The invention o the telephony type thing of awesome technological advancement for the good of...

8/7/2019 The invention o the telephony type thing of awesome technological advancement for the good of mankind

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The Invention of theTelephone


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In 1861 Johann Phillip Reis completedthe first non-working telephone.

Tantalizingly close to reproducingspeech, Reis's instrument conveyedcertain sounds, poorly, but no morethan that. (Farley, 2006)


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Essentially Reis telephone worked on thesame principle as the telegraph by making aseries of on and off connections. This is finefor transmitting a single sound, as employedin Morse code which is either a short pulse (adot) or a long pulse (a dash). However;

Turning the current off and on like atelegraph cannot begin to duplicate speechsince speech, once flowing, is a fluctuatingwave of continuous character; it is not a

collection of off and on again pulses (Farley, 2006)


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Reproducing speech practically relieson the transmitter making continuouscontact with the electrical circuit. A

transmitter varies the electrical currentdepending on how much acousticpressure it gets. (Farley, 2006)


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In the early 1870s there was still no working telephone.Most inventors were working on improving the telegraphfor which there was already a growing market.

Elisha Grey and Alexander Graham Bell were twoinventors who were trying to increase the number oftelegraphs it was possible to send along a telegraph line,a patent for such an invention could earn the inventormillions

Elisha Grey was a successful inventor and masterelectrician who viewed the telephone an interesting goal.

Bell had trained to become a professor of vocalphysiology and taught the deaf, his entire upbringing hadrevolved around speech, sound and their mechanics.


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The race was on to produce amultiplexing telegraph device.Alexander Graham Bell put forwardthe idea of the harmonic telegraph

which would use tones of differentpitches to send independenttelegraphs. After receiving fundingfrom several people he began hisexperiments in 1874


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In early 1875, Bell, with the help of a youngmachinist named Thomas Watson increased thepace of his experiments on the harmonic

telegraph for his investors. He also worked hardon the telephone which had become his realfocus.

He visited Joseph Henry, a great inventor andscientist in Washington D.C., Henry was thepioneer of electromagnetism and helped SamuelMorse develop the telegraph

Henry said that Bells ideas of transmitting

speech electronically held "the germ of a greatinvention. and advised him to drop all otherwork in order to concentrate on the telephone


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Whilst working in earnest to invent a workingtelephone, Bell told Watson "If I can get amechanism which will make a current ofelectricity vary in its intensity as the air varies indensity when a sound is passing through it, I cantelegraph any sound, even the sound of speech."(Fagan, 1975)

Although he made no immediate breakthrough inhis inventions, Bell had finally cracked the secretto transmitting speech; variable current as

opposed to on/off transmission


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On June 2nd 1875 whilst testing a harmonictelegraph which refused to work it transmittedthe sound of Watson plucking a tuned spring.Ordinarily the harmonic telegraph transmittedon and off, however on this fateful day a screwwas done up too tight keeping a constant,varying current

Recognising the happy accident that hadoccurred, Bell had Watson build a telephonebased on what he had found. It was named theGallows Telephone but unfortunately it didntwork. Disheartened and running out of funds,Bell did few experiments for the remainder of1875.


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The Patent War

In February 1876 Bells patent forthe telephone was received and

approved only hours before ElishaGray filed a Notice of Inventionthus undermining it. This onepatent has arguably become the

most litigated patent with some600 cases brought against it. (Farley,2006)


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Finally, on March 10, 1876, one weekafter his patent was allowed, in Boston,Massachusetts, at his lab at 5 ExeterPlace, Bell succeeded in transmittingspeech. He was not yet 30. Bell used aliquid transmitter, something he hadn't

outlined in his patent or even triedbefore, but something that wasdescribed in Gray's Notice. (Farley, 2006)


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The first working telephone using the liquid

transmitter was not largely practical asthe user had to bellow into thetransmitter to get it to do anything.However, with a working prototype Bellwas able to develop and improve on his

design using better materials andtechniques.

The telephone slowly evolved from theliquid transmitter to the electromagnetic

transmitter, but there was little to turn itfrom a curiosity item to a necessity asthe technology was initially crude andthe transmission quality was poor.


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It was not until Thomas Edison invented animproved transmitter that the telephonebecame practical. Bell and his trusteesformed the first Bell Telephone company andbegan leasing telephones as Western Union,the largest telegraph company also

incorporated the telephone.

With Western Unions use of the telephone,exchanges were built and the telephone aswe know it today took its first tentative steps

from a curiosity item to a viable, usefulinvention in long distance communication


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The rise of themodern telephone


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Rotary Telephon

into use in 1916 despite itsinvention in 1904.

Rotary telephones were workedmanually by dialling a numberthey replaced the old operatorsystem, whereby an operatorwould have to connect you towhoever you wished to speakwith.

(R.S Kimball 1946)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CIDw75mUl6c&
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CIDw75mUl6c&http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CIDw75mUl6c&


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TheR

edTelep

honeBox

The K2 design originated in a Post Officecompetition in 1924 requiring designers tocome up with plans for a new standardkiosk to succeed the various designsproliferating across the country.

Previously kiosk design had beendetermined by the individual telephonecompanies.

The winning design, which arrived on thestreets of Britain in 1926, was a design bySir Giles Gilbert Scott, the architectresponsible for Liverpool's AnglicanCathedral.

(http://heritage.elettra.co.uk/phonebox/k2.html 24/2/2011)

Contemporary context They are now a British icon.

Although not many people use these icons today it bought using thetelephone on the go in to the forefront of the mind.

This need for communication on the go must have been inspiration for

phone developers around the world.
http://heritage.elettra.co.uk/phonebox/k2.htmlhttp://heritage.elettra.co.uk/phonebox/k2.htmlhttp://heritage.elettra.co.uk/phonebox/k2.html


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Telephone

De

sign

After the II world warphones became adesign feature of thehome. The design industryboomed after the war,this period was knownas mid century modernit included architecture,interior and productdesign. Looks and colourplayed a part in thedesign of phones:


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The swap from switch boardjobs....

... To customer services

and sales.


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The Internet! The internet is a global network of computers linked together by the

telephone system (Parson J, 2004)A very brief timeline.

1960 The US military links up all its large computers, forming a networkknown as ARPANET Late 1970s - Users can now interact with computer data by clicking on iconsand windows on the screen with a screen and a mouse. 1980 - ARPANET becomes the internet, as US military withdraw from thenetwork and it is used increasingly by universities and colleges. 1981 - The first IBM personal computers using MS-DOS became available.1990 - Use of the Internet and email become widespread. 2001 - A web server the size of a match head is produced.(Parson J, 2004) 2001 - Broadband internet becomes widely available. 2010 - Fibre optic broadband becomes available.

The effects of the internet Increase in email, and therefore improved communication across largedistances. Improvements in business links. Improvements in education possibilities. E-commerce.


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WirelessPho

neTechnology

1G - 1st generation wirelesstechnology. The first cellular mobilephones released used 1G

technology. 1G technologyuses analog radio signal.

2G - 2nd generation wirelesstechnology.

2G was the first digitalwireless service, allconversations were digitallyencrypted. 2G also saw theintroduction of text

messaging and was firstintroduced in finland in 1991

Motorola Dyna

8000X

Nokia 3310

h l
http://wapedia.mobi/en/Motorola_DynaTAChttp://wapedia.mobi/en/Motorola_DynaTAC


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technology. Saw the increase in possible datatransfer This also allowed for mobile

broadband for the use in laptops. First released in Japan in 2001 butwith limited area. It became morewidespread in 2002

4G - 4th generation wirelesstechnology. Technically in two forms, ofadvanced 3G which allows for furtherincrease in data transfer and a wider

range.

Samsung F480 Tocco 3GPhone

Iphone 4


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The Smartphone Generation

Mobile is the future (Claudine Beaumont, Technology Editor at Mobile World Congress)

The phone is no longer just a device - "it's your alter ego - it's fundamental to everythingyou do."

Google is now a "mobile first" business, with programmers and developers building mobileversions of applications and software before they built the desktop versions.

(Eric Schmidt, Google's chairman and chief executive, 2010)


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Social networkinge all know what it is right?...

... Just incase.

Any website designed to allow multiple users to publish content themselves. Theinformation may be on any subject and may be for consumption by (potential) friends,mates, employers, employees, etc. The sites typically allow users to create a "profile"describing themselves and to exchange public or private messages and list other users orgroups they are connected to in some way. (The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing, Denis Howe 2010http://foldoc.org)

A regional head of security has been removed from his post following clashes with

protesters in the Libyan town of al-Bayda on Wednesday which left several people dead,local media say.

The move came as anti-government activists called for a "day of anger" via socialnetworking sites.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/websitehttp://foldoc.org/http://foldoc.org/http://foldoc.org/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/website


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http://www.myinsulators.com/commokid/telephones/1950 Parson, Jane, Illustrated Family Encyclopaedia, 2004,

Dorling Kindersley Ltd 2004

R.S Kimball, Popular Science Monthly, August 1946 Ericsson, Samsung Make LTE Connection OCTOBER

23, 2009 | Ray Le Maistre

http://www.lightreading.com/document.asp?doc_id=1835

Accessed (27/02/2011)
http://www.myinsulators.com/commokid/telephones/1950s_phone_ads_cont.htmhttp://www.lightreading.com/profile.asp?piddl_userid=3642http://www.lightreading.com/document.asp?doc_id=183528&http://www.lightreading.com/document.asp?doc_id=183528&http://www.lightreading.com/profile.asp?piddl_userid=3642http://www.myinsulators.com/commokid/telephones/1950s_phone_ads_cont.htm


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Illustrations

http://www.myinsulators.com/commokid/telephones/1950s_phone_ads_cont.htm


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Bibliography

Ericsson, Samsung Make LTE Connection OCTOBER 23, 2009 |Ray Le Maistre http://www.lightreading.com/document.asp?doc_id=183528& Accessed (27/02/2011)

Fagen, M.D., ed. A History of Engineering and Science in the

Bell System. Volume 1 The Early Years, 1875 -1925. NewYork: Bell Telephone Laboratories, 1975

R.S Kimball, Popular Science Monthly, August 1946

Parson, Jane, Illustrated Family Encyclopaedia, 2004, DorlingKindersley Ltd 2004

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