The Law of Search Warrants. Where do the search & seizure rules come from?
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Transcript of The Law of Search Warrants. Where do the search & seizure rules come from?
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The Law of Search Warrants
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Where do the search & seizure rules come from?
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4th Amendment to U.S. Constitution: no “unreasonable” searches & seizures; warrants must be supported by probable cause on oath/affirmation & specifically describe what is to be searched & persons or things to be seized
N.C. Constitution: no “general warrants”
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What Happens When The Law Isn’t Followed?
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What Happens When The Law Isn’t Followed?
1)Evidence may not be admissible
2)Possibly civil & criminal penalties for officer
3)Rights are violated
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1)Determine whether a warrant should issue
2)Determine the necessary facts & state them in the application
3)Write a description of what the officer will search for
Five Skills to Acquire in This Session:
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4) Write a description of who/what/where will be searched
5) Use proper search warrant procedure
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1. Determine if Facts Justify Issuance of a Search Warrant
Must establish PC
Fair probability that the object of the search is in the place to be searched
More than reasonable suspicion; less than proof beyond a reasonable doubt
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Consider all of the circumstances
Watch out for timeliness!
Can give a search warrant even if another magistrate has said no
Reliable hearsay is OK
Know rules about confidential & anonymous informants . . .
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Confidential Informants
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Confidential information can be enough for PC if you can establish
(1) the informant’s credibility and/or the reliability of the information AND
(2) the informant’s basis for the information
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Confidential information can be enough for PC if you can establish
(1) the informant’s credibility and/or the reliability of the information AND
(2) the informant’s basis for the information
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Establishing credibility/reliability of information:
“I’ve used this informant 3 times & got convictions each time”
“I corroborated the info. in the following ways”
“The informant admitted involvement in the crime”
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Confidential information can be enough for PC if you can establish
(1) the informant’s credibility and/or the reliability of the information AND
(2) the informant’s basis for the information
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Establishing the basis for the information:
Find out how the informant got the information
: it must be more than rumor
Examples: Informant saw drugs; informant overheard discussion about robbery
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Anonymous Informants
Rule: Anonymous information alone is not enough to establish PC
Can help to establish PC if corroborated with reliable information
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2. Draw Out & State Facts that Establish Probable Cause
Think: who, what, where, when, why
If CI, establish reliability of informant/information & basis for knowledge
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Don’t accept conclusions
No set rules for PC statement
Anticipatory warrants
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3. Write a Description of the Property/Person Sought
Property/person must be identifiable
Want to prevent mistaken seizure of legal goods
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Be descriptive!
The more common the property, the more detail needed
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For illegal contraband, you need not be as detailed
“Heroine” is O.K.
Amount not needed for drugs
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For people,
Give name & description;
If name unknown, give description
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Search of crime scene
Sample description: fingerprints, blood, fired & unfired bullets & casings, footwear impressions, trace hair & clothing fibers & any & all evidence that may relate to the suspected murder
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4. Describe What is to Be Searched
Must describe what is to be searched
Want to avoid searching the wrong place/person
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If it’s a premise
(1) state possessor
(2) give street # & description;
(3) if an apartment, give apt. #;
(4) if it’s a rural address, give directions;
(5) separate warrant for separate premises
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If it’s a person, include name & description
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If it’s a vehicle, include model, make, year, color, license tag, etc.
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If it’s other items, such as luggage, give description
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Final rules:
Only complete a warrant for a place in your county
Don’t stop at “premises” if there’s PC to search elsewhere
If outbuildings are to be searched, list them
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5. Search Warrant Procedure
Examine application
Put the applicant under oath/affirmation & examine about the facts
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If there are additional facts
(1) add them to the application,
(2) tape-record testimony & file the recording w/warrant & application, or
(3) reduce testimony to writing on a separate paper & file it w/warrant & application
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If information won’t fit on the form, attach separate papers
Attach affidavits to the application
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Determine whether there is PC
Check description of what is to be searched
Check description of property/person to be searched for
Get signatures
Complete the search warrant portion on other side
Put time and date
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Original & 1 copy to the officer; file copy with clerk
Must execute w/in 48 hours
Officer leaves a copy at the premises; returns copy to clerk