The LHC: Search for Elementary Building Blocks in Nature Niels Tuning (Nikhef) 13 Nov 2012
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The LHC: Search for Elementary Building Blocks in Nature
Niels Tuning (Nikhef) 13 Nov 2012
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Particle Physics
Study Nature at distances < 10-15 m
atom nucleus
Quantum theory describes measurements down to 10-18 m
(Compare: 10+18 m = 100 lightyears)
10-15 m
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Powers of ten…
Universe 1026 m
Galaxy1021 m
Solar system 1013 m
Earth107 m
Spider10-2 m
Atom 10-10 m
Nucleus10-15 m
Collisions10-18 m
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Particle Physics
Questions that were asked for over 2000 years… What are the elementary building blocks of matter? What are the forces that act on matter ?
Demokritosatom
Newtonforces
Maxwellelectromagnetism
EinsteinAll…
400 400 v.Chr.v.Chr. 16871687 18641864 19051905
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Why fundamental research?
Fundamental research
– Can lead to surprises,
• Sometimes even useful…
“Without general relativity, the GPS would be wrong by 10km/day !”
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Why fundamental research?
Fundamental research
– Leads to useful spin-off
• Medical
• Internet
• Educating scientists for society
(Philips, ASML, etc, etc)
PET scan www
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Our knowledge in 2012
http:// pdg.lbl.gov
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up
down
electron
Elementary particles
Proton
up
up
down
Neutrondown
down
up
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What can you make out of 3 building blocks?
periodiek systeemvan Mendeleev
Everything!Everything!
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Elementary particlesq
uark
s
Not 1 generation, but 3!
lepto
ns
(1956)
u
d
I
e
e
(1895)
t
b
III
(1973)
(2000)
(1978)
(1995)
c
s
II
(1936)
(1963)
(1947)
(1976)
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•Fundamentele deeltjes en deeltjesversnellers
Is this everything?
Charge
+2/3 e
-1/3 e
-1 e
0 e
quark
s
Generation:
lepto
ns
Matter
(1956)
u
d
I
e
e
(1895)
t
b
III
(1973)
(2000)
(1978)
(1995)
c
s
II
(1936)
(1963)
(1947)
(1976)
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Anti-matter
Revolutions early 1900:– Theory of relativity
– Quantum Mechanics
Paul Dirac (1928): relativistic quantum theory!
For every matter particle there is an anti-matter particle!
Anti-matter particle:• Same mass• Opposite electric
charge
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Elementary particles
Charge
+2/3 e
-1/3 e
-1 e
0 e
quark
sle
pto
ns
Matter
(1956)
u
d
I
e
e
(1895)
t
b
III
(1973)
(2000)
(1978)
(1995)
c
s
II
(1936)
(1963)
(1947)
(1976)
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Elementary particles
-2/3 e
+1/3 e
+1 e
0 e
u
d
c
s
t
b
e
e
Anti-matter
Lading IIII IILading
+2/3 e
-1/3 e
-1 e
0 e
quark
sle
pto
ns
Materie
(1956)
u
d
I
e
e
(1895)
t
b
III
(1973)
(2000)
(1978)
(1995)
c
s
II
(1936)
(1963)
(1947)
(1976)
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How do you make anti-matter??
e+ e-
Albert Einstein: E=mc2
Matter + anti-matter= light !
(and vice versa)
e+ e-
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Anti-matter in hospitals:the PET-scan
ee++ee
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What are the big questions?
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I. What are the big questions? “Anti-matter”
Where did the anti-matter disappear?
No anti-matter found with satellites
No anti-matter galaxies
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II. What are the big questions? “Higgs”
Mass of particlesNeutrino’s
Electron
Muon
Tau
up,down, strange
Top quark
bottom
charm
The Higgs boson:provides the ‘formula’ to give particles mass!
Amazing prediction:
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We only studied 4% of the universe!
Temperature fluctuationsstructure formation of galaxies
Rotation-curves Gravitational lens
What isdark materie ?
III. What are the big questions? “Dark matter”
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What are the big questions?
Anti-matter??(where did it go??)
Dark matter??(what clustered the galaxies??)
Higgs??(what makes particles heavy?)
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•Waar is de Anti-materie heen?
AstronomyAstronomy ParticleParticle
PhysicsPhysics
FundamentalFundamental(curiosity driven)(curiosity driven)
researchresearch
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The biggest microscope on earththe Large Hadron Collider (LHC)
at CERN in Genève
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The LHC accelerator
Geneve
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The Large Hadron Collider
Geneve Amsterdam
LHC: 27 km A10: 32 km
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The LHC machine
Energy is limited by power of 1232 dipole magnets: B= 8.4 TEnergy is limited by power of 1232 dipole magnets: B= 8.4 T
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40 million collisions per second
Beam 1
Beam 2
25 ns = 7.5 m
100.000.000.000 protonen
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Classical collisions
Quantum mechanical collissionsproton proton
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•Niels Tuning Open Dag 2008
Colliding protons
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What do we expect?
Since 30 years there are very precise predictions!
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Our language
Standaard Model Lagrangiaan Bladmuziek (J.S. Bach)
SU(2)L U(1)Y SU(3)C
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At the LHC at Cern:
1) Transform energy into matter Create new particles!
How do we discover new particles?
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At the LHC at Cern:
1) Transform energy into matter 2) New particles change accurate predictions
How do we discover new particles?
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ATLAS
LHCb
ALICECMS
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ATLAS
LHCb
1) Transform energy into matter
2) New particles change accurate predictions
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23 sep 2010 19:49:24Run 79646 Event 143858637
The LHCb DetectorThe LHCb Detector
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LHCb: study B decays1) Find differences between matter and anti-matter
2) Find new particles
b
s
s
b
b s
μ
μ
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LHCb: study B decays
2) Find new particles
b s
μ
μ
B0s→μμ
B0s→μμ?
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LHCb: study B decays
b s
μ
μ
B0s→μμ!
Only 3 out of 109 B particles decay to two muons
Prefect prediction!
Do new particles exist?
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ATLAS: What does a collision look like ?
proton
proton
quark
neutrino
elektron
quark quark
quark
Simulation top quark production
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human
Biggest camera on earth
energy electrons and photons
energy of “quarks”
position and momentum of charged particles
magnetmuon detector
magnet
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80 MegaPixel camera 40.000.000 foto’s per seconde
The Atlas pixel detector
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The Atlas Muon Detector
mens
NikhefCERN
Down stairs in the Nikhef hal
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Normal
How is a discovery made?
New ?
?
muon
muon
muon
muon
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proton proton
How many Higgs bosons were produced at the LHC up to now
0
If the Higgs does not exist
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proton proton
How many Higgs bosons were produced at the LHC up to now
If the Higgs does exist
mh = 120 GeV: 120.000
mh = 200 GeV: 60.000
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Higgs ZZ 4 muonsvery few…Higgs ZZ 4 muonsvery few…
120.000 Higgs bosons
• Only 1 in 1000 Higgs bosons decays to 4 muons
• 50% chance that ATLAS detector detects them
60 Higgs 4 lepton events
higgs
Z
Z
hZZ l+l-l+l-
l+
l-
l-
l-
peak !?
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peak!
Higgs Higgs 2 photons 2 photons
higgs
foton
foton
hγγ verval
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Presentation CMS en ATLAS experiment: Higgs boson discovery4th July 2012
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What is dark matter?
Where did the anti-matter disappear?
What makes particles heavy?
Big questions
Search for elementary building blocks of Nature
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