The Internet : a world wide combination of WANs and LANs involving millions of machines U.S....
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The Internet: a world wide combination of WANs and LANs involving millions of machines• U.S. Department of Defense research initiative
– drive was partially military…• secure connections between major military sites (MILNET)
– …partially economic• get most economical use out of scarce computer resources
– December 1969: startup of 4-node ‘ARPANET’– 1980s: evolved into ‘The Internet’
• consisting of thousands of hosts and millions of users
– 1990: ARPANET replaced by NSFnet• NSFnet still major internet backbone in the USA
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Connecting to the Internet
• Many home and small business users connect to the Internet via high-speed broadband Internet service
Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 2Page 76
DSL Fiber to the Premises (FTTP) Fixed wireless Cellular Radio
NetworkWi-Fi (wireless
fidelity)Satellite Internet
Service
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Evolution of the Internet
• Each organization is responsible only for maintaining its own network– The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) oversees
research and sets guidelines and standards
• Internet2 – A not-for-profit research– To develop and test advanced network technologies
require that will benefit Internet users in the short-term future
– connect more than 200 universities and 115 companies via a high-speed private network
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Internet Protocol Address (IP Address)
• An IP address is a number that uniquely identifies each computer or device connected to the Internet
• A domain name is the text version of an IP address– Top-level domain (TLD)
• A DNS server translates the domain name into its associated IP address
74.125.230.210
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• http://en.utrace.de/?query=www.psu.ac.th• http://www.whois.net/• http://whatismyipaddress.com/
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Internet Architecture
• Domain names must be registered (at ICANN)– so everybody knows where each domain resides
• Hierarchical structure of networks of networks…
• Internet service provider (ISP) provides Internet access for you
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names
and Numbers
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The Internet: Addressing
• Machines in the Internet have unique addresses:– IP-address (32 bits (4 groups)) consisting of two parts
• Domain name: ‘network address’ (given by ICANN)• Machine name: ‘host address’ (given by network operator)
– In dotted decimal form, example: 74.125.95.103
– As registered domain name: google.co.th
– Top-Level Domain (TLD): domain’s classification– In each domain list of IP-addresses is maintained
• publicly accessible through name server
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010000011
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• Generic top-level domains• USA top-level domains• Country code top-level domains• Internationalized country • code top-level domains
List of Internet top-level domains
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The Internet: Killer Applications
• The internet originally intended for:– remote login & file transfer (does work)– distributed computing (still a promise only)
• However:– 1980s: e-mail– 1990s: web-browsing– 2000s: search engines– 2010s: Grid computing?
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The World Wide Web
• Software infrastructure on top of the Internet• Developed at CERN High-Energy Physics
laboratories in Geneva, Switzerland (1991)• Hypertext (HTML):
– ‘mouse-clickable’ access to files on other computers
• Requires special software:– web browser (client)– web server
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The World Wide Web
• The World Wide Web, or Web, consists of a worldwide collection of electronic documents (Web pages)
• A Web site is a collection of related Web pages and associated items
• A Web server is a computer that delivers requested Web pages to your computer
• Web 2.0 refers to Web sites that provide a means for users to interact
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The World Wide Web
• A Web browser, or browser, allows users to access Web pages and Web 2.0 programs
Internet Explorer Firefox Opera
Safari Google Chrome
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To find documents on the World Wide Web
• Each document has unique address:– URL (uniform resource locator)
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protocol
domain name
path
Web page name
HyperText Transfer Protocol: HTTP) คื�อโพรโทคือลในระดั บชั้ �นโปรแกรมประยุ�กต์�เพ��อการแจกจ�ายุและการท�างานร�วมก นก บสารสนเทศ
ของส��อผสม ใชั้%ส�าหร บการร บทร พยุากรท'� เชั้��อมโยุงก บภายุนอก ซึ่*�งน�าไปส,�การจ ดัต์ �ง
เว-ลดั�ไวดั�เว.บ
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Homework (What is it?)
FTP (File Transfer Protocol) เป/นโปรโต์คือล มาต์รฐานในอ-นเต์อร�เน.ต์ ซึ่*�งเป/นว-ธี'ท'�ง�ายุท'�ส�ดัใน
การแลกเปล'�ยุนไฟล� ระหว�างคือมพ-วเต์อร�บน อ-นเต์อร�เน.ต์
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ท'�ใชั้%ในการส�ง เว.บเพ.จและไฟล�ท'�เก'�ยุวข%อง
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMPT) ท'�ใชั้%ส�ง ผ�าน e-mail
POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)
IMAP (Internet Mail Access Protocol)
MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions)• VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol)
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HTML – HyperText Markup Language
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HTML is the main markup language for web pages. HTML elements are the basic building-blocks of webpages.
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• XML is a markup language that defines a set of rules for encoding documents in a format that is both human-readable and machine-readable.
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XML – Extensible Markup Language
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jass.xml
jw.css
Linking to jw.css style sheet
jass.xml document formatted with jw.css style sheet
the cascading style sheet stored in the jw.css file
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How messages are transferred over the Internet.
• This transfer process requires – the cooperation of all the computers in the system,
and – software for controlling this process (resides on
every computer in the Internet).
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Networking Software
• Provide the infrastructure required for transferring messages from one machine to another.
• In the Internet, this message-passing activity is accomplished by means of a hierarchy of software units, which perform tasks analogous to those that would be performed if you were to send a gift in a package from the South to a friend on the North.
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Gift Package-Shipping Example
• You are not concerned with the details of the shipping company, and the
• shipping company is not concerned with the internal operations of the airline.)
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You are not concerned with the details of the shipping company, and the shipping company is not concerned with the internal operations of the airline.
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The Internet Software Layers
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Network Protocols
• Define details of all network activities, a.o.:– encoding of messages– addressing of messages– splitting and merging of (large) messages– deciding who has the right to send messages, etc…
• In other words, protocols ensure that messages:– arrive at the right place– in the right order– without errors– and are understood by the receiver as well
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Following a Message Through the Internet
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Network Protocol Summary
• Interaction between four software layers– Application:
• deals with messages and addressing
– Transport:• deals with message ↔ packets conversion
– Network:• deals with ‘hopping’ packets through the internet
– Link:• deals with the transmission of packets as bit streams
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Multiple Implementations: TCP versus UDP
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Towards ‘The Grid’
• The Internet:– a network with static compute and data resources in which
information flows from the producer to the consumer (and sometimes back).
– user personally decides what data to access and what servers to use
• The Grid:– dynamic computing utility over a distributed set of compute
and data resources– automatic resource detection, automatic error recovery,
automatic performance optimization, etc…27
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The Grid: Large Scale Problem Solving
• Utilize (a) large number or (b) very high-end, specialized resources over large distances
Identifying brain disorders
California: earthquake simulations
Telescope data analysis
Finding E.T.???28
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Cloud Computing
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Cloud computing is Internet- ("cloud-") based development and use of computer technology ("computing").
Cloud computing is about hardware-based services (involving computing, network and storage capacities), where:• Services are provided on-demand; customers can pay for them as
they go, without the need to invest into a datacenter.• Hardware management is abstracted from the customers.• Infrastructure capacities are elastic and can easily scale up and
down.
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Web 2.0
• The term "Web 2.0" is commonly associated with web applications that facilitate interactive information sharing, interoperability, user-centered design and collaboration on the World Wide Web.
• Examples of Web 2.0 include – web-based communities - hosted services– web applications - social-networking sites– video-sharing sites - wikis – blogs - mashups – folksonomies 30
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