The Large Hadron Collider at CERN€¦ · Start-up of the Large Hadronup of the Large Hadron...

The Large Hadron Collider at CERN: The Large Hadron Collider at CERN: Entering a new era in unravelling the mysteryEntering a new era in unravelling the mystery

The Large Hadron Collider at CERN: The Large Hadron Collider at CERN: Entering a new era in unravelling the mysteryEntering a new era in unravelling the mysteryEntering a new era in unravelling the mystery Entering a new era in unravelling the mystery

of matter, space and timeof matter, space and timeEntering a new era in unravelling the mystery Entering a new era in unravelling the mystery

of matter, space and timeof matter, space and time

Sofia UniversitySofia UniversityyyOctober 9, 2007October 9, 2007

Felicitas Pauss Felicitas Pauss ETH ZurichETH ZurichETH ZurichETH ZurichLHCLHC

Scientific Goal of Particle PhysicsStudy the structure of the Universe at its most Study the structure of the Universe at its most

fundamental level:fundamental level:Study the structure of the Universe at its most Study the structure of the Universe at its most

fundamental level:fundamental level:explore the basic physics laws that govern explore the basic physics laws that govern the fundamental building blocks of matter the fundamental building blocks of matter

and the structure of spacetimeand the structure of spacetime

explore the basic physics laws that govern explore the basic physics laws that govern the fundamental building blocks of matter the fundamental building blocks of matter

and the structure of spacetimeand the structure of spacetimeand the structure of spacetimeand the structure of spacetimeand the structure of spacetimeand the structure of spacetime

Experiments at Experiments at powerful particle acceleratorspowerful particle accelerators

Experiments at Experiments at powerful particle acceleratorspowerful particle accelerators

8.10.07 Felicitas Pauss / ETH Zurich 2

powerful particle acceleratorspowerful particle acceleratorse.g. at CERNe.g. at CERN

powerful particle acceleratorspowerful particle acceleratorse.g. at CERNe.g. at CERN

CERN: founded in 1954 CERN: founded in 1954 (12 European Member States)(12 European Member States)

T dT d5500

Today:Today:2020 European Member StatesEuropean Member StatesBulgaria member since 1999 Bulgaria member since 1999

scientists

8 Observers:i.a. USA, Japan, India

CERN: World’s largest Particle Physics Laboratory:CERN: World’s largest Particle Physics Laboratory:

CERN Council: June 1999CERN Council: June 1999


CERN: World s largest Particle Physics Laboratory:CERN: World s largest Particle Physics Laboratory:8000 Scientists from 56 countries use CERN’s large accelerators8000 Scientists from 56 countries use CERN’s large accelerators

Mission of CERNMission of CERN

ToTo push backpush back the frontiers of knowledgethe frontiers of knowledgee.g. the secrets of the Big Bang …what was the matter like within the first seconds of the Universe’s life?

ToTo developdevelop new technologiesnew technologies

within the first seconds of the Universe s life?

To To developdevelop new technologiesnew technologiesInformation technology - the Web and the GRIDMedicine - diagnosis and therapy

To To traintrain scientists and engineers of scientists and engineers of tomorrowtomorrow


To To uniteunite people from different countries and people from different countries and culturescultures 11st st CERN exhibition in Sofia, Nov. 2005CERN exhibition in Sofia, Nov. 2005

From the From the infinitely smallinfinitely small to the to the infinitely largeinfinitely large

LHC (CERN)2008

SuperSuper--microscopemicroscope

Hubble

MAGIC


WMAP

Evolution of the UniverseEvolution of the UniverseBasic building blocks

of matter


Standard ModelStandard Model of Particle Physicsof Particle Physics

Basic building blocks of matter

Building blocksBuilding blocks electromagneticinteraction

electromagneticinteraction Photon (γ)

Qua

rks

Qua

rks

of fo

rce strong

interactionstrong

interaction Gluon (g)

QQep

tons

epto

ns

Carr

ier

oweak

interactionweak

interaction W, Z

LeLe

Three Families

interactioninteraction ,

LEP: SM tested at ‰ levelAll particles discovered,


except Higgs Boson

Evolution of the UniverseEvolution of the UniverseBasic building blocks

of matter

Matter dominatedMatter dominatedRadiation dominatedRadiation dominated

Universe becomesUniverse becomes


Universe becomesUniverse becomestransparent transparent CMBCMBParticle PhysicsParticle Physics

Fundamental open questionsFundamental open questionsParticle MassesParticle Masses ?? Dark MatterDark Matter ??

Higgs ?Higgs ? LSP ?LSP ?

P. HiggsP. Higgs

LSP ?LSP ?

P. HiggsP. Higgs

MatterMatter Antimatter Asymmetry ?Antimatter Asymmetry ?MatterMatter--Antimatter Asymmetry ?Antimatter Asymmetry ?Unification ofUnification ofUnification ofUnification ofForces ?Forces ?

Supersymmetry ?Supersymmetry ?


Supersymmetry ?Supersymmetry ?New particles predictedNew particles predicted

Fundamental open questionsFundamental open questionsParticle MassesParticle Masses ?? Dark MatterDark Matter ??

MatterMatter Antimatter Asymmetry ?Antimatter Asymmetry ?MatterMatter--Antimatter Asymmetry ?Antimatter Asymmetry ?Unification ofUnification ofUnification ofUnification ofForces ?Forces ?


Answers to open questionsAnswers to open questionsLHC

Enter a New Era in Fundamental ScienceEnter a New Era in Fundamental ScienceStartStart--up of the Large Hadronup of the Large Hadron Collider (Collider (LHCLHC) in 2008, one of the largest and truly) in 2008, one of the largest and trulyStartStart up of the Large Hadronup of the Large Hadron Collider (Collider (LHCLHC) in 2008, one of the largest and truly ) in 2008, one of the largest and truly

global scientific projects ever, will be the most exciting turning point in global scientific projects ever, will be the most exciting turning point in particle physicsparticle physics.

CMSCMS

Exploration of a new energy frontierExploration of a new energy frontierProtonProton--proton collisions at Eproton collisions at ECMCM = 14 TeV (14•10= 14 TeV (14•101212 eV)eV)

Heavy Ions: LeadHeavy Ions: Lead lead collisions: Energy/nucleon = 2 76 TeV/ulead collisions: Energy/nucleon = 2 76 TeV/u

LHC ring:ATLASATLAS

Heavy Ions: LeadHeavy Ions: Lead--lead collisions: Energy/nucleon = 2.76 TeV/ulead collisions: Energy/nucleon = 2.76 TeV/u

LHC ring:27 km circumference

ALICE


E = m cE = m c22E = m cE = m c22E = m cE = m cE = m cE = m c

10101111 Protons pro particle bunchProtons pro particle bunch~ 3000 bunches~ 3000 bunches

collisions 40·10collisions 40·106 6 per secondper second

10101111 Protons pro particle bunchProtons pro particle bunch~ 3000 bunches~ 3000 bunches

collisions 40·10collisions 40·106 6 per secondper secondcollisions 40 10collisions 40 10 per secondper secondcollisions 40 10collisions 40 10 per secondper second

ProtonProton--Proton collisionsProton collisionsProtonProton--Proton collisionsProton collisions


The LHC is …The LHC is … the the fastestfastest racetrack on the planet ..racetrack on the planet ..Trillions of protons will race around the 27km ring in opposite directions over 11’000 times a second,opposite directions over 11 000 times a second, travelling at nearly the speed of light

the the emptiestemptiest space in the solar system…space in the solar system…To accelerate protons to close to the speed of light requires a vacuum as empty as interplanetary space. There is 10 time more atmosphere on the moon than there will be in the LHCthere will be in the LHC

the the hottesthottest spot in the galaxy…spot in the galaxy…When two beams of protons collide they will generateWhen two beams of protons collide, they will generate temperatures 100’000 times hotter than in the heart of the sun, but in a minuscule space

ProtonProton--Proton CollisionsProton Collisionsthe machine for the machine for frontier physicsfrontier physics and also and also the machine for the machine for frontier technologiesfrontier technologies


The CMS detector comprises many layers, each designed to The CMS detector comprises many layers, each designed to perform a specific task.perform a specific task.

Th l ll t id tif d i l th iTh l ll t id tif d i l th iThese layers allow to identify and precisely measure the energies These layers allow to identify and precisely measure the energies and momenta of all particles produced in collisions at LHC and momenta of all particles produced in collisions at LHC

Each collision produces many Each collision produces many hundreds of particleshundreds of particleshundreds of particleshundreds of particles

Different layers have to operate for Different layers have to operate for h 10 i h li l i ih 10 i h li l i i


more then 10 years with little or no interventionmore then 10 years with little or no interventioncuttingcutting--edge technologiesedge technologies

Superconducting CoilSuperconducting Coil CALORIMETERSCALORIMETERS4 Tesla

CALORIMETERSCALORIMETERSECALECAL76000 scintillating PbWO4 crystals

HCALHCALPlastic scintillator/brasssandwich

IRON YOKEIRON YOKE

CMS DetectorWeight: 12’500 tDiameter: 15 mLength: 21 6 m

IRON YOKEIRON YOKE

Length: 21.6 mMagnetic field: 4 T

PixelsSilicon Microstrips

TRACKERTRACKER~ 100 million individual ~ 100 million individual

detecting elementsdetecting elementsSilicon Microstrips210 m2 of silicon sensors

MUON BARRELMUON BARRELDrift Tube Resistive Plate MUON ENDCAPSMUON ENDCAPS

detecting elementsdetecting elements43000 cables of 43000 cables of

1200 km total length1200 km total length


Chambers (DTDT) Chambers (RPCRPC)Cathode Strip Chambers (CSCCSC)Resistive Plate Chambers (RPCRPC)

MUON ENDCAPSMUON ENDCAPS

CMS Collaboration CMS Collaboration ((October 07)October 07)

2030 Scientific Authors, including about 1000 PhD students

38 Countries38 Countries174 Institutes

Bulgaria since 1999 Member State of CERNBulgaria since 1999 Member State of CERN

Sofia UniversitySofia University: Prof. Leandar Litov, Prof. Matey Mateev (11 members)Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear EnergyInstitute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy: Prof. Vladimir Genchev,

Member of CMS since 1991, CMS MoU signed in 1999Member of CMS since 1991, CMS MoU signed in 1999

Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear EnergyInstitute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy: Prof. Vladimir Genchev,Prof. Ivan Vankov (21 members)

Recent application for Associate Membership:C t l L b t f M h t i d I t t tiC t l L b t f M h t i d I t t ti P f R Z h i


Central Laboratory for Mechatronics and Instrumentation: Central Laboratory for Mechatronics and Instrumentation: Prof. Roman ZaharievSince 2000 contributions to CMS in framework of cooperation agreement with ETH Zurich

Construction of CMS at point 5 of LHCConstruction of CMS at point 5 of LHC

GantryGantry--cranecrane

CMSCMS

100m

CMS designed in early 1990s Construction at point 5 started

end of 1999


Underground Experimental Cavern

Construction of CMS at point 5Construction of CMS at point 5

Insertion Insertion of SC coil in outer vacuum tank (Sept 2005)

Th i l l b t il d

SC Coil:SC Coil: 230 tons

The nominal clearance between coil and cryostat wall is 25 mm


SC Coil:SC Coil: 230 tonsOuter vacuum tank: Outer vacuum tank:

13 m long stainless steel tube, 7.6 m diameter

Successful coil cool-down to 4.5 K (-269oC) in February 06

COILCOILCOILCOIL

Inner vacuum tank andtank and

welds must support the 1000 ton1000-ton

barrel HCAL on its rails

Cl i f t k fl (J 06)


Closing of vacuum tank flanges (Jan 06)

Installation of barrel muon chambers (DTs, RPCs)

Installation of RPCs with participation of Bulgarian specialists from University of SofiaUniversity of Sofia and INRNEINRNE


Bulgarian contribution to RPCs (after 1999)

Production of all aluminium support frames for the barrel RPCs (> 20 tons) at StilmetStilmet in Sofiain Sofia

Bulgaria Bulgaria and China share responsibilities for chambers construction, test & commissioning.

At INRNE: Assembly and testing of 125 RPCsAt INRNE: Assembly and testing of 125 RPCsterminated end of 2005, shipped to CERN


Installation of Hadron Calorimeter (HCAL)

Installation of the first half-barrel hadrons calorimeter (500 tons) inside the SC coil,

l t d i A il 2006

1.1m

completed in April 2006

HCALHCAL3.6m

Bulgarian contribution to HCALBulgarian contribution to HCAL

Production of brass absorber plates for 1/2 of barrel in

ggbefore 1999

plates for 1/2 of barrel in Bulgarian company Nonferrous Metals

Design, production and testing of high voltage power supply


Detector performance studies

…followed by insertion of 2 ECAL Supermodules ’ O’ O~ 76’000 PbWO~ 76’000 PbWO44 crystalscrystals

produced in Russia and China

HCALHCAL

2 SMs2 SMs

1 Supermodule: 1’700 crystals1 Supermodule: 1’700 crystalsImportant contributions from colleagues of CLMI (Sofia)CLMI (Sofia)to the ECAL electronics integration (ETH responsibilityETH responsibility)

PbWOPbWO44

23 cm23 cm

8.10.07 Felicitas Pauss / ETH Zurich 23Summer 2006Summer 2006

2.2 x 2.2 cm2.2 x 2.2 cm22

Closing CMS for the first time in July 2006

Test of SC Magnet:Test of SC Magnet: 4 Tesla, l = 13 m, Ø = 6 m, weight > 10’000 tons

~ 25 Million cosmic muon events recorded

August 28: Stable magnet operation at 4 Tesla ! Stable magnet operation at 4 Tesla !


19.14 kA, 2.5 GJ stored energy, sufficient to melt 18 tonnes of gold

Lowering of heavy elements started in November 2006 ……

Forward hadron calorimeter: ~ 250 tFi t E d Di k 1200 t E d Di k d B l


Forward hadron calorimeter: ~ 250 t November 2 and 9, 2006

First Endcap Disks: ~ 1200 tNovember 30, 2006

Endcap Disks and Barrel Rings (February 2007)

Central and heaviest element (~ 2000 t) on Feb 28, 2007

…. weighing as much as five Jumbo jets ….


….. 20 cm of leeway between detector and wall of shaft ….

Barrel ECAL installation completed on July 27, 2007

28 dead/noisy channels out 61200 crystalsof 61200

6 00 c ysta s


ECAL integration team: June 2007

Silicon Strip TrackerCMS Tracker:CMS Tracker:Total silicon area ~ 210 m2

Silicon Strip Detector: 9.6 million channelspPixel Detector: 66 million channels

Sensors from first half tracker inner barrel (October 2006)


CLMI colleagues:CLMI colleagues: module bonding atETH Bonding LabETH Bonding Lab at CERN

Barrel ready for installation in CMSBarrel ready for installation in CMSearly November 2007early November 2007

Bulgarian teams: additional contributions

Integration of ECAL Endcaps has started at pETH ECAL Electronics Integration Center with participation of CLMIparticipation of CLMIparticipation of CLMIparticipation of CLMI

and INRNEand INRNE

Bulgarian and ETH colleagues working in EIC andECAL Electronics Integration Center

October 2007

CMS Engineering and Integration Center CLMI teamCLMI team (ETH collaboration): design of


CLMI teamCLMI team (ETH collaboration): design of Tracker cable rooting

Bulgarian teams: additional contributions

Cabling team from INRNEINRNEfrom INRNEINRNEworking in

CMS

About 43’000 cables with a total length f b t 1’200 k h t b i t ll d


of about 1’200 km have to be installed

Towards First Collisions at the LHC: ECM = 14 TeV

Present schedulePresent schedule

LHC: Technologically most challenging accelerator ever builtLHC: Technologically most challenging accelerator ever builtMagnets:Magnets: total ~ 9’300 magnetsMagnets:Magnets: total ~ 9 300 magnets

1232 dipol magnetsCryogenics:Cryogenics:need 40’000 leak-tight pipe junctions and 96 tons of He to keep magnets at 1 9 Kof He to keep magnets at 1.9 K

Vacuum:Vacuum: 10-13 atm there is about 6’500 m3 of pumped volume in the LHC like pumping down a cathedralLHC, like pumping down a cathedral

Stored energy:Stored energy:in each beam at 7 TeV: ~ 350 MJenough energy to melt about 500 kg copper

Dipols: 14.3 m longDipols: 14.3 m long8.33 T8.33 T

1.9 K (1.9 K (--271.3271.3ooC)C)


enough energy to melt about 500 kg copperin the LHC magnets: ~ 11 GJ (CMS: 2.5GJ)

Towards First Collisions at the LHC: ECM = 14 TeV

~ 100 million channelsdigital camera ~ 6 million pixelsdigital camera 6 million pixels but CMS takes a “digital photo” 40 million times every second !!

Protons, Ebeam= 7 TeV

Events to tape: Events to tape: ~ 100 / sec, each 1~ 100 / sec, each 1--2 MB 2 MB

GRID computing:GRID computing: to solve problem of data to solve problem of data p gp g ppstorage and analysisstorage and analysis

Data volume per year: Data volume per year: 10 Petabytes10 Petabytes


p yp y yyOne CD has ~ 600 Megabytes (1MB = 10One CD has ~ 600 Megabytes (1MB = 106 6 Byte)Byte)1 Petabyte = 101 Petabyte = 109 9 MB = 10MB = 1015 15 ByteByte

LHC Physics in 2008

First beams: very early physicsFirst beams: very early physicsD t t h i tiDetector synchronizationin-situ alignment and calibration

Standard ModelStandard Model processes:measure jet and lepton ratesobserve W, Z

first lookfirst look at possible extraordinary signaturesextraordinary signatures…p y gy g


Expected physics with 0.1 with 0.1 -- 1 fb1 fb--1 1 (2009) (2009)

Measure Standard ModelStandard Model Processes: ~ 106 W → lν (l = e μ)

0.1 fb0.1 fb--11

1fb1fb--11 ≡ 101077ss operation at a constant luminosity of

101032 32 cmcm--2 2 ss--11

10 W → lν (l = e,μ)~ 105 Z → ll (l = e,μ)~ 104 ttbar → μ + X

Background for new physicsNeed to understand very wellNeed to understand very well

InInitial Higgs searchesitial Higgs searches and searches for physics beyondphysics beyond the SM

Entering Higgs discovery era Higgs discovery era and exploreexplore large 1 fb1 fb--11 g gg ygg y pp gpart of SUSYSUSY and new resonancesnew resonances at ~ few TeV


StartStart--up of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in 2008 will up of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in 2008 will be the most exciting turning point in particle physicsbe the most exciting turning point in particle physicsbe the most exciting turning point in particle physics.be the most exciting turning point in particle physics.

The LHC will illuminate a new landscape of physics, The LHC will illuminate a new landscape of physics, possibly answering some of the most fundamental possibly answering some of the most fundamental

ti i d h i likti i d h i likquestions in modern physics, like e.g.questions in modern physics, like e.g.The origin of massThe origin of massUnification of fundamental forcesUnification of fundamental forcesUnification of fundamental forcesUnification of fundamental forcesNew forms of matterNew forms of matterExtra dimensions of spacetimeExtra dimensions of spacetime

Th lt ill h f d i t thTh lt ill h f d i t thThe results will have a profound impact on the The results will have a profound impact on the way we see our Universeway we see our Universe


The most incomprehensibleThe most incomprehensibleThe most incomprehensible The most incomprehensible thing about the Universe isthing about the Universe isthat it is comprehensible!that it is comprehensible!

Горещо благодаря Горещо благодаря за вниманиетоза вниманието

that it is comprehensible!that it is comprehensible!Goreshto blagodarja za Goreshto blagodarja za

vnimanieto vnimanieto


The Large Hadron Collider at CERN€¦ · Start-up of the Large Hadronup of the Large Hadron...

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