The Islamic The Islamic Republic of Republic of AfghanistanAfghanistan

The Islamic The Islamic Republic of Republic of AfghanistanAfghanistan

Outlasting Invaders Since 330 Outlasting Invaders Since 330 BCEBCE

Outlasting Invaders Since 330 Outlasting Invaders Since 330 BCEBCE

A History of A History of InvasionInvasion

A History of A History of InvasionInvasion

Darius I & Babylonians conquered it in approx. 500 BCEAlexander the Great & Macedonians conquered it in 329 BCEMahmud of Ghazni incorporated it into his massive empire (Iran to India) in 11th CenturyGenghis Khan took control in 13th CenturyAfghanistan was not independent until 1747.

Darius I & Babylonians conquered it in approx. 500 BCEAlexander the Great & Macedonians conquered it in 329 BCEMahmud of Ghazni incorporated it into his massive empire (Iran to India) in 11th CenturyGenghis Khan took control in 13th CenturyAfghanistan was not independent until 1747.

Mahmud of Ghazni

considered the greatest

conqueror of Afghanistan

Who were these Who were these constantly embattled constantly embattled

people?people?

Who were these Who were these constantly embattled constantly embattled

people?people?

The Afghan PeopleThe Afghan PeopleThe Afghan PeopleThe Afghan People

All of this invasion led to an ethnically diverse population of approx. 29 million.

80% live rurally.

Vast majority are Muslim.

Pashtuns are majority ethnic group (approx. 38%)

Other minority ethnic groups:

Tajiks (25%)

Hazaras (19%)

Uzbeks (6%)

All of this invasion led to an ethnically diverse population of approx. 29 million.

80% live rurally.

Vast majority are Muslim.

Pashtuns are majority ethnic group (approx. 38%)

Other minority ethnic groups:

Tajiks (25%)

Hazaras (19%)

Uzbeks (6%)

Most Afghans

speak 2-3 languages

Anglo-Afghan WarsAnglo-Afghan WarsAnglo-Afghan WarsAnglo-Afghan WarsBoth Russia & Great Britain hoped to control Afghanistan

Three Conflicts (1839-42; 1878-80; 1919)

First Afghan War—Great Britain tried to extend colonial India into Afghanistan (and stop Russia from encroaching) by crowning a Shah Shoja (a puppet monarch) and sending in an occupying force of 16,000 Indian/British troops

Afghan insurrections ultimately forced British to withdraw and Afghans reinstated their own leader.

Both Russia & Great Britain hoped to control Afghanistan

Three Conflicts (1839-42; 1878-80; 1919)

First Afghan War—Great Britain tried to extend colonial India into Afghanistan (and stop Russia from encroaching) by crowning a Shah Shoja (a puppet monarch) and sending in an occupying force of 16,000 Indian/British troops

Afghan insurrections ultimately forced British to withdraw and Afghans reinstated their own leader.

Shah Shoja holding court in Kabul before he was forced to flee the

country.

Anglo-Afghan WarsAnglo-Afghan WarsAnglo-Afghan WarsAnglo-Afghan WarsSecond Afghan War--fearful of growing Russian influence in Afghanistan, Britain again invaded on November 21, 1878

Shir Ali (Afghan’s leader) fled the capital & died in exile in 1879.

British again occupied Kabul

Recognized Shir Ali’s son, Ya’qub Khan as their new leader if he would accept a permanent British embassy & take their advice on foreign affairs.

Peace didn’t last long, when a British envoy, Sir Louis Cavagnari & his escort were murdered on September 3, 1879

Ya’qub abdicated the throne & Britain lost their puppet monarch.

Russian & British drew the boundaries of Afghanistan.

Second Afghan War--fearful of growing Russian influence in Afghanistan, Britain again invaded on November 21, 1878

Shir Ali (Afghan’s leader) fled the capital & died in exile in 1879.

British again occupied Kabul

Recognized Shir Ali’s son, Ya’qub Khan as their new leader if he would accept a permanent British embassy & take their advice on foreign affairs.

Peace didn’t last long, when a British envoy, Sir Louis Cavagnari & his escort were murdered on September 3, 1879

Ya’qub abdicated the throne & Britain lost their puppet monarch.

Russian & British drew the boundaries of Afghanistan.

British envoy, Sir Louis Cavagnari negotiating with

Afghan ruler, Ya’qub Khan in 1879

Anglo-Afghan WarsAnglo-Afghan WarsAnglo-Afghan WarsAnglo-Afghan WarsAfghanistan remained uninvolved in WWI because of a strong leader, Habibullah Khan.But, he was assassinated in 1919 and his son, Amunullah Khan took the throne.Amunallah declared total independence from Great Britain in his inaugural address there by kicking off...The Third Afghan War—A month long war, consisting of only small skirmishes between archaic Afghan army and a British army wiped out and exhausted from World War IEnd with a peace treaty giving Afghanistan its independence in 1919.They also signed a treat of friendship with the new Bolshevik regime in Russia, becoming one of the first states to recognize the new Soviet regime.

Afghanistan remained uninvolved in WWI because of a strong leader, Habibullah Khan.But, he was assassinated in 1919 and his son, Amunullah Khan took the throne.Amunallah declared total independence from Great Britain in his inaugural address there by kicking off...The Third Afghan War—A month long war, consisting of only small skirmishes between archaic Afghan army and a British army wiped out and exhausted from World War IEnd with a peace treaty giving Afghanistan its independence in 1919.They also signed a treat of friendship with the new Bolshevik regime in Russia, becoming one of the first states to recognize the new Soviet regime.

Amanullah Khan of Afghanistan

Free at last?Free at last?Free at last?Free at last?

Maybe not!Maybe not!Maybe not!Maybe not!

The Soviet InvasionThe Soviet InvasionThe Soviet InvasionThe Soviet Invasion

Soviets invaded Afghanistan to help Communist minority group take control of the government from the anti-communist Muslim majority in 1979 with 30,000 troopsSoviets tried to ruthlessly put down opposition.Muslim anti-communists collectively known as mujahideen (Arabic from “those who engage in jihad) were tireless in their rebellion

Soviets invaded Afghanistan to help Communist minority group take control of the government from the anti-communist Muslim majority in 1979 with 30,000 troopsSoviets tried to ruthlessly put down opposition.Muslim anti-communists collectively known as mujahideen (Arabic from “those who engage in jihad) were tireless in their rebellion Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan December

1979

The Soviet StalemateThe Soviet StalemateThe Soviet StalemateThe Soviet StalemateSoviets used 100,000 troops to control the cities and larger towns BUTMujahideen controlled the countryside (especially the mountains) using guerrilla tactics (irregular warfare using military tactics including ambushes, sabotages, raids, and hit and run tactics)So, Soviets used air support to bomb villages that supported them. Led to 4.3 million Afghans fleeing Thanks to the U.S. supplying shoulder-fired anti-aircraft missiles to the mujahideen, and Muslims coming from all over the world, the Afghans outlasted the Soviets.Soviets lost 15,000 men (even more injured) and withdrew completely on Feb. 15, 1989.

Soviets used 100,000 troops to control the cities and larger towns BUTMujahideen controlled the countryside (especially the mountains) using guerrilla tactics (irregular warfare using military tactics including ambushes, sabotages, raids, and hit and run tactics)So, Soviets used air support to bomb villages that supported them. Led to 4.3 million Afghans fleeing Thanks to the U.S. supplying shoulder-fired anti-aircraft missiles to the mujahideen, and Muslims coming from all over the world, the Afghans outlasted the Soviets.Soviets lost 15,000 men (even more injured) and withdrew completely on Feb. 15, 1989.

Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan May 1988

Afghanistan After the Afghanistan After the SovietsSoviets

Afghanistan After the Afghanistan After the SovietsSoviets

A bloody civil war for control of the country1996—Taliban takes control of Kabul and institutes Islamic law:

Severely limiting women’s rightsIntroduced strict punishment for all (stoning, amputations, etc...)Outlawing the profitable agricultural drug businessCrushing secular educational system

1998—U.S. launches missile strikes against militant Osama bin Laden (accused of bombing our embassies in Africa)1999—Impost sanctions and embargo on Afghanistan until they give up Osama bin Laden

A bloody civil war for control of the country1996—Taliban takes control of Kabul and institutes Islamic law:

Severely limiting women’s rightsIntroduced strict punishment for all (stoning, amputations, etc...)Outlawing the profitable agricultural drug businessCrushing secular educational system

1998—U.S. launches missile strikes against militant Osama bin Laden (accused of bombing our embassies in Africa)1999—Impost sanctions and embargo on Afghanistan until they give up Osama bin Laden

America Invades America Invades AfghanistanAfghanistan

America Invades America Invades AfghanistanAfghanistan

September 11, 2001—U.S. is attacked by Muslim terrorists under orders from Osama bin LadenOctober 2001—U.S. leads bombing of Afghanistan & invades KabulDecember 2001—New power-sharing government is created and led by Hamid KarzaiViolence and insurgencies still continue in Afghanistan even as U.S. and allied troops withdraw...

September 11, 2001—U.S. is attacked by Muslim terrorists under orders from Osama bin LadenOctober 2001—U.S. leads bombing of Afghanistan & invades KabulDecember 2001—New power-sharing government is created and led by Hamid KarzaiViolence and insurgencies still continue in Afghanistan even as U.S. and allied troops withdraw...

The Afghan PeopleThe Afghan PeopleThe Afghan PeopleThe Afghan PeopleHow has the history of Afghanistan How has the history of Afghanistan

impacted the culture and mindset of its impacted the culture and mindset of its people?people?

How has the history of Afghanistan How has the history of Afghanistan impacted the culture and mindset of its impacted the culture and mindset of its

people?people?

Homework for Next Homework for Next Class:Class:

Homework for Next Homework for Next Class:Class:

Read the article, Read the article, ““Marriage or ElseMarriage or Else”” and and answer the 7 questions. Be ready to answer the 7 questions. Be ready to

discuss!discuss!

Read the article, Read the article, ““Marriage or ElseMarriage or Else”” and and answer the 7 questions. Be ready to answer the 7 questions. Be ready to

discuss!discuss!