets saba a lba ma ow of al-Jfa oa—Hun, Waddan, and Sokna—eectively ending organizedac o.102 t bl mbak

Once the NTC declared liberation,

the transitionaltimeline was setin motion...The

entire process wasintended to take

approximately a year and a half.





crossre when rebels engaged with the loyalist convoy and o o a opal Maa. howv, pcand video show rebel troops kicking and beating Qadda

While bloody, Qadda was alive and did not appear to have

suered the close-range gunshot wounds that an autopsya w faal. Jall a aoc a vgaointo Qadda’s death, but pola a a loal mghave intentionally shot Qadda to prevent him fromvalg cmag vc.117

The nal pockets of resistance in Sirte soon collapsed,a bl oop coc ac fo loal.118 tfound and killed Qadda’s son Mutassim and army chief

Ab Bak yo. t a vo of Mam mokgkg wa, a cagg comm w capoi appa cama opao ook vo ol

bfo Mam’ a, wc ga pclaoa bl c m.119 The bodies of Qadda o, a yo w o Maa, w mao pla a ma lock fo fo a.120 O Ocob23, ntC cla lbao. t claao mak bgg of ntC’ ao pla a Jbaoc wol p ow fom po a PmM.121 two a la, o Ocob 25, ntCburied Qadda, Mutassim, and Younis at a secret location af a mo ilamc cmo.122

co o ga go a wak ac.113 B October 10, they surrounded the remaining pro-Qaddaghters in the ‘Number 2’ and ‘Dollar’ neighborhoods on w of c. Bca of almo coa

acca o cma llg fom bl all,Sirte suered considerable damage.114

On October 16, rebel forces made unconrmed claimsthat they had captured signicant portions of Bani Walid.

Journalists conrmed the reports on October 17 when they avl o c c w bl w clbag and raising ags. There were a few pockets of ghting,b ow wa obl bl cool.115 tfall of Ba Wal lf ol ogaz loal ac s. i s, bl oop co o comp wo pock of ac, b a o fall a

ghting remained erce.O Ocob 20, a nAtO ak o of s ala military convoy attempting to ee the city. Rebel forcesengaged the vehicles, one of which carried Qadda. Thebl ccfll ook m po, wo b alv,

w fo m g a aag pp. soof the following events dier, but Qadda died beforeacg Maa.116 Ocially, interim Prime MinisterMahmoud Jibril stated Qadda died after being hit in the





a ntC wol o acv ovg o woback. A moa b wa Afgaa aIraq, post conict or phase four operations are the mostccal pa of ao. i o-m, Lba’future is highly uncertain. The NTC must nd a way to cool ov a f co fac of a

covg coom, a abl c ao, afagl polcal allac. sobg callg la aa blg a abl, mocac Lba. t ntC omo callg o ol o pow, wc wll bdicult given the state of Libya’s economy and the pacea wc aoal comm fzg at Cocl m alo pv mlpl c fom alg ao poc, clg magloal, loo wapo, a og mla. Polcall w govm m a goal a lgodivisions, as well as the reintegration of ocials. Finallythe conicnt in Libya generated additional diplomatic andc fo o co go. A po m, u sa a eopa allm pal a Lba’ w govm w wa wlb a vabl log a callgg poc.

t ntC fac callg o cg lgmac. Map gop cv fg a pplo fom ntC b fom wal val, o-govm ogazao, o fog co. tntC-la bg ocm al ow coclp $975 mllo fom Mac o of spmb

Approximately 80 percent paid salaries in rebel-held areasabo 10 pc ppo local govg cocl, a cov amav co. Accog o ocm, saa al-twa, a bl mblla gop a Lba, wa ol mla o cv ntC fg(appomal $565,000).129 Fac coc wapoop moa, a sa pp am ov bo.130 Qatar alone provided money, military traininga ov 20,000 o of wapo. howv, ol afraction of Qatar’s approximately thirty weapons shipments

w og naoal taoal Cocl. iamuch of the aid Qatar provided went directly to Islamist-

mla, poall acbag lg polcalo ll-fomg aoal govm.13

Qatar also revealed that it had ground troops deployed inLibya ghting alongside rebel forces “in every region” totopple Qadda.132 t amo of cooll ppofom o oc a poall lgmzg faco o ntC. t ntC ca b c ol o pow f plac fog o val fg w govmppo.

Oc ntC cla lbao, aoalml wa moo. t ntC pom o appoan Executive Oce, to run portfolios and implement NTCpolc, a a a ba, o pop of f, w a of Ocob 23. n a aflbao, ntC pla o abl a commo

a ca lglao o ov lco of aPblc naoal Cofc (PnC). PnC lco wcl o app w 240 a of lbao. t a af lco, PnC pla o appo apm m o oma a govm. i wol aloappo a Co Ao o af a coo

w 60 a. Oc a coo wa w, PnC wol gal lco law a appo a spmnaoal elco Commo. Lglav lco

would happen within 180 days of the PNC passing of lco law. Oc w lgla m, PnC

wol ba. t poc wa o akappomal a a a a alf.123

O Ocob 21, nAtO aoc a plma coto end operations on October 31, and planned to conrmthe date at an ocial meeting on October 26.124 howv,

Jall a tao bo ak nAtO o co mo Lba. Jall a a ntC aac ocool wapo, vlop fv m, a pvloyalists from eeing the country.125 t ntC ma avmade this request so that they can maintain internationalmla ppo, kpg m lgma a gvg m g of p mla a a o cool. ia of olg cl mg oOctober 26, NATO postponed it until October 28 to allow sca-Gal A Fog ram m o col

w un a ntC.126 Lba’ dp un AmbaaoIbrahim Dabbashi requested that the UN hold o onmag maa aozg nAtO aco o gv ntC m o a co’ abl a boc.127 howv, o Ocob 27, sc Coclamol pa a olo o un maapmg vo o Ocob 31 wl lavg am mbago a aco plac.128 nAtO’ mo

Lba fomall o Ocob 31, 2011.

v. cOnclUSIOn

While the revolution successfully removed Qadda frompow a lba co, novmb 2011

wa oo al fo u sa a all o cla vo Lba a cc. t aofrom autocracy to democracy is extraordinarily dicult,





maaa aac.142

i log m, ntC m ga capabl om Lba’ col. im Pm MMamo Jbl appal o un fo aac ospmb 26, ag, “t Lba popl a cog

o capac of ntC o b abl o pov bac of cz. t abl of ntCo povoal govm o pov k ofservices because of a lack of funding, could aect the veryfoao of cocl.”143 Accog o WolBank, NTC leaders requested support in the areas ofnancial management, job creation, infrastructure repaira vc lv, clg wa, g, aapoao co. t iaoal Moa F

wll coopa o ppa Lba’ bg a a co’ bakg, a pom o a am oc ao abl.144 t ntC a alo acc b ov

the course of the conict that it will need to settle. Therebels have yet to repay $890 million for the nearly $1.6bllo wo of fl mpo ov v mo.14

Jall pom ntC wol c p foLba cvg mcal am aboa fom Lba’ll-foz a.146 However, the NTC will need to nd ac oc of com, o bo f log-m pojca l b.

Lba’ aal oc-v coom m lk would be able to fund NTC initiatives quickly. However compl lac of a a coom o ol

v wll ca mma a log-m callga col b a po of vlabl fo wgovm. Bfo bllo, Lba a o of least diversied economies in the world. Under Qadda a c mo coomc acv b v ofcollecting and dispersing oil revenues. Libya suered froma pl g mplom a ao 25 pc

wl wo- of wokfoc fo mplom abloated and inecient public sector. Libya has a dearthof aal oc b ol, a o

w cocall vlop. t agclaco mall, a co mpo wo- of foo, alog w mo o bac commo. evLba’ mall al ba l o a b apoco polc. som coom pola aLibya might be able to follow Qadda’s “Great Man-Maderv Pojc” a a poal of nba

Aquifer the country sits on. However, oil proceeds drovethe project, which suered damage during the conict.147

Bfo volo, Lba po bw 1.6 a

All co m a ntC’ v o gacontrol rst by ceasing deliveries to rogue units. InterimOil and Finance Minister Ali Tarhouni started requesting co a ogazao op aoz pmo Ocob 11. h a, “to a co … pla o ogv a f o wapo o a Lba faco wo

appoval of ntC.”133 However, Qatar seemed o ag volv a, o Ocob 26, popoa Qatar-led coalition of countries to take NATO’s placeoc allac’ opao .134

Preliminary reconstruction eorts in rebel-held areas andcl lba o a mpoa o Cocl’legitimacy and ability to project power. The conict causedv amag o ma c’ bac vc. dlvg these services quickly is critical to gaining and maintaining ppo, b ntC m wok w ma of acorrupt, disorganized, and inecient government.135

t ntC a pvol o ca o o popao cl cap aa. Fo ampl, ooafter the rebels liberated Sabha, Tarhouni ew $16 milliono c’ bak, opg o covc alwa loalo am.136 howv, aoal govmm alo appa v-a w coco,as tensions have already ared over the relief process.Maa compla a blg wa appg oo lowl a acc ntC of favog o c fopolcal ao. i m-spmb, cf of localgoverning council’s relief committee stated, “Ocials say Maa a po, … b opaoal al aMaa a o cv ag a ow all a a po.”137

t aoal comm a pov a ga alof immediate humanitarian assistance. Qatar, Malta,Gma, ila, uka, u sa, a u Kgom av all plg o lp w ag Lba wo a ag mcal pol.138 China’s Red Cross Society provided approximately $7.8mllo of oal a o Lba, wl C govm $3.2 mllo wo of a maal o tpol b m-Ocob.139 ra’ Fog M plg o Lba $7 mllo maaa a og aoalogazao.140 Lba’ mcal m, paclal amag b coc oag of ppl, wa, alcc, a cv om c aac. Acav,a pamaccal compa ba icla, pp €2mllo wo of mc o Lba opal.141 t, ala, a aa w coabl aoalppo a gagm. sll, om co a callg o aoal comm o comm aoal





a opao l co a ablz a caprovide an adequate security guarantee.158 A ol vcmaag a, “A mom w a plag w aLba wokfoc, w cpo of a fw pa woav op o com back.” t maag o acpaa signicant number of foreigners would return before

Mac 2012.159

t ol alo facg a back bca of amp gao of loal maag.160 A la100 ol wok bga a k o spmb 27 o ofthe NOC headquarters to remove several managers, whothey saw as being complicit with the Qadda regime.16

nOC a no Bo vall mov cama of s Ol compa. skg Waa OCompa wok alo l Bo o pom o m

Waa’ cama, Ba Alaab, a p o Ocob14.162 t ntC ov al, owv, g

wok back o k.163 rmovg g-p olcompa a obl-g wo, bca ofma mo capabl o fo job. sok GamLba’ fom ol a, a a pg of wokgfoc col a ’ cov.164 O nOCocial remarked, “It’s a shame because it wasn’t their fault

At that time, you couldn’t say no to Qadda.”165

ev f aoal govm bg ol op backto pre-conict levels in a timely fashion, the money itga col bg poblm of ow. rgoalma balm col complca bo of o

com. Mc of Lba’ ol a g fac loca Caca, a cal coal alog go’ ocal bo w tpolaa. t bllof balac of pow Lba owa a,a bl la ma k o pv poo gogfowa. Caca a Fzza coa mo of Lba’ oelds, and Cyrenaicans held grievances against Qaddabca pvlg coom of w a p of a. t of jc, owv, colbaall p govm o volv bo of ol v o go om o

wa. A w m col mpov tpolaa, aa

w 60 pc of Lba’ poplao. ev og NTC pledged to honor contracts from the Qadda era, ialo o coc vgao a cacl all oa m cop. u.s. Ambaao o Lba GCz a ntC “wll av o go back, vw m, wc o a opav, wc o av o bo, wc o av o b ca compll.”16

t poc col pla o ala aoal olcompa.167 Gv all of complcao o ccfll

1.8 million barrels per day. The conict’s negative impacto ol ca iaoal Moa F o pc a Lba’ coom wll k b 50pc 2011.148 eal ma of amag o ol fac ca a col ak p o

a bfo poco ac pwa lvl b op

pcao av al.149 t cf cvocer of Austrian-based oil company OMV indicateda col b a log a g mo bfo Lbaac p-volo poco lvl.150 A mocompanies inspected oil elds and restarted production,rebel ocials began insisting the industry would recoverfa a pc. Mamo Jbl a iala olcompa e spA ma a Lba col ac p-conict levels in as little as a year, while National OilCompa’ cama a lvl col ac 1.5 mllobal a a l a wlv mo.151 B la Ocob,tao aoc op a ac 500,000 balp a.152 dp cagl o op pco,ol cov ll a val l lf o cla.

Security conditions and nancial factors pose problems toboth inactive and active oil elds. Waha Oil, a company that produced nearly a fth of Libya’s daily output, has beenabl o pc om of facl bca of ablc coo.153 Facl a av op all ag fom ca loal, v og nal strongholds have fallen. Pro-Qadda forces attackedol facl a ra Laf o spmb 12, ccfll killing fteen guards. National Oil Corporation (NOC)

cama no Bo , “i’ a olac. i o’ k wll b pa.” howv, m a of volc og o p pocompo.154 Other elds suered extensive damage andlooting from the conict, which could cause production toplaa l compa mak pa.155 Lba’ fomol a, sok Gam, a al poco

wa “a ol” a a “af 1 mllo bal [a a] wll b a og job o o.” Gam ma a aoal govm wll o v a la$3 billion for repairs to increase output to pre-conict

poco.

156

In addition to cash, the NTC also requiresaoal p.157 t w govm maac fog wok back o co, pcall oservice the oil industry. Before the conict, approximately 25 pc of wokfoc, clg ma ccala p poo, wa fog pol. now,owv, ntC avl ag b pvg ol compa fom g owc am. Ma compa, ala l of foog a aoal bll fo a poco, a wllg o





salm gbooo, w cla bw blghters and pro-Qadda demonstrators on October 13i ma cla w bl o moaoa volc a wa ma av gg rgal, c pomp oppoo foc tpol o ma aoal cckpo a coc

v ac of c co.178 Af po ofvg volc a wpa loog, om loal Ba Wal vow o co o oppo ntC.17

While Qadda’s death reduces the likelihood of aninsurgency, other regime ocials and Qadda familymmb ma a lag.180

Wapo b b gm o loo fom ockpl aa co a po a poblmo w govm w o o lggloal wag a gc. t ntC a pomo c am po a p amam

b o fa a o b ccfl. rbl goppllag gm’ ockpl a bog wapoback o omow, clg Maa, Za,a yafa. ev af bl cla lbao

wapo ockpl w c a alg fomm ma commoplac.181 t goal oagof am a ammo g a a a ak of loomg pow ggl a aa pt cck pa of wapo alo complca ntCamp o am p mla.182 t ntCm alo cla Lba of mag oac, clgmultiple mineelds loyalist troops laid in dierent

regions of the country during the months of ghting.183

Co av cogz om of majo cpoblm m govm m cofoand have oered to help. The Swiss Foreign Ministerpopo a swzla lp w Lbagovm aa: amam, mga c foc fom.184 The UK oered £600,000a f ppo fo un M Aco svc’-mg wok Lba.185 t B M ofDefense also contributed £1.5 million and a team ofp o coopa o og mobl a-acaf

ock w u sa, wc pa pogam o c wapo o $40 mllo afo cvla coaco.186 Caaa alloca $10mllo o lp ntC cov a c wapofom ockpl, wl Gma pov €750,000.18

t aoal comm ackowlg paof wapo a a val poblm.

ag ol a all of a comaf, Lba’ aal oc a al gaa,poblm-f oc of coco fg.

sc ntC cao co o v fom aal oc a mgg mak wll b oo fagl

to provide a nancial crutch, Libya’s frozen assets couldmg a a ccal oc of mo. dp bl pla,co a ol aw a mall poo of ab al novmb. som f ma foz, wlaco la lv of foz bac. Wl UN lifted and modied some of the sanctions when itga Lba’ a o ntC, om cool ma plac.168 t eopa uo a o co av ow aco m a o la f.169 i spmb, Japa f o bg fzg $4.4billion of frozen Libyan assets. Instead, it decided to oer$2 mllo mgc a o lp a o j

the ghting.170 After Qadda’s death, however, the Japanesegovm pom o aw $1.5 bllo.171 Ba lla appomal $15.7 bllo foz Lba a.B Fog sca Wllam hag mak oOcob 17, “W wll c w m fzg of f a a m a a a a o m. t a acall o a o mak of m

.”172 ev f bl ak fo f mmal,Switzerland and Canada both expressed diculties inunfreezing assets. Switzerland unfroze 385 millionfac. i ll ol 300 mllo mo a wa a,

wl a wllg o block mo, poc col

ak a.173 A senior Canadian Foreign Aairs ocialcommented on the diculties associated with unfreezing a bca f a u.s. olla Caaabac of B bak.174 sc gowg l lkl that former regime ocials would be able to draw fromfoz a, co ma b wllg o la mo.howv, poc of afg f o ntC o a mpl o, a bl ala fac accaoa av mal f.175 Ga, v f af a mplmao of f apa, omgop wll obll fl lk o g faa.

t aoal govm fac coabl alc callg. sval ola c ava pc of a pobl gc. t waa successful loyalist assault on the Ras Lanuf renery onspmb 12.176 Historically pro-Qadda Tuareg tribesskirmished with opposition ghters at the southernow of Gaam o spmb 24, wc alo acoc abo bal amo.177 i tpol’ Ab





c. ev f maa pacfl lao w tMC, fomao of trC moa

wllg of bl gop o go ntC cv alvag pow fo polcal ga.194

t lack of cool ov bl mla alo a o

callg ntC ao b alg coclaoeorts. While the ntC a om cc w Jallcall o Lba o avo loog a cv volcg akg of tpol, a val pock ofthe country where ghters have shown signicantly lessa a a pao of bl.19

In July, Human Rights Watch (HRW) reported ghterso of nafa Moa pllag a oproperty in Qawalish, Awnaiya, Rayaniyah, and ZawiyatBagl. t bl oop ackowlg a wgog o o o loo.196 Later in the conictbl fom Maa wa aga

nearby town of Twaragha. Opposition ghters looteda oc blg lagl ow. ev ntC m wllg o v maa Jbl a, “obo a g o f ma cp popl of Maa.”197 t clak loal olo a bal aa a w strongest supporters of Qadda: the Qadadfa in Sirtethe Warfalla in Bani Walid, and the Maqarha in SabhaThere are bitter feelings among opposition ghtersbecause Qadda privileged these tribes with status and

wal. h copoa lag mb of bmo paamla foc, wc pla lag ol the more devastating battles. After seizing Qasr Abuha o wa o s, bl oop aack owloog a bg om.198 t am fa awamany of the districts of Sirte after opposition ghtersov o loal combaa.199 A of novmb, gbooo w o, bac vc macut o, debris clogged the city, and broken pipes ooded .200

t a ocm ca of oppoo focabusing human rights. HRW accused opposition ghtersof mag cvla c o of nafaMoa. t pol ag mmb of Mashashiya tribe, longtime supporters of the Qaddagm. ia of ag , bl aa amp o pla ow c.201 Amiaoal alo ocm ma g ab aanti-Qadda forces committed.202 ip mlaa cocg a wo a ovg. Copl

with the lack of a working judicial system, the inux ofw po a foc bl o ol mo a

A ntC bg o fom a w m govm,o of ak o bg p mla a formal military force to ll the security vacuum in theco. t gm’ mla m a abltemplate for the next government. Both Qadda and pco Kg i b gm

w paamla foc ga w pcal loalow bal l wl kpg gla mla fagm a wak. t log-m ab, comb

w mpac of bllo a mo of nAtOak, lf Lba mla a a of collap.t cocl a amp o bg bl gop a single, civilian-led umbrella, but their eorts have notb woll ccfl.

t ntC’ abl o bg paa gop aliberated Tripoli under a unied command structurema m cocl’ ao b ag

moopol of foc. t bl mla co o lf-f w goal oo—pcall Maa aow w nafa Moa—a av bg ocompete for inuence within the capital.188 t ntCop o ga a ma of cool b appog Ablhakm Blaj a a of tpol Mla Cocl(tMC), b o all of bl gop follow Blaj.189 The Council requested that unaliated bands of rebelsleave Tripoli because of concerns that the ghters woulddestabilize the city. Sadiq Zarouq, a representativeof a gop tpol, a, “W accp ol [ mla] pla cg vco capal,… b poco of tpol m b lf o voloa fom c, af av bg a loal o Fba 17 volo

veried.”190 The militias in question, however, asserted wol ma tpol o a acobo cag w govm.191 A fw a la o Ocob 2, bl tpol aoc fomao of a w mla gop o pov c, tpol rvolo’ Cocl (trC), wo ao ovlapp w tMC. i comma, Ablla

Am nak, a a rvolo’ Cocl

had 22,000 armed ghters from seventy-three dierentfactions. Naker questioned Belhaj’s authority and ability o pov c b wol coopa w tMC a ntC.192 A a af nak aoc fomao of w c gop, Blaj callfo mla o pll m a wapo o of tpol.Blaj’ aa lvl accao a “wovo’ cogz lgmac of (mla)cocl o’ cogz lgmac of aoalcocl.”193 Af Blaj’ o, owv, mla a





Libyan Muslim Brotherhood, could play signicantol. Fo mo pa, Lba av bal a ofom a polcal ogazao o of c a locacocl a ca cal .

Lba a p polcal clavag ow goal a

tribal lines. Ocials from eastern Libya dominate thentC, mg lgmac w goof co. ev og cocl clam apav fom loal aa, am ma la. t a ala vo w bl ak vlopg alog a-w l.211 Lbarulers and political elites have always had a diculttime appealing across these cleavages. Dierent areasMaa a nafa Moa pcall, aseeking more political inuence because of their roles volo. Za l fo wo maappom Lba’ m cab af allmag poo.212 rgoal p ca w pma ao ntC a o la fomao of a w cv boa o mlploccao.213 tbal o ala bol ov afpop p w Lba. i Zwaaagm ov la a caml owp l o -fo-a kappg bw Aab a Bb b bfocalag o vol cla a lf popl aia of ag , ntC clam km ag loal.214

rmo abo abo a pobl ilamc-cla v Af fall of tpol, ntC amp o aagilam coc b appog Abl hakm Blaja a of tMC. t appom l om

w co, a Blaj wa fom cf of Lba ilamc Fgg Gop (LiFG), a ogroup that trained at al-Qaeda training camps in

Afgaa 1990. t CiA a Blaj Bagkok 2004 a m back o Lba, w gm mpo m. Af appom, Blajclam a LiFG wa v aoca w al-Qaeda and that he bore no grudge against the West for

a a ao. Blaj pol l a bmla aack o tpol, b ol g rest of the conict is unknown. Rumors of a religioupl bw cla a ilam fac af pla o coola mla cvla coolpol ca agm bw m a Jblev og Blaj o appa a w cofcaocg pla o fol tMC cvlacool, Jbl a mo w .215 Alsalab, a pom ilamc cola wo a clo

7,000 a makf po w Am iaoal fo wpa ab a occaoalo.203 Of, bl gop ag black Afca,ml commo amog Lba’ mga wokpoplao, a acc m of vg a mcafor the Qadda regime.204 Maa bl a cg wa aga twaaga b o allowg them to return to the town. When ghters encountertwaaga o aa of Lba, ggathem or bring them back to Misrata for questioning.205 Most recently, HRW uncovered the remains of fty- bo, blv o b loal, a bl-lol s. t po cla a om of bo bo mak of co. hrW a callfo a vgao o pc maac.206 t mam col povok ac o w govm b o wo fl wog. t vv

coc of a gc o omg mo .rpo of vg volc a wpa coav pomp om loal Ba Wal o plgo co o ntC.207 Accog o a blgoao, om tag la av a o k out an alliance with Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghrebf blv w govm o ag mfal.208

Wl ntC pom vgao o clamof ab, bl la av o al pog oany results from inquiries. The council is making eorts

o a b o jc m wl wokg to reform it. An anonymous ocial revealed plans foran amnesty program for pro-Qadda ghters who dido comm wa cm a wo ag o coopa w w govm la Ocob.209 t ntC alosigned a memorandum of understanding with Qatar tofacla coopao bw wo co’ pblcprosecution oces.210 t ntC, owv, m llnd a successful way to disarm the militias, keep themfom alag fa poplao, a bg m cvla cool.

Amg w govm abl o a coomc a c callg, wll ll av ogappl w polcal o b ccfl. rlgoand regional groups must overcome Qadda’s legacy of aoaa l o cob a mocac. Bcaof log caop, a fw polcal pao facla co’ ao o a mocacgovm. sval log-abl l aoalpa, c a naoal Fo fo salvao of Lba, a go ilam pa, c a





w Blaj, oc Jbl a ntC a “mcla” wo wol bg Lba o “a w a of a a caop.”216 Later, Salabi claried hisam, ag call fo “moa” ilam accz Jbl bca of “pofoal capabla pfomac,” o lgo vw.217 sll,

ilam a m o b volv fomaoof the new government and have oered veiled threatsf o o av a a. Blaj a of ilam o “ amp b om Lba polcao cl om of pacpa of volo …t polcal mopa m abl o g k of c clo.”218 so fa, ntC m oav m pcao. dg pc clag lbao of Lba, Jall cla a ilam wol fom co of w govm a b foaofo w coo.219 howv, o ochange the dicult balancing act the new governmentm pfom o pla all of volv pa.

Bca ntC a pom o cl ilam w govm, w la av ak ca oaag fa of W back. t u sa aeopa govm av ma am cocg mpoac of ma g, wom’ g, mo g, poc, a apac. Blaj pblcl a a, wl ol u sa a uKgom pobl fo o a o,

wol lgal m o g compao. Af Jall ma am g ilam a ba fo a w govm, Lba’ ambaao o u sa, Alslma Ajal, co a “aa law, ilamc law,it is not against democracy, it is not against equality, is notaga lao w o co ba o a pc a coopao.”220

t w govm wll alo av o balac appog o wo v gm w gag pblcppo fo w poo. spco of fomregime ocials within the rebel ranks are high and couldpal o voloa c a acalm. taaao of op bl mla comma Gal

Abl Faa yo Jl b a bl mla pcof acting on behalf of several NTC ocials has already moa coc.221 t o colo ol acba vo amog bl b alob a cac of coclao w fom gmppo. t av b moao o pothe reappointment of regime ocials, but those who heldpositions for Qadda’s government often remain the mostcapable choices. Some NTC ocials have tried to assuage

public concern by saying they are only retaining ocials tokp al vc fcog l a w govm fom.222 t ol la poblm of fomg acapabl, pblcl accp, govm.

Finally, the ripple eects of Libya’s revolution pose security

k a a abl of og coEscaping regime members or loyalist ghters createplomac a c poblm fo o coNiger and Algeria both hold members of Qadda’s family

who ed the country earlier in the conict. Niger haQadda’s son Saadi under house arrest, while Algeriahas Qadda’s wife, daughter Aisha, and sons Hannibaand Mohammed. The NTC requested the extraditionof faml mmb, b of co acapla. t pc k pg ng a

Alga’ plomac lao w w govmThe return of Tuaregs, who served as pro-Qadda

ghters in Libya, to their home countries is another riskGovernment ocials in Mali stated that approximately 400Tuareg ghters crossed the border from Libya on October20.223 The returning ghters have reportedly supported naoal Movm fo Lbao of Azawa(nMLA), a mg of wo Mala bl gop. t -Libyan ghters gave support to the NMLA, which stooda o w govm of Mal bca ogpc fo o Mal.224

t gm’ va wapo ockpl a pcall capablof disrupting security. The large quantities of plastic

explosives and anti-aircraft missiles that Qadda amasseda g-val ag fo o gop o al. Placexplosives oer a higher degree of lethality, reliability, andabl a omma bomb pcall b al-Qaeda aliates. Qadda provided three tons of Semtexto the Irish Republican Army in the 1980s that the group bombg campag no ila aegla.225 i J, c foc ng cpa avl am covo comg fom Lba cag ao of plac plov a of oao.22

Qadda also amassed nearly 20,000 shoulder-reda-a ml ov ca a cao, ma of

which have gone missing. While rebel eorts recoveredom, a kow mb av lf ockpl a of bl gop o am mggl.227 Mlplco av c wapo o Lba. ispmb, egpa c foc z g a-acaf ml a fo ol lac saPla.228 Two anonymous U.S. ocials asserted there

wa vc a sov a-acaf ml a ac black mak Mal.229 La Ocob, egpa





ocials asserted that Libyan rockets and antiaircraft guns w avalabl o sa’ black mak. i a of Pala, wapo col a ial a a of Bo, col complca egp’ mov omocac.230 t eopa uo’ co-omcoordinator, Gilles de Kerchove, asserted that Al-Qaeda in

the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) has “gained access to weapons, mall am o mac-g, o ca fac-o-a ml wc a ml ago bca pose a risk to ights over the territory.”231 Wapo ma have also reached the hands of the Justice and Equality Movm sa. sa’ ambaao o un,Daa-Alla Elhaq Ali Osman, stated that the rebel groupacquired over 100 truckloads of weapons.232 howv, sa am a mo “a fo alack bac.”233 Regardless, an inux of small arms ando wapo o bl gop ng, Ca, sa, alw og Lba’ poo bo col avl

aect regional stability.

t aoal comm cogz a a gava. A al al, ma co av bcobg o combag pa of wapo wLba. t u.s., ao o a packag acvla coaco, ak Afca Comma’ aa o paol Lba’ bo.234 y, wl mlplcountries have funded eorts to locate and secure the

wapo Lba, ll a go o co a ma be aected by the proliferation. Neighboring countriesav a o ca poco of ow bo,

omg o all of m a capabl of og. ngrequested international assistance to secure its border

w Lba.235

The former rebels are nally moving towards establishing a democratic state after a nine-month conict thatvaa co of co a ca poplao. Oppoo foc, w lp of nAtOand Arab forces, weathered loyalist oensives to removeQadda from power and wrest the country from thegm’ cool. t w la av a makabla of opmm movg fowa p ml

of callg complcag poc. i wll b alog poc, v f ao ccfl. Lbaremains in a delicate situation that will require continuedaoal gagm o olv goal p,c co, fom a fcog govm,abl a c appaa, a m pa of

wapo.



nOtes


1 i ol b o a b a m of Aab-Bb c,

but the population still is identied as a separate group. Smaller

Bb comm Caca a Fzza.

2 Al Abllaf Ama, The Making of Modern Libya: State Formation,

Colonization, and Resistance (Alba: suny P, 2009), 130.3 Al Abllaf Ama, The Making of Modern Libya: State Formation,

Colonization, and Resistance (Alba: suny P, 2009), 130-136.

4 Borzou Daragahi, “Joint ght with Arabs against Kada spurs Berber

hopes of equality in Libya,” Los Angeles Times, Jl 16, 2011.

5 Al Abllaf Ama, The Making of Modern Libya: State Formation,

Colonization, and Resistance (Alba: suny P, 2009), 112. “Facbo:

Tribal ties key to Gadda rule,” Reuters, February 22, 2011. “A

civila war beckons: As Muammar Qadda ghts back, ssues in the

oppoo a o mg,” The Economist, Mac 3, 2011.

6 Borzou Daragahi, “Pro-Kada show in contested town of Zawiya,”

Los Angeles Times, Mac 10, 2011.7 “t Lba Popl,” tm, 2011, p://www.m.com/

Lba-Popl.m.

8haaba bl; Avalabl a: p://www.ob.com/

wac?v=0O_71vmy.

9 Libya’s Berber Minority Still Out in the Cold , Embassy Tripoli, July 3, 2008.

10 sco saa, “Bb rbl Lba’ W Fac Log O Aga

Qadda,” The New York Times, Apl 24, 2011.

11 “A-govm po, cla, pa o Lba,” Aoca

P, Fba 16, 2011.

12 Vo ro, Ma. “tbal val complca Lba wa.” spgl

Ol, Jl 26, 2011.

13 “How Libya’s far west was won by mountain rebels: Kada’s forces

cam lookg fo lp; a go a ocg la mo,” Los

Angeles Times, Apl 23, 2011.

14 “How Libya’s far west was won by mountain rebels: Kada’s forces

cam lookg fo lp; a go a ocg la mo,”

Los Angeles Times, Apl 23, 2011. “dappaac Bg

nafa Moa a toa sk saf ta,” Am

International, May, 2011, page 12. “Seven die in Libya ‘Day of Anger’,”

Agc Fac P, Fba 17, 2011.

15 O Fba 22, af goao bw bal la a

rvoloa Comm, ow go a poo

la, bag mak of o a ll-am. “dappaac

Bg nafa Moa a toa sk saf ta,”

Am iaoal, Ma, 2011, pag 12-13. sco Po,”

Rebels defy Qadda’s fear oensive in Libya’s western mountains,” The

Christian Science Monitor , Apl 30, 2011. “how Lba’ fa w wa wo b

mountain rebels: Kada’s forces came looking for help; instead they

go a ocg la mo,” Los Angeles Times, Apl 23, 2011. “doz

a kll cackow o Lba Po,” Aoca P, Fba

19, 2011.

16 Hadeel Al-Shalchi, “Deep in Libya desert, town shakes o Gadha

l,” Aoca P, Mac 1, 2011.

17

O Fba 24, fom sca of Popl’ Comm ofFac Al-Jabal al-Gab pok fom Za, aocg a

bl a lba aa fom nal o Gaa. “Lba’ W

Border Area under people’s control, ex-ocial,” BBC, February 24

2011. “Several west Libya towns in opposition hands: ocial,” Agence

Fac P, Fba 27, 2011.

18 Vo ro, Ma, “tbal val complca Lba wa,” spg

Ol, Jl 26, 2011.

19 Qadda troops mounted a major attack against rebel forces on

February 28. The rebels repelled them, and in doing so captured

equipment from retreating government troops, including an

aacaf g. “Lba: rock Aack o W Moa tow,”hma rg Wac, Ma 27, 2011.

20 A baalo of loal oop a ak ow a fa

poo, wo og a com o fc. Accog o

w, bl ow w am a al fa

Bob Drogin and Jerey Fleishman, “Kada ghts to keep power; He

la bal cackow am gao, fco,” Los Angele

Times, Fba 22, 2011.

21 Borzou Daragahi, “Western Libyans brace for ghting; Airstrike

appa o av op p al go fo bl avac,” Lo

Angeles Times, Mac 30, 2011.

22 Magg Mcal, “Lba bl clba w bal a tpol,”

Aoca P, Mac 1, 2011.

23 dam Mcelo, “rbl bl baca fo am’ olag

CiViL WAr,” The Daily Telegraph, Mac 2, 2011.

24 “Fgg ag w Lba ow: w, bl,” Agc

France Presse, March 18, 2011. “Al-Qadha’s son, Arab League head

view UN resolution on Libya,” BBC, March 19, 2011. “Kadha force

‘pound rebel area southwest of capital’,” Agence France Presse, April 4

2011. Karen Laub, “Libya rebels launch oensive in west,” Associated

Press, July 28, 2011.

25 “Lba: Bb rbllo: W tb sz cac o g

ac wog: Ga Abl-Aa m coalo of po

oco, a wb-avv o a a of a bal pg,” Th

Guardian, Mac 1, 2011. “Fgg ow ow of tpol, 9 kll

witnesses,” Agence France Presse, March 22, 2011. “Libya ghting

rages as Kadha ‘looks for way out’,” Agence France Presse, March 22

2011. “Lba rbl hol so tow Za: W,” Agc

France Presse, March 8, 2011.

26 “Kadha forces attack Libyan Town of Zintan: Witness,” Agence

France Presse, March 16, 2011. “Zintan Under Fire as Pro-Qadda

nOtes



nOtes


28, 2011.

34 Operational Media Update for all of April, Operation Unied

Poco, nAtO, Apl, 2011.

35 Operational Media Update for all of April, Operation Unied

Poco, nAtO, Apl, 2011.36 “Gadda to send representative to OPEC,” Al Jazeera, June 2

2011.

37 “NATO steps up air strikes on Tripoli as opposition ghters seize

Lba ow,” Al Aaba, J 6, 2011.

38 t gm’ ockpl of sAM c a lg po’

appendix. C.J. Chivers, “Reading the refuse: counting Col. Qadda’

a-kg ml, a ackg m back o oc,” A

Wa Blog, The New York Times, Jl 26, 2011.

39 Operational Media Update for May and June, Operation Unied

Poco, nAtO, Ma & J, 2011.

40 “Fac gv Lba bl am b Ba balk,” Agc FacP, J 29, 2011. Lo Caboa a hama haa

“Fac f am alf o Lba bl,” r, J 30, 2011

Mcal Bbam, “Fac am o Lba bl,” The Washington

Post, J 29, 2011.

41 Matt Robinson, “Qatari weapons reaching rebels in Libyan

moa,” r, Ma 31, 2011.

42 r po o Jl 12 a ntC Ol a Fac M Al

tao aoc opg of a ppl o fom Bgaz

o nafa Moa a wol bg maaa a mla

a. h av a pla a a wo “A Lba” pa

o ; al’ wb cb a a pva ogazaoa wa fo 1996. A of Jl 12, ppl o a b

m. “Lba bl m op W Moa

air link,” Reuters, July 12, 2011. “Qatari weapons reaching rebels in

Lba moa,” r, Ma 31, 2011.

43 Bozo daaga, “rbl Lba’ w ga go,” Los Angele

Times, July 1. “Libyan ocial: talks with rebels stretch back two months

sees signs of progress,” Associated Press, July 4, 2011. “Gadda force

‘intercept arms from Qatar’,” Al Jazeera, July 5, 2011.

44 C.J. Cv, “Lba bl ga c owa lk o tpol,”

The New York Times, Jl 6, 2011. Ma Vo ro, “tbal val

complca Lba wa,” spgl Ol, Jl 26, 2011.45 C.J. Cv, “Poblm w logc, cooao a val

amp Lba’ bl,” The New York Times, J 20, 2011.

46 Za ol nafa c w aoal joal av

conrmed the presence of weapons provided by France and Qatar

“Qatari weapons reaching rebels in Libyan mountains,” Reuters, May

31, 2011. C.J. Cv, “Poblm w logc, cooao a

val amp Lba’ bl,” The New York Times, J 20, 2011.

47 Vo ro, Ma, “tbal val complca Lba wa,”

spgl Ol, Jl 26, 2011.

Foc e tow,” Agc Fac P, Mac 19, 2011.

27 “Gadda tanks shell Misrata as strikes likely to slow,” Al Arabiya,

Mac 21, 2011. “Maa, Za coo a, all

attacks,” BBC, March 22, 2011. “Airstrikes Force Qadda retreat from

k c,” Aoca P, Mac 23, 2011. “Lba: cma

attacks in western mountain towns civilians killed, homes, mosques

a a cool amag,” sa nw svc, Ma 9, 2011. “Fgg

ow ow of tpol, 9 kll: w,” Agc Fac P,

Mac 22, 2011.

28 i cla w ak cam fom; w mo lkl

oc b loal a fc g bal, og alo

possible they were captured. “Airstrikes force Gadha retreat from key

city,” Associated Press, March 23, 2011. “Rebels push Kadha forces

o of Za: w,” Agc Fac P, Mac 22, 2011.

29 “Fc ak po amo, mo mp,” Agc Fac

P, Mac 27, 2011. “Lba bl p owa tpol ga

momm,” Agc Fac P, Mac 27, 2011.30 “Acting Deputy Spokesperson for the Secretary General Farhan Haq

holds oce of the spokesman for the UN Secretary General regular

news brieng,” CQ Transcriptions, April 14, 2011.

31 “Cla ao Za, nAtO o fo ak,” Agc Fac

Presse, April 12, 2011. “Fighting Rages in Misrata as Kadha told to

go,” Agc Fac P, Apl 15, 2011. smo d, “Lba

bl z mo cog alog ta bo,” The Washington Post,

Apl 22, 2011.

32 dav Kkpack, “W Lba ea a ta of Fom a

Rebels Loosen Qadda’s Grip,” The New York Times, J 25, 2011.

dav Kkpack a tom sak, “Lba rbl Avac; u.s. Wll dplo do,” The New York Times, Apl 21, 2011. “Lba bl

ak bo po, awa us o,” Agc Fac P, Apl 22,

2011. “Lba bl ak cool of po o ta bo,” Agc

Fac P, Apl 21, 2011.

33 Loal amp o ak Waz mlpl m, z

low-lg gbooo of yafa’ c lm, o

wmo bl-cooll ow of Kkla, a lac val

ccfl aack o nal a Za. ro nola a dav

d. Kkpack, “Lba Foc Waw Fom a Bg C, a

rbl Wo W,” The New York Times, Apl 24, 2011. C.J.

Cv, “rbl rpl Aal b Loal Lba,” The New YorkTimes, April 29, 2011. “Misrata ghting rages on despite Tripoli vow,”

Agence France Presse, April 24, 2011. “Kadha forces blast Zintan

w ock: w,” Agc Fac P, Apl 27, 2011. “rbl,

Gadha troops battle for key border post,” McClatchy Washington

Bureau, April 28, 2011. “Four dead in bombing of Libya’s Zintan:

,” Agc Fac P, Apl 25, 2011. “Lba bl p

back Kadha forces in Zintan,” Agence France Presse, April 27, 2011.

“Lba bl cap bo po,” Agc Fac P, Apl

28, 2011. “Fighting on Libyan border crossing,” Al Jazeera, April

nOtes



nOtes


48 t LA tm gv Faa’ ak a Colol, wl Wall

s Joal f o m a a Gal. Bozo daaga, “rbl

Lba’ w ga go,” Los Angeles Times, Jl 1, 2011. Bozo

Daragahi, “Joint ght with Arabs against Kada spurs Berber hopes of

equality in Libya,” Los Angeles Times, Jl 16, 2011. Cal Lvo a

Mf halawa, “Lba rbl Bal fo K Ol tow,” The Wall Street

Journal, Jl 19, 2011.

49 Bozo daaga, “rbl Lba’ w ga go,” Los Angeles

Times, July 1, 2011. Borzou Daragahi, “Joint ght with Arabs against

Kada spurs Berber hopes of equality in Libya,” Los Angeles Times, Jl

16, 2011. Cal Lvo a Mf halawa, “Lba rbl Bal

fo K Ol tow,” The Wall Street Journal, Jl 19, 2011.

50 Bozo daaga, “rbl Lba’ w ga go,” Los Angeles

Times, Jl 1, 2011.

51 C.J. Cv, “Poblems with logistics, coordination and rivalries hamper Libya’s

rebels,” The New York Times, J 20, 2011.

52 dk h Floo, “spcal comma fom w

Lba – O pcpc: Lba’ Amazg vol,” Jamow

Foao, Jl 25, 2011.

53 Karen Laub, “Libya rebels launch oensive in west,” Associated

Press, July 28, 2011. “ Libya opposition arrests senior leader,” Al

Jazeera, July 28, 2011. Derek Henry Flood, “Special commentary from

inside western Libya – the Nalut oensive: a view from the battleeld,”

Jamow Foao, Ag 3, 2011.


Libya – the Nalut oensive: a view from the battleeld,” Jamestown

Foao, Ag 3, 2011.


Libya – the Nalut oensive: a view from the battleeld,” Jamestown

Foundation, August 3, 2011. “Gadda forces ‘launch Zlitan oensive’,”

Al Jaza, Ag 2, 2011.

56 Andrew Beatty, “Kadha forces report gains, launch oensive,”

Agc Fac P, Ag 7, 2011.

57 “Libya conict: Rebels ‘still holding’ captured town,” BBC, August

8, 2011. “Libyan rebels battle for western town on road to coast.” Al

Jaza, yob, Ag 7, 2011. Avalabl a: p://www.ob.

com/watch?v=n8nBWoeJAxc

58 t agc ga of zg B al-Gaam a Gaa a o

acl am. t gm’ ogog cool of Gaa facla

movm of ppl fom saba o o tpol; bl’

z of wol av lma a ppl o. howv, bo

p k acc po f o, a Gaa p a

ga a o nafa bl’ c.

59 “Lba bl ak Fac fo wapo o mac o tpol,” Voc of

America News, July 21, 2011. “France oats plan for Gadha to stay in

Libya if he quits power,” Associated Press, July 20, 2011.

60 Kam Fam a Mak Mazz, “rbl’ aal o tpol bga

w cafl wok ,” The New York Times, Ag 20, 2011.

61 Karen DeYoung and Greg Miller, “Allies guided rebel ‘pincer

aal o tpol,” The Washington Post, Ag 22, 2011. Kam Fam

a Mak Mazz, “rbl’ aal o tpol bga w cafl wok

,” The New York Times, Ag 20, 2011.

62 “Facbo: Pago a u.s. pp p pac of Lba a k,”

r, Ag 22, 2011.

63 Karen DeYoung and Greg Miller, “Allies guided rebel ‘pincer

aal o tpol,” The Washington Post, Ag 22, 2011. Kam Fam

a Mak Mazz, “rbl’ aal o tpol bga w cafl wok

.” The New York Times, Ag 20, 2011.

64 “Facbo: Pago a u.s. pp p pac of Lba a k,”

r, Ag 22, 2011.

65 Kam Fam a Mak Mazz, “rbl’ aal o tpol bga

w cafl wok ,” The New York Times, Ag 20, 2011.

66 Kareem Fahim, “Libyan Rebels gain control of oil renery as Qaddaforces ee,” The New York Times, August 18, 2011. Kareem Fahim, “Libya

bl Zawa a ppl l o tpol,” The New York Times

Ag 14, 2011.

67 “Lba bl g gp w of tpolaa,” r, Ag

18, 2011. Charles Levinson, “Rebels gain near Tripoli, as refugee

po o,” The Wall Street Journal, August 18, 2011. “In Zawiya, civilians

hunker down as rebels eyeing Tripoli try to ush out Libyan troops,”

Associated Press, August 18, 2011.

68 There are unconrmed reports that loyalists ed Zawiyah in boats

which were subsequently destroyed by NATO warplanes. Kareem

Fahim, “Libyan Rebels gain control of oil renery as Qadda forceee,” The New York Times, August 18, 2011.

69 “Lba bl bal fo coaal c,” r, Ag 19, 2011.

Kareem Fahim and Rick Gladstone, “New ghting outside Tripoli a

fog k a ,” The New York Times, Ag 19, 2011. “rbl

civilians expect more ghting in Zawiyah,” Reuters, August 20, 2011

“Libya conict: rebels take two coastal cities,” BBC, August 20, 2011.

70 Ulf Laessing, “Rebels, civilians expect more ghting in Zawiyah,”

r, Ag 20, 2011.

71 ulf Lag, “rbl tpol, cow clba ,”

Reuters, August 21, 2011. Missy Ryan, “Blasts and gunre rock

tpol,” r, Ag 20, 2011.72 toma ebk a Lla Fal, “Bal po tpol

af Lba bl z Zawa,” The Washington Post, Ag 20, 2011

Kareem Fahim and David D. Kirkpatrick, “Heavy ghting reported

tpol: bl ccl c,” The New York Times, Ag 20, 2011

“Libyan rebels ght for Tripoli airbase: activist,” Reuters, August 20

2011.

73 “Libya conict: rebels take base on push to Tripoli,” BBC, Augus

21, 2011.

nOtes



nOtes


147 P s. G, “u Lba: rc Mo Pco ta Ol,”

Bloombg, Ocob 27, 2011.

148 Vva salama, “Lba ecoom o Coac Mo a 50% t

ya, iMF sa,” Bloombg, Ocob 26, 2011.

149

rbcca Mao, “Lba’ k callg fo coomc abl,”BBC nw, Ag 26, 2011.

150 Zoe Schneeweiss, “Libya Oil May Reach Pre-Crisis Output in 18

Mo, OMV sa,” Bloombg, spmb 22, 2011.

151 “Lba gov a ol op mpov fa a pc,” r

Ocob 3, 2011. rob tl, “Lba’ Ol Op rg; sco

Largest Renery Restarts,” Bloomberg, October 4, 2011. Stephen

Jwk, “uPdAte 2-e o Lba p-wa op 1 ,”

r, Ocob 6, 2011. Alaa Mglacco, “e s Lba

Op rcovg ya, Ag o Wol Ga,” Bloombg

Ocob 7, 2011.

152

“Lba c op 500,000 bp –m ol m,” rOcob 25, 2011.

153 Jessica Donati, “Libya’s Waha Oil faces tough task to x war damage,

r, Ocob 2, 2011.

154 “Gadda forces attack Libyan oil facility,” Al Jazeera, September 12

2011. Emma Farge, “Libyan oil renery attack “isolated incident”

nOC,” r, spmb 15, 2011.

155 Jessica Donati, “Libya’s Waha Oil faces tough task to x war damage,”

r, Ocob 2, 2011. Bo Faco, “Lba’ Za Ol Co

ra Poco – nOC ha,” dow Jo nww, Ocob

18, 2011.

156

Benoit Faucon, “Sta Upheavals Could Hinder Libya Oil Recovery – e-Ol ha,” The Wall Street Journal, Ocob 11, 2011.

157 Steven Lee Myers, “In Tripoli, Clinton Pledges U.S. Help to a ‘Free

Lba’,” The New York Times, October 18, 2011. Monia Ghanmi, “Libya

call o ta fo coco a,” Magaba, Ocob 17

2011.

158 Ding Qingfen, “Companies wait to return to Libya,” China Daily,

October 27, 2011. Jessica Donati, “Libyan oil ows may stall on fea

a waglg,” r, Ocob 27, 2011.

159 Jessica Donati, “Libyan oil ows may stall on fear and wrangling,”

r, Ocob 27, 2011.

160 Benoit Faucon, “Sta Upheavals Could Hinder Libya Oil Recovery – e-Ol ha,” The Wall Street Journal, Ocob 11, 2011.

161 “Lba nOC wok call fo bak w pa,” r, spmb

28, 2011.

162 “Vco fo kg ol wok Lba,” r, Ocob 14

2011.

163 “Fl wok a Waa Ol back o k Lba,” r

October 18, 2011.

130 Jam Copall, “sa am Lba bl, a P Ba,”

BBC, Ocob 26, 2011.

131 sam dag, Cal Lvo, a Maga Cok, “t

Kgom’ hg rol Lba daw Coc,” The Wall Street Journal,

Ocob 17, 2011. Cal Lvo, “Lba rbl’ Book dalt Fg’ Pa,” The Wall Street Journal, Ocob 11, 2011.

132 “ntC ak nAtO o Lba pc,” Al Jaza, Ocob

26, 2011. “Lba’ Mafa Abl Jall ak nao o a log,” BBC,

Ocob 26, 2011.

133 Charles Levinson, “Minister in Tripoli Blasts Qatari Aid to Militia

Gop,” The Wall Street Journal, Ocob 12, 2011.

134 “New alliance to back Libya, replacing NATO: Qatar,” Reuters,

Ocob 26, 2011.

135“Wol Bak a o lp w Lba blg,” r, spmb

13, 2011.

136 “Lba’ aoal la ca o o p c,” Associated Press, September 28, 2011.

137 Ala dzaoz, “Lba’ “afa c” k omal a

aac,” r, spmb 14, 2011.

138 “Wounded Libyan ghters arriving for treatment in Germany,”

Agc Fac P, Ocob 17, 2011. Ma Fzgal, “Lba

wo o com o ila,” The Irish Times, October 18, 2011. “Malta

ggl o a Lba wa vcm,” Al Jaza, Ocob 17, 2011.

Steven Lee Myers, “In Tripoli, Clinton Pledges U.S. Help to a ‘Free

Lba,’” The New York Times, October 18, 2011. “US ying wounded

Libyan ghters to US, Germany for medical treatment,” Associated

Press, October 28, 2011. Oksana Grytsenko, “Helping Libya’s WarCaal,” Kyiv Post, October 28, 2011.

139 “C maaa a av Lba capal,” xa,

Ocob 12, 2011.

140 “ra o ga Lba $7 ml maaa a,” riA novo,

Ocob 27, 2011.

141 Claa Callja, “Acav g €2 mllo wo of mc o

Lba,” Times of Malta, Ocob 14, 2011.

142 “Ca g ’l comm o ppo Lba’ coco,”

xa, Ocob 27, 2011.

143 Margaret Besheer, “Libyan NTC Chief Warns Gadha Must Be

Cag,” Voc of Amca, spmb 26, 2011.144“Wol Bak a o lp w Lba blg,” r, spmb

13, 2011.

145 Jca doa, “Lba ow $1 bllo fo fl fo volo,”

r, Ocob 14, 2011.

146 Cop Gll a Km Gaml, “Lba fac av p

re in Gadha’s hometown as NATO pledges to keep up airstrikes,”

Associated Press, October 8, 2011.

nOtes



nOtes


164 Benoit Faucon, “Sta Upheavals Could Hinder Libya Oil Recovery

– e-Ol ha,” The Wall Street Journal, Ocob 11, 2011.

165 “Vco fo kg ol wok Lba,” r, Ocob 14,

2011.

166 ncol Gao, “Lba’ nw La Pla o rvw $150 Bllo

in International Contracts,” Bloomberg, September 8, 2011.167 ncol Gao, “Lba’ nw La Pla o rvw $150 Bllo

in International Contracts,” Bloomberg, September 8, 2011.

168 Neil MacFarquhar, “U.N. Takes Steps to Assist Libya’s Transitional

La,” The New York Times, spmb 16, 2011. Lo Caboa,

“u.n. ambl cogz Lba’ m govm,” r,

spmb 16, 2011. “un appov Lba a fo ntC,” Al Jaza,

spmb 17, 2011.

169 saml rbfl, “eu Lf Mo Lba saco,” The Wall Street

Journal, spmb 22, 2011.

170 “Japan Keeps Libyan $4.4 Billion Frozen but oers $2 Million

emgc A,” PaO nw, spmb 13, 2011.

171 “Japa o Lf $1.5 Bllo of Lba Foz A,” PaO

nw, Ocob 25, 2011.

172 Aa Cof, “uPdAte1-Ba wa Afca o o l Lba

fgv,” r, Ocob 17, 2011.

173 spa nba, “sw a g o la cao’ a

loo,” r, Ocob 12, 2011. “swzla a aco o

Lba,” r, Ocob 26, 2011.

174 Ma Bw, “$2.2 bllo Lba a awg lowl:

ocial,” The Canadian Press, October 4, 2011.

175

“Lba’ appag a a fg a volo,” Cnn,Ocob 19, 2011.

176 “Gadda forces attack Libyan oil facility,” Al Jazeera, September 12,

2011. Emma Farge, “Libyan oil renery attack “isolated incident”:

nOC,” r, spmb 15, 2011.

177 Wllam Macla a Lam Ck, “tag b cla w

w Lba foc: oc,” r, spmb 26, 2011. Kam

Fahim, “Libyans Say Qadda Loyalists Mounted Raid From Algeria,”

The New York Times, spmb 25, 2011.

178 Kareem Fahim, “Qadda-Era Flag Is Said to Have Set O Gunre

tpol,” The New York Times, Ocob 14, 2011. ram Al-sab,

“Libyan capital sees rst big reght in months,” Associated Press,October 14, 2011. “‘Gadda loyalists’ and Libya NTC Tripoli battle

,” BBC, Ocob 14, 2011.

179 “Maria Golovnina, “Gadda loyalists ght on as Libya tries to

,” r, Ocob 26, 2011.

180 Aam no a rck Glao, “Lba’ im La o

Investigate Qadda Killing,” The New York Times, Ocob 24, 2011.

181 “hav wapo lg ao c Lba: hrW,” r,

Ocob 25, 2011.

nOtes182 dav d. Kkpack a Kam Fam, “Fom rbl’ rval

hol up Govg Lba,” The New York Times, spmb 25, 2011

Jop Loga, “tpol am gop a am pag o go,”

r, spmb 24, 2011.

183 “Libya uprising: Deadly legacy of Gadda landmines,” BBC

Ocob 1, 2011. Wllam Boo, “La m low Lba blmac owa tpol,” The Washington Post, Jl 26, 2011.

184 “Swiss oer to help Libya’s transition to democracy,” Reuters

Ocob 23, 2011.

185 “Libya conict: Cameron and Sarkozy visit Tripoli,” BBC

spmb 15, 2011. “Wllam hag op Ba’ mba

tpol, Lba,” BBC, Ocob 17, 2011.

186 Niall Paterson, “Fears Al Qaeda Could Get Gadda Weapons,”

sk nw, Ocob 27, 2011. sv L M, “i tpol, Clo

Pledges U.S. Help to a ‘Free Libya,’” The New York Times, October 18

2011. Andrew Quinn, “Clinton in Libya to cement post-Gadda

ties,” Reuters, October 18, 2011. “US Pledges $40 Million to HelpLba do Wapo Cac,” rtt nw, Ocob 19, 2011.

187 Mike Blancheld, “Canada commits $10 million to help Libya

cov mg wapo,” t Caaa P, Ocob 11, 2011

“Gma Govm pov eur 750,000 fo co o

mall am Lba,” APO, Ocob 17, 2011.

188 dav d. Kkpack a ro nola, “tpol v a bl

jostle to ll power vacuum,” The New York Times, Ag 31, 2011.

189 Pack J. Mcdoll, “to bw bl a cvla

la Lba,” Los Angeles Times, spmb 12, 2011.

190 Joseph Logan, “Libya’s NTC calls regional ghters to leave Tripoli,”

r, spmb 27, 2011.191 Joseph Logan, “Libya’s NTC calls regional ghters to leave Tripoli,”

r, spmb 27, 2011.

192 William Maclean, “Tripoli gets new militia, apparent rebu to

ilam,” r, Ocob 2, 2011.

193 Jop Loga, “tpol mla cf a mla m pll o,”

r, Ocob 3, 2011. Kam Fam a rck Glao

“Lba rbl Claf sp o nw rl,” The New York Times, Ocob

3, 2011. “tpol mla cf g llgal am cackow,” r

Ocob 3, 2011.

194 William Maclean, “Tripoli gets new militia, apparent rebu to

ilam,” r, Ocob 2, 2011.195 “Lba: bl ll mg ac tpol,” Los Angeles Times

Ag 21, 2011.

196 C.J. Cv, “Lba rbl Acc of Pllag a Bag,” Th

New York Times, Jl 12, 2011.

197 sam dag a Cal Lvo, “rvg F iabl

Lba,” The Wall Street Journal, September 13, 2011. Yaroslav Tromov

“Af sg, Maa s doo o r,” The Wall Street Journal

spmb 19, 2011. Pack J. Mcdoll, “Ol val a



nOtes


accao of ab af Lba ow’ fall,” The Los Angeles Times,

spmb 22, 2011. sam dag, “Lba Fl Loal C,” The

Wall Street Journal, spmb 27, 2011. Ala dzaoz, “r

Lba ow ow ag of po-wa va,” r, spmb

29, 2011. “Misrata ghters, hardened by siege of their city, took out

fury on Gadha in the end,” Associated Press, October 24, 2011.198 “After the excess, the reprisals in Kadha village,” Agence France

P, Ocob 5, 2011.

199 Wyre Davies, “Libya conict: Payback time for Gadda’s home of

Sirte,” BBC, October 18, 2011. Kareem Fahim, “Battle for a Holdout

C sall halg Lba,” The New York Times, October 18, 2011. Rania

El Gamal, “In Gadda’s hometown, residents accuse NTC ghters of

revenge,” Reuters, October 16, 2011. Wyre Davies, “Gadda’s home

ow s bla o dak Ag,” BBC, Ocob 26, 2011.

200 “Gadha’s hometown of Sirte now largely uninhabitable by war’s

nal battle,” Associated Press, October 27, 2011.

201

C. J. Cv, “Lba rbl Acc of Pllag a Bag,” TheNew York Times, Jl 12, 2011. “Lba bl ab cvla: hma

rg Wac,” BBC, Jl 13, 2011.

202 “rg gop po Lba ab,” Al Jaza, spmb 13,

2011. “Lba’ bl foc comm ab, a Am,” BBC,

spmb 13, 2011.

203 “Amnesty urges Libya to tackle ‘stain’ of detainee abuse,” BBC,

Ocob 13, 2011.

204 “Libya conict: Black African migrants caught in backlash,” BBC,

September 18, 2011.

205 Yaroslav Tromov, “After Siege, Misrata Shuts Door on Returns,”

The Wall Street Journal, spmb 19, 2011. Pack J. Mcdoll, “Olval a accao of ab af Lba ow’ fall,” The Los Angeles

Times, spmb 22, 2011. sam dag, “Lba Fl Loal C,”

The Wall Street Journal, spmb 27, 2011. Ala dzaoz, “r

Lba ow ow ag of po-wa va,” r, spmb

29, 2011.

206 “Bodies of Gadda supporters ‘found executed’ in Sirte,” BBC,

Ocob 24, 2011.

207 Maria Golovnina, “Gadda loyalists ght on as Libya tries to unite,”

r, Ocob 26, 2011.

208 sam dag a Cal Lvo, “rvg F iabl

Lba,” The Wall Street Journal, spmb 13, 2011.209 Ma B sa, “Po Lba lag wo cag,”

The Washington Post, Ocob 22, 2011.

210 “Qatar, Libya NTC sign legal cooperation deal,” QNA, October

17, 2011.

211 dav d. Kkpack a Kam Fam, “Fom rbl’ rval

hol up Govg Lba,” The New York Times, spmb 25, 2011.

Aam no a Kam Fam, “rvolo Wo, top Lba

Ocial Vows a new and More Pious State,” The New York Times, Ocob

23, 2011.

212 “Vg fo a lc of pow w Lba,” BBC, Ocob 5

2011.

213 dav d. Kkpack a Kam Fam, “Fom rbl’ rval

hol up Govg Lba,” The New York Times, spmb 25, 2011.

214 sam dag, “Caml, Mo rg sp Bal Lba,” Th

Wall Street Journal, Ocob 12, 2011.

215 Pack J. Mcdoll, “to bw bl a cvla

la Lba,” Los Angeles Times, spmb 12, 2011.

216 Pack J. Mcdoll, “ilam ak am a Lba bl’ cla

la,” Los Angeles Times, spmb 13, 2011.

217 Ba Malo, “Lba ilam ma ol fo “moa”

ilam,” r, Ocob 9, 2011.

218 ia Black, “Lba ilam m av a pow, wa

la,” The Guardian, spmb 27, 2011.

219

Aam no a Kam Fam, “rvolo Wo, top LbaOcial Vows a new and More Pious State,” The New York Times, Ocob

23, 2011.

220 dgal McColl a Ba to, “Lba la’ mbac o

saa a bow,” Cnn, Ocob 26, 2011.

221 tm Wwll, “G yo’ b c copac a vow vg,”

BBC nw, spmb 15, 2011.

222 Rod Nordland, “Qadda Strongholds Are Attacked,” The New York

Times, spmb 9, 2011.

223 “Libya ex-ghters gather in North Mali-sources,” Reuters, October

20, 2011.

224 “Ex-Gadda Tuareg ghters boost Mali rebels,” BBC, October 172011.

225 sa Bol, “ucovg i rpblca Am,” Ja’

illgc rvw, Ag 1, 1996. Avalabl a: p://www.pb.og

wgb/pag/fol/ow/a//wapo.ml. Mak hg

“Omag bomb ma av Lba sm,” The Daily Telegraph, Ap

3, 2011.

226 Dario Cristiani, “Semtex or Stability? The Conict in Libya and its

impac o sc ng,” Jamow Foao, Jl 29, 2011.

227 Ma B sa, “u.s. lac campag o ack ow

Lba ml,” The Washington Post, Ocob 13, 2011. ro nola

a C.J. Cv, “ha-kg ml mg fom loo Lbaam po,” The New York Times, September 8, 2011.

228 O Kl, “egp z Gaza-bo a-acaf ml

sa,” The Jerusalem Post, spmb 26, 2011.

229 A. r. Lakmaa a to Capacco, “illgc Cama

ug W ho Aco o Lba Wapo,” Bloombg

spmb 7, 2011.

230 Leila Fadel, “Smuggled Libyan weapons ood into Egypt,” Th

Washington Post, October 12, 2011. “Libya’s missing missiles nd their



nOtes


wa o sa’ black mak egp,” Al Aaba, Ocob 13, 2011.231 “Qaeda oshoot acquires Libyan air missiles: EU,” Agence FranceP, spmb 5, 2011.232 Bll Va, “Lba Am smggl io sa ta rwdaf Volc,” Bloombg, Ocob 6, 2011.233

“sa-Lba: Am a o Lba wapo av sa,”Paa, Ocob 24, 2011. “sa bf p cool of bo wLba,” sa tb, Ocob 25, 2011.234 “Alam ov mg Lba ml,” uPi, Ocob 4, 2011.235 Ba Fl, “ng call fo lp o c Lba bo,” r,spmb 15, 2011.

The Libyan Revolution Part 4

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Transcript of The Libyan Revolution Part 4