The Language System Diagnostic...

The Language System Diagnostic Instrument (LSDI)

Cresencio Torres

LANGUAGE SYSTEMS IN NEUROLINGUISTIC PROGRAMMING

Neurolinguistic programming (NLP) is a model of human behaviour and communication (Bandler & Grinder, 1975; Dilts, Grinder, Bandler, Bandler, & DeLozier, 1980; Grinder & Bandler, 1976). NLP resulted from a systematic study of Virginia Satir, Milton H Erikson, Fritz Perls and other famous therapists (Harmon & O'Niell, 1981). Additionally, it draws from the knowledge of psychodynamics and behavioural theories. NLP is concerned with the identification of both conscious and unconscious patterns in communication and behaviour and how they interact in the process of change.

"Neuro" (derived from the Greek neuron for nerve) Stands for the fundamental tenet that all behaviour is the result of neurological processes. "Linguistic" derived from the Latin lingua for language) indicates that neural processes are represented, ordered and sequenced into models and strategies through language and communication systems. "Programming" refers to the process of organising the components of a system (sensory representation in this case) to achieve specific outcomes. (Dilts, et al., 1980, p.2)

The NLP model embodies several key components, as follows:

(a) rapport and communication;(b) gathering information; and (c) change strategies and interventions

Within the component of rapport and communication exist the dimensions of language-representational systems, eye-accessing movements, verbal and nonverbal pacing and leading, communication translation skills, and representational system overlapping. The Language System Diagnostic Instrument is concerned with the most well known dimension of this component, language- representational systems.

Representational Systems

The basic premise of NLP is that people perceive the world through information that is filtered through their sensory systems (Bandler & Grinder, 1975). Data is first processed at an unconscious level, experienced internally, and then manifested in external behaviour. Language patterns are one method that people use to communicate their internal responses (Torres & Katz, 1983). NLP is a model for understanding the processes that people use to encode and transfer experience and to guide and modify their behaviour. All the distinctions we make concerning our environment, both internal and external, are represented in terms of three sensory systems: the visual, auditory, and kinaesthetic (Dilts & Meyers-Anderson, 1980). Smell and taste are not widely utilised ways of gaining information about the world (Bandler & Grinder, 1975).

Instrumentation Kit Copyright © 1987 University Associates, Inc. -2-

People who rely on their visual systems appear to run movies in their heads when remembering or storing information. If people are primarily auditory, i.e., taking information in through sounds, remembering may be like replaying a tape recorder, with original tones and dialogue. People who are primarily kinaesthetic respond to internal bodily feelings or tactile sense. They remember bodily sensations in recalling experiences.

Predicates

"Predicates" are verbs, adjectives, and adverbs that people use to describe the processes and relationships in their experiences (Bandler & Grinder, 1975). They are divided into three categories corresponding to the three major representational systems. People either see (visual) pictures and have images about their experiences, or they hear (auditory) sounds and talk about their experiences, or they experience sensations (kinaesthetic) and have feelings about their experiences (Grinder & Handler, 1976). For example, a visual person might say: "Look at the facts," "I get the picture," or "Let's get a perspective on this." An auditory person might say "I hear you," "Let's listen to reason," or "It sounds like it will work." A kinaesthetic person would be more likely to say: "It doesn't feel right," "Just hold on," "Let's get a handle on this," or "He didn't grasp the idea."

Each individual has a primary (more highly developed) representational system that he or she relies on during times of stress in problem solving as well as a secondary system that may be used in everyday conversation in combination with the primary system. A tertiary system may exist but it is usually beyond conscious awareness. F or example, a person whose primary representational system is kinaesthetic and whose secondary system is visual may be aware of what he "feels" and "sees" at any given moment, but may not be in "tune" with the sounds and noises around him.

Matching Language Systems

It has been suggested that using the same primary language system as a client or trainees could help the counsellor, consultant, or trainer to build rapport with the client or trainee (Grinder & Handler, 1976). although this theory has not been proven conclusively (Bandler & Grinder, 1979), the possibility exists that an HRD professional could increase rapport and trust with a client or trainee (or with the majority of group members) by using (reflecting) the other's primary language system.

It also seems that people will learn best when content is presented to them in their primary representational systems. A visual person will remember graphs, illustrations, and "seeing" new things. An auditory person will remember sounds and will be stimulated by changes in vocal tome, pitch and pacing. A kinaesthetic person will learn best from "hands on" experience and will remember how he or she "felt". Thus, more impact may be gained from showing things to visuals, providing interesting sounds for auditories, and for working alongside kinaesthetics. Conversely if a trainer is kinaesthetic or visual, and the training is presented verbally, the content may not be easily translated, and the trainee may not "get it." If a client experiences and describes things visually, and the consultant uses an auditory language system, the client may have difficulty understanding.

Of course, the trainer or consultant must first be aware of his or her own primary and secondary language systems. Then, by paying attention to the predicates used by others, the trainer or consultant can determine the systems valued by those others. The following examples illustrate how matching or mismatching language systems can either enhance or frustrate communication.


Mismatched Language Systems

Learner (visual): "I just can't see myself doing any better in this training session."Trainer (kinaesthetic): "Well, how do you feel about not being able to do better."Learner (visual) : " I just don't have a clear picture of what you want from me." Trainer (kinaesthetic): "How do you feel about not being able to get a handle on things that we are doing?" Learner (visual): " I don't see what you're trying to do. It's really hazy to me."

In this example, it is apparent that the trainer is not paying attention to the language system used by the learner, who "sees" the trainer as a person who just doesn't portray things clearly. On the other hand, the trainer may "feel" frustrated in his attempts to "reach" this trainee. Neither of them profits from this type of interaction.

Matched Language Systems

Learner (visual): "I just can't see myself doing any better in this training session." Trainer (visual): It did appear to me that you looked confused when I was giving out the work assignment. " Learner (visual): "I'm trying to get the picture of what you expect, but I just can't seem to focus on it." Trainer (visual): "I see. Let's look at it from some different angles and see if we can come up with a new

perspective for you."

In this example, both the trainer and the learner are using the visual language system. They are actually "seeing" things from the same "perspective".

HRD Professionals who know how to identify and use language systems will be better prepared to teach and relate to their trainees and clients. In addition, trainers can teach their trainees to expand their own uses of their nonpreferred representational systems. For example, a person who is primarily kinaesthetic can learn to access information through the visual and auditory systems. This will increase the person's ability to learn in different contexts and from trainers with different language systems.

The Language System Diagnostic Instrument

The Language System Diagnostic Instrument (LSDI) is a three-part, self-scored assessment of word preferences, used to determine primary, secondary, and tertiary language representational systems as described by Bandler and Grinder (1975, 1979, 1982) in the NLP model. The items in each section of the instrument measure the respondent's preference for categories of words (predicates) within the visual, auditory, and kinaesthetic dimensions. Part one is composed of paragraph readings; part two contains three-word clusters; and part three contains short phrases. Each response has the same value, and raw scores are multiplied by four to obtain an actual score in the range of 0 to 100. Three scores are yielded: the highest score represents the primary language representational system; the second- highest score represents the secondary language representational system; and the lowest score represents the tertiary (or least used) system.

Reliability and Validity of the LSDI

Test -retest reliability for subjects sampled over a one-month interval was .86. To test for validity, six certified NLP practitioners evaluated the LSDI for item and category accuracy. The validity of each item was determined by how accurately it fits the representational categories of auditory, visual, and kinaesthetic. There was 100 percent agreement on all twenty-five items by the six evaluators. In a study of 115 subjects, chi-square analysis revealed a percentage distribution between auditory, visual, and kinaesthetic primary language systems that was similar to those reported in Dorn (1983b). The visual representational system was reported most frequently (42.61 percent); the kinaesthetic representational system was reported most


frequently (37.39 percent); and the auditory representational system was reported least frequently (20 percent) by respondents. Finally, the instrument was retested by University Associates, Inc and revised prior to this publication.

ADMINISTERING THE LSDI

The Language System Diagnostic Instrument is a five-minute, timed test. The time element is designed to create minor test anxiety, which is necessary in order to measure primary, secondary, and tertiary language representational systems. The procedure for administering the instrument is as follows:

1. Administer the LSDI before presenting any theoretical background. 2. 2. Inform the participants that the LSD I is designed to determine their preferences among the

materials that they will be reading, and that they are not to focus on the content of the items. In order to determine their true preferences, they should select items as quickly as possible, generally "going with" their first response to each item.

3. Announce the Five-minute time deadline in order to create minor test anxiety among the participants. Reinforce this by announcing the time limits during the completion of the task. For example: "You have five minutes to complete this instrument. Those who do not complete it within five minutes will not be counted." "You have three minutes left. " "You have two minutes in which to finish. "

SCORING AND INTERPRETING THE LSDI

After completing the instrument, the participants should be told that their responses to the items on the instrument reflect whether they tend to respond to the world around them in a primarily visual mode, in a primarily auditory mode, or in a primarily kinaesthetic (physical feeling) mode. The facilitator should define these terms and then present a lecture on the language representational systems as defined by neurolinguistic programming. Following the lecture, and time for questions of clarification, each of the participants can be asked to predict which of the three systems will be his or her primary system and which will be his or her secondary system.

The participant then should be given copies of the LSDI Scoring sheet and directed to transfer their scores from the instrument form and to follow the directions on the scoring sheet. When all participants have completed their column tallies and graphs, the facilitator can ask for volunteers to share their results, or a large group can be divided into subgroups for sharing and comparison. It should be stressed that the LSDI is not foolproof, so participants should feel free to further explore their selection and use of the three primary representational systems.

Processing of the learning's from the experience can include: (a) further exploration of the participants' use of the representational systems and (b) ideas for ways to match (or accept) the systems of others to increase rapport and successful communication. If the participants are trainers or consultants, a more extensive discussion of matching systems can be generated, and skill practice can be planned or conducted.

PLEASE CONTINUE TO DISCOVER YOUR CATEGORY


The Language System Diagnostic Instrument

Cresencio Torres

Part One

Instructions: This instrument contains three parts. Part One consists of five sets of three paragraphs each. For each set, select the one paragraph that is easiest for you to read. Do not be concerned with the actual content of the paragraph, merely with how you respond to it compared to the other paragraphs in the set. Read all three paragraphs and then make your selection, but do not deliberate too long; your first response generally is the best. Indicate the letter of the paragraph that you have selected on your answer sheet by circling the appropriate letter (A, B or C) for each set. You have five minutes in which to complete the entire instrument.

1. A. The tinkle of the wind chimes tells me that the breeze is still rustling outside. In the distance, I can hear the whistle of the train.

B. I can see the rows of flowers in the yard, their colours shining and fading in the sunlight and shadows, their petals waving in the breeze.

C. As I ran, I could feel the breeze on my back. My feet pounded along the path. The blood raced through my veins, and I felt very alert.

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2. A. I Like to be warm. On a cold night, I like to relax by a warm fire in a comfortable room with a cup of smooth, warm cocoa and a fuzzy blanket.

B. The child talked in to the toy telephone as though he were calling a friend. Listening to the quiet conversation, I could almost hear the echoes of another child, long ago.

C. The view was magnificent. It was one of the most beautiful things I have ever seen. The panorama of the green countryside stretched out clearly below us in the bright, sparkling sun.

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3. A. They appeared to be surprised when they noticed that there were other people on the beach. The amazement on their faces turned to eagerness as they looked to see if they knew any of the people on the sand.

B. I was helped up and supported until I felt my strength coming back. The tingling sensation that ran up and down my legs -especially in my calves -was stronger after I stood up, and my body was extremely warm.

C. People will express themselves more verbally if they can talk about their interests or assets. You can hear the increased enthusiasm in their conversations, and they usually become more fluent.

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4. A. The feedback that the speaker received was an indication that she was communicating more effectively. The people in the audience seemed to be in tune with what she was talking about.

B. I want to understand how people feel in their inner worlds, to accept them as they are, to create an atmosphere in which they feel free to think and feel and be anything they desire.

C. Children watch adults. They notice more than we realise. You can see this if you observe them at play. They mimic the behaviour of the grown-ups they see.

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5. A. Creative, artistic people have an eye for beauty. They see patterns and forms that other people do not notice. They respond to the colours around them, and their visual surroundings can affect their moods.

B. They heard the music as if for the first time. Each change of tone and tempo caught their ears. The sounds soared throughout the room, while the rhythms echoed in their heads.

C. Everybody was stunned by the deep emotions generated by the interaction. Some felt subdued and experienced it quietly. Others were stimulates and excited. They all felt alert to each new sensation.

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Part Two

Instructions: This part consists often sets of items. Each item includes three lists (sets) of words. For each item, circle the letter (A, B or C) of the set of words that is easiest for you to read. Do not focus on the meanings of the words. Try to work quickly.

6. A. Witness B. Interview C. SensationLook Listen TouchSee Hear Feel

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7. A. Stir B. Watch C. SquealSensitive Scope RemarkHustle Pinpoint Discuss

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8. A. Proclaim B. Texture C. ExhibitMention Handle InspectAcoustic Tactile Vista

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9. A. Scrutinise B. Articulate C. ExhilarateFocused Hearken SupportScene Tone Grip

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10 A. Ringing B. Movement C. Glitter


Hearsay Heat MirrorDrumbeat Rushing Outlook

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11 A. Dream B. Listen C. MotionGlow Quiet SoftIllusion Silence Tender

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12 A. Upbeat B. Firm C. BrightListen Hold AppearRecord Concrete Picture

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13. A. Feeling B. Hindsight C. HearsayLukewarm Purple AudibleMuscle Book Horn

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14. A. Show B. Tempo C. MoveObservant Articulate PowerfulGlimpse Sonar Reflex

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15. A. Purring B. Smooth C. GlowingOverhear Grasp LookoutMelody Relaxed Vision


Part Three

This part consists often sets of three short phrases each. In each set, circle the letter (A, B, or C) of the phrase that you find easiest to read. Try to complete this task in the time remaining.

16. A. An eyeful B. An earful C. A handful

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17. A. Lend me an ear B. Give him a hand C. Keep an eye out

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18. A. Hand in hand B. Eye to eye C. Word for word

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19. A. Get the picture B. Hear the word C. Come to grips with

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20. A. The thrill of B. A flash of C. The roll of the chase lightning thunder

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21. A. Outspoken B. Underhanded C. Short-sighted

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22. A. I see B. I hear you C. I get it

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23. A. Hang in there B. Bird's-eye view C. Rings true

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24. A. Clear as a bell B. Smooth as silk C. Bright as day

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25. A. Look here B. Listen up C. Catch this

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Language System Diagnostic Instrument

Scoring and Interpretation SheetName________________________

Instructions:

1. Transfer your responses from the LSDI to this sheet by circling the letter that you chose for each of the numbered items.

Part One:

Paragraphs1. A B C2. B C A3. C A B4. A C B5. B A C6. B A C7. C B A8. A C B9. B A C10. A C B11. B A C12. A C B13. C B A14. B A C15. A C B16. B A C17. A C B18. C B A19. B A C20. C B A21. A C B22. C B A23. C B A24. A C B25. B A C

TOTALS I______ II______ III______


2. Now, total the letters circled in each vertical column. Place these three scores form Columns I, II, and III in the box below.

Column I____________________ x 4 = ___________________________(Actual Score)

Column II____________________ x 4 = ___________________________(Actual Score)

Column III___________________ x 4 = ___________________________(Actual Score)

3. Multiply each of the column scores by 4. This will give you your actual scores.

4. Chart your actual scores on the graph below by colouring in the space that represents your actual score in each of the three columns.

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Column IAuditory

Column IIVisual

Column IIIKinaesthetic

5. Your highest score indicates that the primary mode that you use to interpret and communicate with the world around you. You probably use this mode (auditory, visual, or kinaesthetic) the most, particularly when you are problem solving or in stressful situations.

Your second highest (middle) score indicates your secondary mode, which you most likely use in everyday conversation, in combination with your primary mode.

Your lowest score indicates your tertiary mode, which you may not use as much as the other two or at all in your normal conversation. In fact, it often remains at the unconscious level.

These three modes of perceiving and talking about one's experiences are called "Language Representational Systems." A visual person is likely to say "I See" or "That looks right." An auditory person is likely to say "I hear you" or " That sounds right." A kinaesthetic person is more likely to say "I've got it" or " That feels right." the items that you selected on this instrument reflected these three systems or ways of describing experiences.

Each individual seems to be most comfortable in using one or two of these systems. Some people believe, however, that if an individual could learn to communicate in all three modes, or systems, he or she could establish more rapport and trust with people whose primary systems differ from his or her own. Increased ability to communicate in all three systems thus might lead to increased effectiveness in communication.

REFERENCES

Bandler, R., & Grinder, J. (1975). Structure ofMagic I. Palo Alto, CA: Science and Behavior Books.

Bandler, R., & Grinder, J. (1979). Frogs into princes. Moab, UT: Real People Press.


Bandler, R., & Grinder, J. (1982). Reframing: Neurolinguistic programming and the transformation of meaning. Moab, UT: Real People Press.

Dilts, R., Grinder, J., Bandler, R., Bandler, L., & DeLozier, J. (1980). Neurolinguistic programming: Volume I. The study of subjective experience. Cupertino, CA: Meta Publications.

Dilts, R., & Meyers-Anderson, M. (1980). Neuro-linguistic programming in education. Santa Cruz, CA: Not Ltd. Division of Training and Research (D.O.T.A.R.).

Dom, F. (1983a). The effect of counselor-client predicate preference similarity on counselor attractiveness. AMHCA Journal, 5,22-30.

Dom, F. (1983b). Assessing primary representational systenlS (PRS) preference for neurolinguistic programming (NLP) using three methods. Counselor Education and Supervision, 23(2), 149-156.

Dowd, E. T., & Pety, J. (1982). The effect of counselor predicate matching on perceived social influence and client satisfaction. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 29,206-209.

Falzett, W. (1981). Matched versus unmatched primary representational systems and their relationship to perceived trust worthiness in a counseling analogue. Journal ofCounseling Psychology 28, 305-308.

Grinder, J., & Bandler, R. (1981). Trance-formations. Moab, UT: Real People Press.

Grinder, J., & Bandler, R. (1976) Structure ofMagicII. Palo Alto, CA: Science and Behavior Books.

Gumm, W., Walker, M., & Day, J. (1982). Neurolinguistic programming: Method or myth? Journal of Counseling Psychology, 29, 327-330.

Hannon, R., & O'Neill, C. (1981). Neurolinguistic programming for counselors. Personnel and Guidance Journal, 59, 449-453.

Maron, D. (1979). Neurolinguistic programming: The answer to change? Training and Development Journal, 10,69-71.

Torres, C., & Katz, J.H. (1983). Neurolinguistic programming: Developing effect communication in the classroom. The Teacher Educator, 19,25-32.

Reprinted from The 1986 Annual: Developing Human Resources, J. William Pfeiffer and Leonard D. Goodstein (Eds.) San Diego, CA: University Associates.


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