The IPPC and Alien Invasive Species Dealing with Alien Invasive Species since 1952

The IPPC and Alien Invasive Species

Dealing with Alien Invasive Species since 1952

Ralf LopianSenior Advisor Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of FinlandChairman of the ICPM


Contents: Definitions and Abbreviations Responsibilities IPPC activities concerning Alien Invasive

Species Relationship between Guiding Principles and

the IPPC and its Standards Discussion and Conclusions


Abbreviations (1)

CBD – Convention on Biological Diversity; it has three main goals: the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components, and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits from the use of genetic resources. Activities with direct phytosanitary impacts are its provisions on ”Alien Species” and ”Alien Invasive Species”.

IPPC – International Plant Protection Convention; its aim is to secure a common and effective action to prevent the spread and introduction of pests of plants and plant products, and to promote appropriate measures for their control.

ICPM – Interim Commission on Phytosanitary Measures of the IPPC


Abbreviations (2)

RPPOs – Regional Plant Protection Organizations; RPPOs function as the coordinating bodies in the geographical areas covered and shall participate in various activities to achieve the objectives of the IPPC ().

EPPO – European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization; it is the Regional Plant Protection Organization responsible for cooperation in plant protection in the European and Mediterranean region ().

SPS – Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures of the World Trade Organization (WTO); its main field of work is the application of sanitary and phytosanitary measures in relation to trade .


Definitions (1)

[Plant] Pest - Any species, strain or biotype of plant, animal or pathogenic agent [directly or indirectly] injurious to plants or plant products [IPPC, 1997]

Quarantine [Plant] Pest – A pest of potential economic importance to the area endangered thereby and not yet present there, or present but not widely distributed and being officially controlled [IPPC, 1997]


Definitions (2)

Alien Species - a species, subspecies or lower taxon, introduced outside its natural past or present distribution; includes any part, gametes, seeds, eggs, or propagules of such species that might survive and subsequently reproduce [CBD, 2003]

Invasive Alien Species (=Alien Invasive Species) – an alien species whose introduction and/or spread threaten biological diversity [CBD, 2003]

Criteria of a Quarantine Pest

Any organism

Injurious to plants

Having a potential economic (environmental) impact

Not present, or if present not widely distributed and being officially controlled

Not included

Criteria of an Alien Invasive Species

Any organism

Threat to biodiversity (plants being part of biodiversity)

Threat to biological diversity through introduction and/or spread

Survival and subsequent reproduction capability


Relationship between Plant Pests and AISs

The IPPC and Alien Invasive

Species Responsibilities: Overlapping Mandates (1)

IPPC

Protecting plants

from plant pests

Protecting biodiversity (wild flora) from AISs

SPSTrade related

rules concerning plant health and

life

CBD

RPPOs(e.g.EPPO)



Areas of overlap between IPPC and Guiding Principles are:

providing legal and and regulatory frameworks

building capacity and technical assistance for developing countries

assessing and managing potential plant pest risks

protecting areas that may be threatened by plant pests

applying measures to prevent the unintentional introduction of plant pests



Areas of overlap are (continued):

certifying that risk managemant procedures have been applied

assessing and managing the intentional introduction of organisms that may be plant pests

exchanging of scientific and regulatory information relevant to plant pests

cooperating between countriess to minimize the impact of plant pests

detecting, controlling and eradicating pests in agricultural and wild flora


Species IPPC activities concerning Alien Invasive Species

(1)

1999: the second meeting of the Interim Commission on Phytosanitary Measures (ICPM 2) created an informal open-ended working group to consider issues regarding GMOs, biosecurity and invasive species.

2001: based on the recommendations of the working group ICPM 3 decided that:

species that may be invasive and that directly or indirectly affect plants or plant products should be assessed, monitored and managed, if necessary, according to IPPC provisions

alien invasive species that are plant pests and that are not present (if present then limited distribution + official control) should be considered quarantine pests and should be subjected to measures according to IPPC provisions



(2)

that the IPPC is directly relevant to article 8(h) of the CBD (Prevent the introduction of, control or eradicate those alien species which threaten ecosystems, habitats or species)

many provisions and standards of the IPPC are directly relevant to, or overlap with the Interim Guiding Principles (Now: Guiding Principles) of the CBD

standards should be reviewed to ensure that they adequately address environmental risks of plant pests

a supplement to ISPM 11 (International Standard on Phytosanitary Measures No.11: Pest Risk Analysis for quarantine pests) be developed to address in detail the environmental risks of plant pests



(3)

the IPPC Secretariat cooperates with the CBD on Alien Invasive Species related matters

IPPC Secretariat to seek observers status with CBD

IPPC Secretariat to attend relevant meetings of the CBD and to invite the CBD to attend relevant IPPC meetings

IPPC Secretariat to cooperate with other standard setting bodies to ensure that common areas of interest are adequately covered

Phytosanitary Aspects of Biotechnology and Alien Invasive


(4)

In 2003 the ICPM adopted:

a supplementary standard to ISPM 11 (PRA of Quarantine Pests) on environmental risk of plant pests

a supplementary standard to ISPM 5 (Glossary of Phytosanitary Terms) providing guidelines on the understanding of ”potential economic importance” and related terms including reference to environmental considerations

Phytosanitary Aspects of Biotechnology and Alien Invasive


(5)

In 2003 the IPPC Secretariat and the CBD Secretariat signed a Memorandum of Cooperation in order to:

promote synergy

avoid overlaps

avoid unnecessary duplication

ensure effective cooperation in joint activities


Relationship between Guiding Principles and the IPPC and its Standards (1)

IPPC and/or Standard provisions

IPPC: Art. VII (2a) (potential contradiction)

ISPM 11: (partial application)

IPPC: general aim of IPPC (full application)

ISPM 11: supplement on environmental risks

ISPM 5: supplement on potential economic importance

Guiding Principle

No.1: Precautionary Approach

No.2: Three-stage Hierarchical Approach

No.3: Ecosystem Approach




IPPC: general aim of IPPC (full application)

ISPM 3: biocontrol agentsISPM 6: surveillanceISPM 17: pest reportingISPM 19: pest listing

IPPC: Art. IV (2b) & Art. IV (3b)ISPM 6: surveillanceISPM 8: pest status

Guiding Principle

No.4: The Role of States

No.5: Research and Monitoring




IPPC: not covered (Art. IV, 3a provides very limited coverage)

IPPC: especially Art. VIIISPM 1: principlesISPM 7: export certification systemISPM 12: phytosanitary certificatesISPM 13: non-compliance &

emergency actionISPM 14: integrated measures

Guiding Principle

No.6: Education and Public Awareness

No.7: Border Control and Quarantine Measures




IPPC: especially Art. VIIIISPM 1: principlesISPM 6: surveillanceISPM 8: pest status ISPM 13: non-compliance &

emergency actionISPM 17: pest reportingISPM 19: pest listing

IPPC: especially Art. XX; PCE; FAO structure a bonus

Guiding Principle

No.8: Exchange of Information

No.9: Cooperation, including Capacity Building




IPPC: especially Art. VIIISPM 1: principlesISPM 2: PRAISPM 3: biocontrol agentsISPM 11: PRA for quarantine pests

IPPC: especially Art. VIIISPM 1: principlesISPM 2: PRAISPM 11: PRA for quarantine pestsISPM 14: integrated measures

Guiding Principle

No.10: Intentional Introduction

No.11: Unintentional Introductions




IPPC: Art. I (partially)

IPPC: Art. IISPM 9: pest eradication

programmes

IPPC: especially Art. IISPM 4: pest free areasISPM 9: pest eradication prog.ISPM 10: pest free places of

production

Guiding Principle

No.12: Mitigation of Impacts

No.13: Eradication

No.14: Containment




IPPC: Art. I

ISPM 14: integrated measures

Guiding Principle

No.15: Control


Species

Discussion (1)

Do we need active involvement of plant health authorities for Alien Invasive Species?

Avoid duplication of activities on an international and national level

Long experience on assessing and managing biological risks related to introduced organisms

Well developed infrastructures on national levels for surveying organisms

Minimizing negative trade impacts


Species

Discussion (2)

Is there a need for a well structured international regulatory framework for Alien Invasive Species?

Avoid duplication of activities, contradicting approaches and confusion of competences in international agreements

Establishment of clear hierachies of competences as in national legislation of many countries

Improve cooperation of international organizations Minimizing negative trade impacts


Species

Discussion (3)

What are countries responsibilities in establishing an international regulatory framework for Alien Invasive Species?

Countries should ratify the relevant international agreements

National coordination of strategies concerning international agreements

Request international organizations to cooperate in their activities


Species

Discussion (4)

What are possible future activities for Alien Invasive Species?

Declaration of competences for international organizations

Resolving possible contradicting provisions in international agreements (WTO/SPS; CBD; IPPC)

Providing Technical Assistance to developing countries

IPPC to intensify its TA activities CBD to contribute to IPPC TA activities (IPPC Trust

Fund)


Species

Conclusions

Phytosanitary authorities, know-how and structures have a clear mandate and function in the field of biotechnology and alien invasive species.

An international regulatory framework for alien invasive species should be established setting clear competences and hierachies for international organizations in this field.

All countries should ratify the relevant international agreements and fully participate in their activities.

Providing Technical Assistance to developing countries

The IPPC and Alien Invasive Species Dealing with Alien Invasive Species since 1952

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