The Jazz AgeThe Jazz AgeSociety in the 1920sSociety in the 1920s

Mass Media in the Jazz Mass Media in the Jazz AgeAge

Cultural ConflictsCultural Conflicts

The Jazz AgeThe Jazz Age The 1920s were a The 1920s were a

time of rapid time of rapid social change in social change in which many which many people people –– particularly particularly women women –– adopted adopted new lifestyles and new lifestyles and attitudes.attitudes.

Setting the StageSetting the Stage 1880s: 1880s:

Industrialization Industrialization and immigration.and immigration.

WWI accelerated WWI accelerated urbanization and urbanization and what happened to what happened to men in the war men in the war made the young made the young question question traditional values.traditional values.

The FlapperThe Flapper Breezy, slangy, and Breezy, slangy, and

informal in manner; informal in manner; slim and boyish in slim and boyish in form; covered in silk form; covered in silk and fur that clung to and fur that clung to her as close as onion her as close as onion skin; with vivid red skin; with vivid red cheeks and lips, cheeks and lips, plucked eyebrows plucked eyebrows and close-fitting and close-fitting helmet of hair; gay, helmet of hair; gay, plucky and confident. plucky and confident.

The FlapperThe Flapper Wore shorter dresses Wore shorter dresses

than their mothers. than their mothers. (9-inch hemline for (9-inch hemline for mom)mom)

Short hair and hats Short hair and hats to show off short hair to show off short hair Bobbed hairBobbed hair

Wore make upWore make up Drank and smoked in Drank and smoked in

publicpublic

The FlapperThe Flapper Not many women Not many women

were full flappers.were full flappers. But changes were But changes were

happening.happening. Parents didnParents didn’’t like t like

it!it!

Women Working and Women Working and VotingVoting

More women More women chose flapper hair chose flapper hair and clothes and clothes because they because they were simpler for were simpler for the working girl.the working girl. ConvenienceConvenience

Women working in the Women working in the 1920s1920s

15% of women 15% of women were were professionalsprofessionals

20% had clerical 20% had clerical jobsjobs

By 1930 29% of By 1930 29% of the workforce was the workforce was women.women.

Women working in the Women working in the 1920s1920s

BUTBUT Business was Business was

prejudiced against prejudiced against women.women.

Seldom trained Seldom trained women for jobs women for jobs beyond entry levelbeyond entry level

Did not pay same Did not pay same wage as men.wage as men.

Married or pregnant Married or pregnant often meant you were often meant you were fired.fired.

Women and the VoteWomen and the Vote 1920 1920 –– women were women were

allowed to vote.allowed to vote. 1920 only 35% of the 1920 only 35% of the

women eligible to women eligible to vote vote –– did vote. did vote.

By 1928 145 women By 1928 145 women in state legislatures.in state legislatures. Jeanette Rankin Jeanette Rankin –– first first

woman woman congresswoman.congresswoman.

From MontanaFrom Montana

TRIVIA:TRIVIA: In Nebraska the first In Nebraska the first

woman in the woman in the legislature was NELL legislature was NELL KRAUSE (1946)KRAUSE (1946)

First woman mayor First woman mayor was Mrs. Arabelle was Mrs. Arabelle Hanna of Superior Hanna of Superior (1956 (1956 ––1964)1964)

Americans on the MoveAmericans on the Move Demographics: Demographics:

Statistics that Statistics that describe a describe a population.population.

RaceRace IncomeIncome

Americans on the moveAmericans on the move 1920: First time in 1920: First time in

American history American history that there were that there were more people more people living in cities living in cities than on farms.than on farms.

Americans on the MoveAmericans on the Move 1920s: Farming 1920s: Farming

was not was not profitable.profitable. 6 million farmers 6 million farmers

or their children or their children left the farms for left the farms for the cities.the cities.

People coming to the People coming to the citiescities

Realization that Realization that education was education was important.important. 1920: 2.2 million 1920: 2.2 million

had high school had high school diplomasdiplomas

1930:4.4 million1930:4.4 million Rural education Rural education

often ended at 8often ended at 8thth grade for farm grade for farm children.children.

Rural v. UrbanRural v. Urban Rural Americans Rural Americans

didndidn’’t like the t like the flappers and flappers and thought the cities thought the cities were dangerous were dangerous places.places.

Wanted to Wanted to preserve their preserve their ““traditionaltraditional”” life. life.

African Americans in the African Americans in the NorthNorth

Jim Crow laws in Jim Crow laws in the South limited the South limited life for African life for African Americans.Americans. Lack of educationLack of education Lack of housingLack of housing Lack of jobsLack of jobs LynchingLynching

African Americans Move African Americans Move NorthNorth

1865: 93% of African 1865: 93% of African Americans lived in Americans lived in the South.the South.

1930: 80%1930: 80% BUTBUT

Jobs werenJobs weren’’t much t much better in the Northbetter in the North

Racial hatred in NorthRacial hatred in North Women often worked Women often worked

as low-paid as low-paid domestics.domestics.

Other MigrationsOther Migrations 1920s: Laws against 1920s: Laws against

immigrants from:immigrants from: ChinaChina JapanJapan Eastern Europe Eastern Europe

(Poland, (Poland, Czechoslovakia, etc)Czechoslovakia, etc)

Southern Europe Southern Europe (Italy and Greece)(Italy and Greece)

Other MigrationsOther Migrations Immigrants from Immigrants from

Mexico to fill low pay Mexico to fill low pay jobs.jobs.

Most worked farms in Most worked farms in California and ranches California and ranches in Texas.in Texas.

migrants to cities migrants to cities developed BARRIOS developed BARRIOS –– Spanish speaking Spanish speaking neighborhoods.neighborhoods. LA: Mexican barrioLA: Mexican barrio NYC: Puerto Rican barrioNYC: Puerto Rican barrio

Growth of SuburbsGrowth of Suburbs Electric trolley Electric trolley

cars and buses cars and buses got people from got people from jobs in the city to jobs in the city to suburbs quickly suburbs quickly and cheaply.and cheaply.

TRIVIATRIVIA LincolnLincoln’’s bike s bike

paths are the old paths are the old trolley car routes.trolley car routes. Notice walks up to Notice walks up to

houses from the houses from the path.path.

American HeroesAmerican Heroes Charles LindberghCharles Lindbergh

Lucky LindyLucky Lindy May 20, 1927: First May 20, 1927: First

man to fly non-man to fly non-stop New York to stop New York to Paris.Paris.

33 33 ½½ hours hours THE SPIRIT OF ST. THE SPIRIT OF ST.

LOUIS LOUIS –– plane plane Won $25,000Won $25,000

Charles LindberghCharles Lindbergh 1902-19741902-1974 Learned to fly in Learned to fly in

Lincoln, NE!Lincoln, NE! Was even more Was even more

respected for his respected for his modesty about modesty about his fame.his fame.

Charles LindberghCharles Lindbergh Made other flights Made other flights

surveying and surveying and advising airlines. advising airlines.

Tragedy in his life.Tragedy in his life. Kidnapping and Kidnapping and

murder of his murder of his firstborn son.firstborn son.

Seen as being pro-Seen as being pro-Hitler when WWII Hitler when WWII began. began.

Amelia EarhartAmelia Earhart 1928 1928 –– first woman first woman

to cross the Atlantic to cross the Atlantic in a plane.in a plane.

1932 1932 –– first woman first woman to fly solo across the to fly solo across the Atlantic.Atlantic.

First to fly from First to fly from Hawaii to California.Hawaii to California.

Amelia EarhartAmelia Earhart 1937 1937 –– was on a was on a

journey to be the journey to be the first to first to circumnavigate circumnavigate the world in a the world in a plane.plane.

Disappeared over Disappeared over the Pacific.the Pacific. MysteryMystery

SPORTS HEROES OF THE SPORTS HEROES OF THE 1920s1920s

Radio, newsreels, Radio, newsreels, and more sports and more sports reporting made reporting made sports BIG sports BIG business.business.

Jack Dempsey Jack Dempsey 1921 1921 –– world world heavyweight heavyweight champion boxer.champion boxer.

Sports Heroes of the Sports Heroes of the 1920s1920s

Jim ThorpeJim Thorpe Won gold medals Won gold medals

in the Olympics in in the Olympics in the decathlon and the decathlon and the pentathlon.the pentathlon.

Played professional Played professional baseballbaseball

Played professional Played professional footballfootball

First president of First president of the NFLthe NFL

The Sultan of SwatThe Sultan of Swat George Herman George Herman

““BabeBabe”” Ruth Ruth Between playing Between playing

for the Yanks and for the Yanks and the Sox the Sox –– 714 714 homeruns.homeruns.

Unbroken record Unbroken record for 40 years. for 40 years.

Women AthletesWomen Athletes Gertrude Ederle Gertrude Ederle ––

Olympic swimmer Olympic swimmer 1924.1924.

First woman to First woman to swim the 35 miles swim the 35 miles of the English of the English ChannelChannel Beat the menBeat the men’’s s

record by 2 hours.record by 2 hours.

Women AthletesWomen Athletes Hazel WightmanHazel Wightman Helen WillsHelen Wills

Olympic and Olympic and Wimbledon tennis Wimbledon tennis stars.stars.

Amateur AthleticsAmateur Athletics 1920s more 1920s more

people were people were playing sports.playing sports. Better Better

transportationtransportation More leisure timeMore leisure time Golf, tennis, Golf, tennis,

swimmingswimming

Can you answer?Can you answer? How did the flapper symbolize How did the flapper symbolize

change for women in the 1920s?change for women in the 1920s? What conditions brought about the What conditions brought about the

demographic shifts of the 1920s?demographic shifts of the 1920s? How did a barrio develop in Los How did a barrio develop in Los

Angeles in the 1920s?Angeles in the 1920s?

Mass Media and the Jazz Mass Media and the Jazz AgeAge

The founding of The founding of HollywoodHollywood Drew film makers to Drew film makers to

the area in 1900.the area in 1900. Variety of landscapes Variety of landscapes

(mountains, desert, (mountains, desert, ocean)ocean)

Warm climateWarm climate Lighting was betterLighting was better Large work force from Large work force from

LA.LA.

Mass Media in the Jazz AgeMass Media in the Jazz Age UNTIL 1920s the UNTIL 1920s the

US had been a US had been a collection of collection of regional cultures.regional cultures. Accents differedAccents differed Customs differedCustoms differed Entertainment Entertainment

differeddiffered

Mass Media and the Jazz Mass Media and the Jazz AgeAge

Films, national Films, national newspapers and newspapers and radio created the radio created the ““nationalnational”” culture culture of the country. of the country. Do you hear as Do you hear as

many accents many accents anymore? anymore?

MoviesMovies 1910 1910 –– 5,000 5,000

theaters in the theaters in the country.country.

1930 1930 –– 22,500 22,500 theaterstheaters

1929 1929 –– 125 million 125 million Americans.Americans. 80 million movie 80 million movie

tickets were sold tickets were sold every week.every week.

MoviesMovies Until 1927 movies Until 1927 movies

were silent.were silent. The first sound The first sound

film THE JAZZ film THE JAZZ SINGER SINGER –– 1927 1927 Al JolsonAl Jolson Going to the Going to the

““talkiestalkies”” was a was a popular pastime.popular pastime.

Stars of the 1920sStars of the 1920s Greta GarboGreta Garbo

Swedish starSwedish star ““I want to be I want to be

alone.alone.””

Stars of the 1920sStars of the 1920s Charlie ChaplinCharlie Chaplin

The Tramp moviesThe Tramp movies

Stars of the 1920sStars of the 1920s Clara Bow Clara Bow –– the the

first first ““ItIt”” girl girl

Stars of the 1920sStars of the 1920s Lillian Gish Lillian Gish

Delicate heroineDelicate heroine

Stars of the 1920sStars of the 1920s Harold LloydHarold Lloyd

Physical comedianPhysical comedian

Newspapers and Newspapers and MagazinesMagazines

Golden Age of Golden Age of newspapers.newspapers.

EVERY town had a EVERY town had a newspaper.newspaper.

The rise of The rise of newspaper chains.newspaper chains. Some owners had Some owners had

monopolies on the monopolies on the news in their states.news in their states.

NewspapersNewspapers Tabloids Tabloids –– more on more on

entertainment, entertainment, fashion, sports and fashion, sports and sensational stories.sensational stories.

The New York The New York DAILY MIRRORDAILY MIRROR ““90% 90%

entertainment, 10% entertainment, 10% information information –– and and the information the information without boring you.without boring you.””

NewspapersNewspapers More Americans More Americans

began to share the began to share the same information, same information, read the same read the same events, and events, and encounter the same encounter the same ideas and fashions.ideas and fashions.

Created a common Created a common culture.culture.

RadioRadio 1920 Westinghouse 1920 Westinghouse

Electric engineer Electric engineer Frank Conrad put a Frank Conrad put a transmitter in his transmitter in his garage in garage in Pittsburgh. Read Pittsburgh. Read news, played news, played music.music.

KDKA KDKA –– the FIRST the FIRST American radio American radio station.station.

RadioRadio By 1922 500 radio By 1922 500 radio

stations across stations across the country.the country.

National National Broadcasting Broadcasting Corporation (NBC) Corporation (NBC) offered radio offered radio stations stations programming.programming.

The Jazz AgeThe Jazz Age The radio audience The radio audience

and the African and the African American American migration to the migration to the cities made jazz cities made jazz popular. popular. Improvisation of Improvisation of

musicmusic Syncopation Syncopation ––

offbeat rhythm.offbeat rhythm.

The Jazz AgeThe Jazz Age Young people Young people

were NUTS about were NUTS about jazz.jazz.

1929 1929 –– 60% of 60% of radio air time was radio air time was playing jazz.playing jazz.

Heroes of JazzHeroes of Jazz Louis Armstrong Louis Armstrong

(1901 (1901 –– 1974) 1974) ““SatchmoSatchmo”” and and

““The GiftThe Gift”” New Orleans to New Orleans to

Chicago to the Chicago to the world.world.

Trumpet and Trumpet and singing singing ““scatscat””

Jazz HeroesJazz Heroes ““DukeDuke”” Ellington Ellington 17 years old 17 years old ––

played jazz in clubs played jazz in clubs in Washington DC in Washington DC at night and painted at night and painted signs in the day. signs in the day.

Wrote thousands of Wrote thousands of songs and had his songs and had his own band.own band.

Jazz Clubs and Dance HallsJazz Clubs and Dance Halls To hear the To hear the ““realreal””

jazz jazz –– NYC and NYC and the neighborhood the neighborhood of Harlem.of Harlem. 500 jazz clubs500 jazz clubs Cotton Club the Cotton Club the

most famousmost famous BUTBUT

Most white Most white Americans did not Americans did not want to hear jazz.want to hear jazz.

Jazz ClubsJazz Clubs Artie Shaw Artie Shaw –– First to First to

use black use black musicians for white musicians for white audiences.audiences.

Benny Goodman Benny Goodman –– First to take jazz to First to take jazz to white America.white America. SWINGSWING First racial mixed First racial mixed

band.band.

Jazz Influences on ArtJazz Influences on Art Artists were Artists were

showing the showing the rougher side of rougher side of life.life. Edward HopperEdward Hopper

ArtArt Georgia OGeorgia O’’Keefe Keefe

turned to natural turned to natural objects objects –– flowers, flowers, bones, bones, landscapes.landscapes.

Literature in the 1920sLiterature in the 1920s Upton SinclairUpton Sinclair

Attacked American Attacked American society.society.

THE JUNGLE, ELMER THE JUNGLE, ELMER GANTRY, MAIN STREETGANTRY, MAIN STREET

Eugene OEugene O’’NeillNeill Dark tragedies of Dark tragedies of

everyday American everyday American life.life.

A LONG DAYA LONG DAY’’S S JOURNEY INTO NIGHTJOURNEY INTO NIGHT

                                           

Literature in the 1920s: Literature in the 1920s: The Lost GenerationThe Lost Generation

Many writers, Many writers, artists, and artists, and musicians went to musicians went to Europe and most Europe and most ended up in Parisended up in Paris Cheap livingCheap living Racial toleranceRacial tolerance Intellectual Intellectual

tolerancetolerance

The Lost GenerationThe Lost Generation F. Scott FitzgeraldF. Scott Fitzgerald

Wife ZeldaWife Zelda THE GREAT GATSBYTHE GREAT GATSBY THE SUN ALSO THE SUN ALSO

RISESRISES Showed the people Showed the people

of the jazz age of the jazz age –– including their self-including their self-centered and centered and shallow ways.shallow ways.

The Lost GenerationThe Lost Generation Edna St. Vincent Edna St. Vincent

MillayMillay

““My candle burns My candle burns at both ends; It at both ends; It will not last the will not last the night; But ah, my night; But ah, my foes, and oh, my foes, and oh, my friends friends –– It gives a It gives a lovely light.lovely light.””

Harlem RenaissanceHarlem Renaissance 1914: 50,000 1914: 50,000

African Americans African Americans in Harlem.in Harlem.

1930: 200,0001930: 200,000 Nora Neale Nora Neale

HurstonHurston THEIR EYES WERE THEIR EYES WERE

WATCHING GOD.WATCHING GOD.

Harlem Renaissance: Harlem Renaissance: Langston HughesLangston Hughes

Poet, short story Poet, short story writer, journalist writer, journalist and playwright.and playwright.

Joys and difficulties Joys and difficulties of being human, of being human, American and American and being black.being black.

See page 465 for a See page 465 for a sample of his work.sample of his work.

Flapper SlangFlapper Slang See page 464 for See page 464 for

the vocabulary of the vocabulary of the flapper. the flapper. (HINT, HINT)(HINT, HINT)

Questions to ponder:Questions to ponder: How did the mass media help create How did the mass media help create

common cultural experiences?common cultural experiences? Why are the 1920s called the Jazz Age and Why are the 1920s called the Jazz Age and

how did the jazz spirit affect the arts?how did the jazz spirit affect the arts? How did the writers of the Lost Generation How did the writers of the Lost Generation

respond to the popular culture?respond to the popular culture? What subjects did the Harlem Renaissance What subjects did the Harlem Renaissance

writers explore?writers explore?

Cultural Conflicts in the Cultural Conflicts in the 1920s1920s

PROHIBITIONPROHIBITION The 18The 18thth

Amendment to the Amendment to the ConstitutionConstitution

Made Made manufacturing of manufacturing of alcohol illegal.alcohol illegal.

Most people chose Most people chose to ignore it.to ignore it.

See page 467See page 467

Goals of ProhibitionGoals of Prohibition Eliminate Eliminate

drunkennessdrunkenness Causing abuse of Causing abuse of

family family Get rid of saloonsGet rid of saloons

Prostitution, gambling Prostitution, gambling densdens

Prevent absenteeism Prevent absenteeism and on-the-job and on-the-job accidents stemming accidents stemming from drunkennessfrom drunkenness

How Effective was How Effective was Prohibition?Prohibition?

They drank in the They drank in the White HouseWhite House

1924 1924 –– Kansas had Kansas had 95% of people obeying 95% of people obeying the law not to drink.the law not to drink.

Only 5% of New Only 5% of New Yorkers obeyed the Yorkers obeyed the law.law. Contrast between rural Contrast between rural

and urban moral and urban moral values.values.

BootleggingBootlegging Those that would Those that would

manufacture, sell manufacture, sell and transport and transport liquor, beer, and liquor, beer, and wine. wine.

BootleggersBootleggers Started from Started from

drinkers who hid drinkers who hid flasks in the leg of flasks in the leg of their boots.their boots.

BootleggersBootleggers Stills to make Stills to make

alcoholalcohol Corn: grain Corn: grain

alcohol (VERY alcohol (VERY alcoholic) and alcoholic) and some whiskeysome whiskey

Potatoes: vodkaPotatoes: vodka Rye Grain: gin and Rye Grain: gin and

whiskeywhiskey Bathtub ginBathtub gin

BootleggersBootleggers Canadians were Canadians were

making whiskey.making whiskey. Caribbean was Caribbean was

making rum.making rum. Smugglers took ships Smugglers took ships

out to sea, met speed out to sea, met speed boats who outran the boats who outran the Coast Guard to Coast Guard to harbors where they harbors where they transported the transported the alcohol to alcohol to warehouses.warehouses.

SpeakeasiesSpeakeasies Bars that operated Bars that operated

illegally. illegally. To get into a To get into a

speakeasy speakeasy –– you you needed a password needed a password or be recognized or be recognized by a guard.by a guard.

Sometimes hidden Sometimes hidden behind legit behind legit businesses.businesses.

SpeakeasiesSpeakeasies Before Prohibition Before Prohibition

the whole state of the whole state of Massachusetts had Massachusetts had 1,000 saloons.1,000 saloons.

AFTER Prohibition AFTER Prohibition Boston alone had Boston alone had 4,000 speakeasies 4,000 speakeasies and 15,000 and 15,000 bootleggers.bootleggers.

Organized CrimeOrganized Crime

Early in Early in Prohibition Prohibition –– there there was competition was competition between gangs to between gangs to supply liquor to supply liquor to speakeasies.speakeasies.

Organized CrimeOrganized Crime Territories Territories

expanded and gang expanded and gang warfare erupted warfare erupted over turf and over turf and control of the control of the liquor.liquor. Tommy Guns Tommy Guns Sawed off shotgunsSawed off shotguns Murder on the Murder on the

streetsstreets

Organized CrimeOrganized Crime Expanded into Expanded into

other crimesother crimes GamblingGambling ProstitutionProstitution Murder Murder

IncorporatedIncorporated

Organized CrimeOrganized Crime RacketeeringRacketeering Bribe police and Bribe police and

other government other government officials to ignore officials to ignore what they are what they are doing.doing.

Gangsters forced Gangsters forced businesses to pay a businesses to pay a fee for fee for ““protectionprotection”” If you didnIf you didn’’t pay t pay ……

Organized CrimeOrganized Crime 157 bombs in 157 bombs in

1928 Chicago!1928 Chicago!

Al CaponeAl Capone The most famous The most famous

and brutal and brutal gangsters were in gangsters were in Chicago.Chicago.

Racketeering was Racketeering was EVERYWHEREEVERYWHERE Chicago and his Chicago and his

suburb of Cicerosuburb of Cicero

Alfonse Alfonse ““ScarfaceScarface”” Capone Capone 1899-19471899-1947 Born in NYC to Born in NYC to

Sicilian Sicilian immigrants.immigrants.

Dropped out of Dropped out of school at 14.school at 14.

Nasty fighter Nasty fighter reputation.reputation.

Moved to Chicago Moved to Chicago in 1919.in 1919.

Al CaponeAl Capone 200 murders are 200 murders are

directly tied to directly tied to Capone.Capone.

St. ValentineSt. Valentine’’s s Day Massacre Day Massacre was also his work.was also his work.

With Prohibition, With Prohibition, he made he made $100,000,000.$100,000,000.

Al CaponeAl Capone

Al CaponeAl Capone For all his murders For all his murders

and assaults, he and assaults, he was eventually was eventually imprisoned for not imprisoned for not paying taxes.paying taxes.

Ended up at Ended up at Alcatraz Prison.Alcatraz Prison.

Released early and Released early and died of syphilisdied of syphilis

Matters of ReligionMatters of Religion Rural Rural ““ValuesValues”” v. v.

City City ““ValuesValues”” The rise of The rise of

fundamentalismfundamentalism Concerns about Concerns about

science and science and technology were technology were playing in lifeplaying in life

FundamentalismFundamentalism War and War and

widespread widespread problems of problems of modern society modern society caused people to caused people to question if God question if God existed.existed.

Some scholars said Some scholars said the Bible was a the Bible was a work of fiction.work of fiction.

FundamentalismFundamentalism Fundamentalism Fundamentalism

said God inspired said God inspired the Bible so it the Bible so it cannot contain cannot contain contradictions or contradictions or errors. It was errors. It was literal truth.literal truth.

FundamentalismFundamentalism Gained Gained

tremendous tremendous attention in the attention in the 1920s.1920s. Billy SundayBilly Sunday Aimee Semple Aimee Semple

McPherson McPherson ““Sister Sister AimeeAimee””

William Jennings William Jennings BryanBryan

Evolution and the Scopes Evolution and the Scopes Monkey TrialMonkey Trial

Fundamentalists in Fundamentalists in Tennessee passed a Tennessee passed a law saying that law saying that evolutionary theory evolutionary theory could not be taught in could not be taught in schools. schools. 1925, high school 1925, high school

biology teacher, John biology teacher, John Scopes taught his Scopes taught his students about Charles students about Charles Darwin.Darwin.

Was arrested that day.Was arrested that day.

The Scopes Monkey TrialThe Scopes Monkey Trial Drama between Drama between

two of the best two of the best lawyers in the lawyers in the nationnation Clarence DarrowClarence Darrow William Jennings William Jennings

BryanBryan Mass media allowed Mass media allowed

2 million people to 2 million people to listen to the trial.listen to the trial.

The Scopes Monkey TrialThe Scopes Monkey Trial Dramatic moment Dramatic moment

and never done and never done since.since.

Darrow put Bryan Darrow put Bryan on the stand to on the stand to testify as an expert testify as an expert on the Bible.on the Bible. Showed flaws in Showed flaws in

some of his logicsome of his logic

The Scopes Monkey TrialThe Scopes Monkey Trial Darrow lost the Darrow lost the

case but won the case but won the point with the point with the public. public.

Darrow a defender Darrow a defender of science and of science and reasonreason

Bryan was a martyr Bryan was a martyr for the causefor the cause Died days after the Died days after the

trial ended.trial ended.

Racial Tensions: Violence Racial Tensions: Violence Against African AmericansAgainst African Americans

1919: Red 1919: Red SummerSummer Race riots Race riots

between white between white and black in and black in Omaha, Tulsa, Omaha, Tulsa, Washington DC Washington DC and Chicago.and Chicago.

1919 Race Riot in Omaha1919 Race Riot in Omaha "Pretty little Agnes "Pretty little Agnes

Loebeck ... was Loebeck ... was assaulted ... by an assaulted ... by an unidentified negro unidentified negro at twelve O'clock at twelve O'clock last night, while last night, while she was returning she was returning to her home in to her home in company with company with Millard [sic] Millard [sic] Hoffman Hoffman

1919 Race Riot1919 Race Riot That evening, the police That evening, the police

took a suspect to the took a suspect to the Loebeck home. Agnes Loebeck home. Agnes and her boyfriend and her boyfriend Milton Hoffman (they Milton Hoffman (they were later married) were later married) identified a black identified a black packinghouse worker packinghouse worker named Will Brown as named Will Brown as the assailant. Brown the assailant. Brown was 41 years old and was 41 years old and suffered from acute suffered from acute rheumatismrheumatism

1919 Race Riot of Omaha1919 Race Riot of Omaha

                                                  

                             

Racial Tensions: OmahaRacial Tensions: Omaha September 29, September 29,

19191919

Racial TensionsRacial Tensions Many in the North Many in the North

joined the Ku Klux joined the Ku Klux Klan.Klan.

Lynchings Lynchings happened in the happened in the North.North.

Revival of the KlanRevival of the Klan See page 472 for the See page 472 for the

description of why men description of why men should join the Klan.should join the Klan.

1924 4 million 1924 4 million membersmembers

Most Kan memberships Most Kan memberships came from Indianacame from Indiana

Prejudice against non-Prejudice against non-whites, non- Christian, whites, non- Christian, non-Protestants, Jews, non-Protestants, Jews, immigrants, etc.immigrants, etc. DidnDidn’’t leave many people t leave many people

to like!to like!

                                                  

                             

Fighting DiscriminationFighting Discrimination NAACP (National NAACP (National

Association for the Association for the Advancement of Advancement of Colored People)Colored People) Worked to end Worked to end

lynching.lynching. No national laws No national laws ––

but did get a but did get a number of states to number of states to comply.comply.

1929 1929 –– 10 lynchings 10 lynchings in the countryin the country

Fighting DiscriminationFighting Discrimination NAACP:NAACP:

Worked to get Worked to get better voting better voting rights for African rights for African AmericansAmericans

NOT much successNOT much success

The Garvey MovementThe Garvey Movement Some African Some African

Americans Americans frustrated by frustrated by violence and violence and discrimination discrimination dreamed of a new dreamed of a new homeland.homeland.

The Marcus Garvey The Marcus Garvey MovementMovement

Banks and business Banks and business investment for just investment for just African Americans.African Americans.

Urged a return to Urged a return to ““Motherland AfricaMotherland Africa”” to to create a new country. create a new country.

Started Started ““Black PrideBlack Pride”” from prison and after from prison and after he was deported to he was deported to Jamaica.Jamaica.

W.E.B. DuboisW.E.B. Dubois DidnDidn’’t think the t think the

answer was answer was separation of the separation of the races. races.

Also didnAlso didn’’t t approve of approve of GarveyGarvey’’s business s business practices.practices.