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This project is funded by the Na5onal Science Founda5on OCI-‐-‐-‐0962968 1

THE INTERNATIONAL BIG SCIENCE LIST

THE SQUARE KILOMETER ARRAY (SKA)

Information: The Square Kilometre Array will be the world’s largest and most sensitive radio telescope. The SKA will address fundamental unanswered questions about our Universe including how the first stars and galaxies formed after the Big Bang, how galaxies have evolved since then, the role of magnetism in the cosmos, the nature of gravity, and the search for life beyond Earth. The dishes that will be used will create 10 times the current global Internet traffic and the aperture arrays could create 100 times the current global Internet traffic. The array will track young galaxies to identify how ‘dark matter’ behaves. It will also investigate the theory of relativity and also gravity.


Timeline: ranging from 2016 to 2024. Budget: 1,500 million euros. Location: Sites will be included in Australia and South Africa. Headquarters located in Manchester, UK.

Participants: South Africa (and neighboring countries), Australia, New Zealand, Canada, China, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Sweden, India (Associate member), USA, Brazil, France, Japan, Korea, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Spain and the UK. Website: http://www.skatelescope.org/

EXTREME LIGHT INFRASTRUCTURE (ELI)

Participants: 13 EU member countries involved. Timeline: Target operational year of 2015. Budget: 1,000 million euros. More than 40 laboratories from 13 countries funded the ELI preparatory phase. Location: Sites currently built in Prague (Czech Republic), Szeged (Hungary) and Magurele (Romania). The highest intensity pillar location is still to be decided. Website: http://www.extreme-light-infrastructure.eu/

Information: The Extreme Light Infrastructure aims to investigate electron dynamics in atoms, molecules, plasmas and solids at an attosecond scale (a billionth of a billionth of a second). Development and use of ultra--‐short pulses of high--‐energy particles and radiation. Nuclear physics methods will be used to study laser--‐target interactions, new nuclear spectroscopy, and new photonuclear physics. The project will perform investigations of laser-matter interaction in an energy range where relativistic laws could stop to be valid. The ELI project aims to have the most intense laser ever.

THE VERY LARGE TELESCOPE ARRAY (VLT)

Information: VLT is the world's most advanced optical instrument, consisting of four Unit Telescopes with mirrors of 8.2m in diameter and four movable 1.8m diameter Auxiliary Telescopes. The VLT found the first image of an extra solar planet (eso0428) and currently tracking individual stars moving around a black hole at the center of the Milky Way (eso0846). Instruments (MIDI and AMBER) operated respectively in 2002 and 2004 observing the afterglow of the furthest known Gamma-Ray Burst. Optic resolution of about 50 milliarcseconds allowing inches to be seen on the international space station with the mirrors are made of a special glass-ceramic with almost no thermal expansion, called Zerodur. Unit telescope weighs about 430 tons but can be moved by hand due to the oil-film bearings it sits on.


Participants: Collaboration with many European countries. Timeline: The first unit telescope began functioning in 1999. Budget: investment of 78 million US dollars. Location: The main facility is located in Chile. Website:https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/vlt.html

THE LARGE HADRON COLLIDER (LHC)

Information: One of the most well known international projects worldwide. It is a gigantic scientific instrument about 100m underground. It is a particle accelerator used by physicists to study the smallest known particles – the fundamental building blocks of all things. The instrument is a 27-kilometer ring of superconducting, super cooled magnets to boost these particles’ speed. Two high-energy particle beams travel at close to the speed of light before they are made to collide. The beams travel in opposite directions in separate beam pipes – two tubes kept at ultrahigh vacuum. Participants: Facility is located on the Franco-Swiss border, a collaboration of 10,000 scientists and engineers from over 100 countries. Timeline: Started on September 10th, 2008 and will operate for two months in 2013 and go shutdown for upgrades. Reopening planned for early 2015. Budget: 7.5 billion euros. Location: Near Geneva, Switzerland where it spans the border between Switzerland and France. Website: http://public.web.cern.ch/public/en/lhc/lhc-en.html http://lhc.web.cern.ch/lhc/

INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION (ISS)

Participants: Involving NASA, the Russian Federal Space Agency (Roscosmos), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), European Space Agency (ESA), Canadian Space Agency (CSA). Responsibilities of each involved member: NASA: Establishes management policies and analyzes all phases of the space station program. Roscosmos: Oversees all Russian human space flight activities. CSA: Provides the resources, equipment, and expertise needed for the engineering and monitoring of the Mobile Servicing System as well as for crew training. ESA: The largest site is located in Noordwijk, The Netherlands. More than 2,000 specialists develop most ESA projects here. JAXA: Tsukuba Space Center and Tanegashima launch Facility are primary ISS facilities.


Information: The International Space Station is a collaboration that has been going on for many years. The International Space Station provides a ‘helping hand’ in the air for space stations nationwide. It takes a ton of manpower and networking power to operate from the ground. Each partner has the primary responsibility to manage and run the hardware it provides. The space station, including its large solar arrays, spans the area of a U.S. football field and weighs 924,739 pounds, not including visiting vehicles. Approximately 2.3 million lines of code and 52 computers control the system on the ISS. Eight miles of wire connects the electrical systems.

Timeline: 1998--‐2020. Location: Located outside of the Earth’s atmosphere.

Budget: 45 billion US dollars. Website: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/main/index.html

NEPTUNE CANADA UNDERSEA OBSERVATORY Information: NEPTUNE Canada, the world’s first regional-scale cabled observatory network. The network, which extends across the Juan de Fuca plate, gathers live data from a rich constellation of instruments deployed in a broad spectrum of undersea environments. Data are transmitted via high--‐speed fiber optic communications from the seafloor to an innovative data archival system at the University of Victoria. Instruments comprising the undersea observatory will operate at depths ranging from 17 to 2,660 m. Hundreds of instruments have been connected to the Internet by way of shielded cables carrying both power and fiber-optic communications lines.

Participants: Canada is the only country involved. Timeline: Instruments were installed in 2011 and 2012, and are still currently in operation. Budget: 12 million US dollars. Location: It is located off the west coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Website: http://www.neptunecanada.com/

INTERNATIONAL THERMONUCLEAR EXPERIMENTAL REACTOR (ITER)

Participants: EU, India, Japan, China, Russia, South Korea

and the U.S. Timeline: Began in 2010 and are expected to be completed in 2020.

Operations scheduled to be starting in 2027.

Budget: 15 billion euros.


Information: ITER is a large-scale scientific experiment that demonstrate that it is possible to produce commercial energy from fusion. A goal of delivering 10 times the amount of power that is consumed. Work was carried out under the responsibility of Agence ITER France (an entity of the CEA). Based on the ‘Tokamak’ concept of magnetic confinement. Plasma is heated to a high temperature and magnetic fields keep the plasma away from the walls that are formed by superconducting coils.

Location: Main facility inFrance.

Website: http://www.iter.org/

ATACAMA LARGE MILLIMETER/SUB-MILLIMETER ARRAY (ALAM)

Participants: An international partnership between Europe, the United States, Canada, East Asia and the Republic of Chile. Timeline: Preparatory steps began in 1995 and full--‐scale operation to begin in 2013. Budget: more than 1 billion US dollars. Location: On the Chajnantor plateau, 5000 meters altitude in northern Chile. Website: http://www.almaobservatory.org/

Information: ALMA is the largest astronomical project in existence. ALMA will be a single telescope of revolutionary design, composed initially of 66 high precision antennas. Designed to be used by junior high and high school students to learn about astronomy. Primarily European, U.S., Japanese and Canadian companies and universities, built the ALMA complex. Three prototype antennas have undergone evaluation at the Very Large Array site in New Mexico since 2002.

AN INTERNATIONAL FACILITY FOR ANTIPROTON AND IRON RESEARCH (FAIR)

Information: FAIR is a new, unique international accelerator facility for the research with antiprotons and ions. The new facility, where various physics programs can be operated in parallel, will offer outstanding research opportunities and discovery potential for about 3000 scientists from about 50 countries. In the course of the coming decades the experiments will reveal consolidated findings about so far unknown states of matter and still missing information about the evolution of the Universe 13.8 billion years ago.


Participants: Finland, France, India, Poland, Romania, Russia, Solvenia, Spain and Sweden. Timeline: Will begin operation in 2018. Budget: 1.6 billion euros. Location: It is ready to be built within the coming years near Darmstadt in Hesse, Germany. Website: http://www.fair--‐center.eu/

COMPACT LINEAR COLLIDER (CLIC) - Proposed

. Participants: A global, multi-lateral collaboration of 43 institutes from 22 countries. Timeline: Concept design report of the CLIC accelerator is planned to be completed in 2012. Budget: A combined budget (with the International Linear Collider) of 20 billion US dollars. Location: Still to be determined. Website: http://clic-study.web.cern.ch/clic-study/

Information: CLIC is a study for a future electron--‐positron collider that would allow physicists to explore a new energy region in the multi TeV range beyond the capabilities of today's particle accelerators. In 2013, the International Linear Collider and the Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) merged to form a single Linear Collider Collaboration. CLIC will be able to analyze the data that is collected by the Large Hadron Collider

INTERNATIONAL LINEAR COLLIDER (ILC) - Proposed

Participants: A global, mult-lateral collaboration of 43 institutes from 22 countries. Timeline: Construction could begin in 2015 or 2016 and will not be completed before 2026. Budget: A combined budget (with the Compact Linear Collider) of 20 billion US dollars. Location: The proposed host countries for the accelerator are Japan, Europe (CERN) and the USA (Fermilab). Japan is considered the most likely candidate. Website: http://www.linearcollider.org/


Information: ILC could be the next big adventure in particle physics. Currently at the planning stage, it would complement the Large Hadron Collider at CERN and shed more light on the discoveries scientists are likely to make there in the coming years. The compact linear collider and the international linear collider is an on going collaboration.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF DNA ELEMENTS (ENCODE)

Information: The Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) Consortium is an international collaboration of research groups funded by the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI). The goal of ENCODE is to build a comprehensive parts list of functional elements in the human genome, including elements that act at the protein and RNA levels, and regulatory elements that control cells and circumstances in which a gene is active. Publications show that approximately 20% of noncoding DNA in the human genome is functional while an additional 60% is transcribed with no known function. Participants: The US National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI). Timeline: Began in 2003 and is currently ongoing. Budget: 12 million US dollars. Location: Research center is at the University of California Santa Cruz. Website: http://www.genome.gov/10005107

1000 GENOMES PROJECT

Information: The 1000 Genomes Project is the first project to sequence the genomes of a large number of people, to provide a comprehensive resource on human genetic variation. The goal of the 1000 Genomes Project is to find most genetic variants that have frequencies of at least 1% in the populations studied. It is a collaboration of numerous public and private organizations worldwide with Amazon Web Service cloud to share genetic data with researchers everywhere.


Participants: U.S, Canada, EU, UK, China, and

the Caribbean. Timeline: Launched in 2003 and pilot phase was

completed in 2010.

Budget: between 30 and 50 million US dollars.

Location: Research is going on at many laboratories.

Website: http://www.1000genomes.org

THE SLOAN DIGITAL SKY SURVEY (SDSS)

Participants: Involving the U.S, EU, Japan, UK, and China. Timeline: Over eight years of operations (SDSS--‐I, 2000--‐2005; SDSS--‐II, 2005--‐2008), (SDSS--‐I, 2000--‐2005; SDSS--‐II, 2005--‐2008; SDSS--‐III ongoing) SDSS--‐III will continue operating and releasing data through 2014. Budget: 26.2 million US dollars. Location: Main location at the Apache Point Observatory—located in Sunspot, New Mexico. Website: http://www.sdss.org/

Information: The Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) is one of the most ambitious and influential surveys in the history of astronomy. The SDSS telescope uses the drift scanning technique, which keeps the telescope fixed and makes use of the Earth's rotation to record small strips of the sky. Obtained deep, multi-color images covering more than a quarter of the sky and created 3-dimensional maps containing more than 930,000 galaxies and more than 120,000 quasars. Based on the release of Data Release 9 a new 3D map of massive galaxies and distant black holes was published on August 8, 2012.

SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE’S FIRST FULL-SCALE GRAVITY WAVE OBSERVATORY (GWO)

Information: GWO is a project in the making that will benefit the world’s technology. Building the Southern Hemisphere's first full--‐scale gravity wave observatory would double the value of five other large gravity wave detectors in the Northern Hemisphere because it would enable precise triangulation of signals. Gravitational waves are ripples in space generated by cosmic events such as colliding stars, black holes, and supernova explosions. They carry vast amounts of energy at the speed of light but their detection has only now come within reach through new high-power lasers and quatum measurement technology.


Participants: Italy, France, China, Taiwan, USA, and likely

Australia.

Timeline: Proposed in 2012.

Budget: 200 million US dollars.

Location: Western Australia. Website: http://www.gravity.uwa.edu.au/

NEUROSCIENCE INFORMATION FRAMEWORK (NIF)

Participants: Led by University of California at San Diego. Timeline: Established in 2004, project is still ongoing. Location: University of California at San Diego Website: http://www.neuinfo.org/

Information: The Neuroscience Information Framework is a dynamic inventory of Web-based neuroscience resources: data, materials, and tools accessible via any computer connected to the Internet. An initiative of the NIH Blueprint for Neuroscience Research, NIF advances neuroscience research by enabling discovery and access to public research data and tools worldwide through an open source, networked environment. NIF offers a search portal for students, teachers, or anyone looking for information on neuroscience. The NIF project is designed to serve the biomedical research community.

iPlant COLLABORATIVE

Participants: Multiple US universities, the primary institution is the University of Arizona. Timeline: Established in 2008; project is currently ongoing. Budget: 50 million US dollars. Location: University of Arizona. Website: http://www.iplantcollaborative.org/


Information: iPlant is a community of researchers, educators, and students working to enrich all plant sciences through the development of cyber infrastructure – the physical computing resources, collaborative environment, virtual machine resources, and interoperable analysis software and data services – that are essential components of modern biology. The project develops computing systems and software that combine computing resources, like those of TeraGrid, and bioinformatics and computational biology software.

NATIONAL ECOLOGICAL OBSERVATORY NETWORK (NEON)

Participants: NEON, Inc. Timeline: NEON successfully completed the planning and design phases and entered the construction phase in Spring 2012. NEON is currently building sites. Constructing the entire NEON network will take approximately Cive years, so NEON expects to be in full operation by approximately 2017. NEON will collect data for 30 years. Budget: 433 US dollars funded by the NSF. Location: Data will be collected from 60 sites across the U.S. (including Alaska, Hawaii and Puerto Rico). Website: http://www.neoninc.org/

Information: NEON is designed to gather and synthesize data on the impacts of climate change, land use change and invasive species on natural resources and biodiversity. The sites have been strategically selected to represent different regions of vegetation, landforms, climate, and ecosystem performance. NEON will combine site--‐based data with remotely sensed data and existing continental (e.g. satellite data) to provide a range of scaled data products that can be used to describe changes in the nation’s ecosystem through space and time.

PACIFIC RIM APPLICATION AND GRID MIDDLEWARE ASSEMBLY (PRAGMA)

Timeline: Established in 2002; project is currently ongoing. Location: Many locations in the United States, China, Australia, India, and other Southeast Asian countries. Website: http://www.pragma--‐grid.net/


Information: The Pacific Rim Application and Grid Middleware Assembly (PRAGMA) was formed in 2002 to establish sustained collaborations and advance the use of grid technologies in applications among a community of investigators working with leading institutions around the Pacific Rim. Participants: 35 different institutions are involved.

SYSTEM BIOLOGY KNOWLEDGEBASE (Kbase)

Timeline: Production to be release in Feb 2013. Budget: 12 million US dollars to begin the project. Location: Main location is at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory at the University of California, Berkeley. Website: http://kbase.science.energy.gov/

Information: The new KBase is a collaborative effort designed to accelerate our understanding of microbes, microbial communities, and plants. It will be a community--‐driven, extensible and scalable open-source software framework and application system. It is designed to have researchers and companies gather and share data with each other and the community. Tool developers can implement their methods as new KBase services, which exposes their tool to a wide user community, makes it easier to use, and places a whole world of biological data at their fingertips for tool validation. Data producers can integrate their data into the KBase data model, so that all of the analysis and visualization tools available in KBase may immediately be applied to make sense of the data. Participants: The collaboration is led by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and includes participation from Argonne, Brookhaven and Oak Ridge also many universities in the US.

C4 RICE

Information: Converting the photosynthetic system in rice to the more efficient, supercharged C4 one used by maize would increase rice yields while using scarce resources (land, water, fertilizer) more effectively. Rice uses a C3 type of photosynthesis that is very insufficient. C4 is a new type of photosynthesis that overcomes the natural insufficiency of photosynthesis and creates more energy and thus more rice. However a technological innovation of this magnitude requires the skills and technologies of a global alliance of multidisciplinary partners from advanced institutions. Participants: International Rice Research Institute is the main contributor and its headquarters are in the Philippines. Timeline: Began in 2008. Budget: 5 million US dollars per year. Location: Research is ongoing at many laboratories in the World. Website: http://c4rice.irri.org/


OCEAN OBSERVATORIES INITIATIVE (OOI)

Participants: Many US universities. OOI has partnerships with NEON domestically and NEPTUNE Canada internationally. Timeline: Projected infrastructure installation will begin in 2013 and end in 2015. Budget: About 200 million US dollars to begin the project. Location: First site is in the Gulf of Alaska. Website: http://www.oceanobservatories.org/

Information: The Ocean Observatories Initiative (OOI) will construct a networked infrastructure of science-driven sensor system to measure the physical, chemical, geological and biological variables in the ocean and seafloor. The OOI will be one fully integrated system collecting data on coastal, regional and global scales. OOI will put real time ocean observing data in the hands of a vast user community of oceanographers, scientists and researchers, educators and the public. Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, with its partners University of Maine and Raytheon Mission Operations and Services, is responsible for the education and public engagement (EPE) software infrastructure of the OOI.

GEOSCIENCE NETWORK (GEON)

Participants: Collaboration a dozen institutions, several

international partnerships have also been established, e.g. with Japan, China, and India.

Timeline: Established in 2002; Project is currently ongoing.

Budget: Estimated14.5 million US dollars

Location: Data to be collected all over the World.

Website: http://www.geongrid.org/


Information: GEON is an open collaborative project that is developing cyber infrastructure for integration of 3 and 4 dimensional earth science data. GEON is developing the OpenEarth Framework (OEF) to facilitate such integration. GEON aims to populate the OpenEarth Framework with a varied set of data, including: Standard DEM data and newer high-resolution LiDAR data, satellite imagery, street maps, geologic maps and other coverage data. Geophysical data: seismic, gravity and magnetic data. Bore hole or well data: record of the rock types encountered at different depths at a sample location.

SPALLATION NEUTRON SOURCE (SNS)

Participants: United States, Canada and others. Timeline: Started to run in 2012 and is currently under maintenance. Budget: 1.4 billions US dollars. Location: Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Website: http://neutrons.ornl.gov/facilities/SNS/

Information: SNS is a one-of-a-kind research facility that provide the most intense pulsed neutron beams in the world for scientific research and industrial developments. SNS produces neutrons with an accelerators-based systems that delivers short (microsecond) proton pulse to a target/moderator system, where neutrons are produced by a process called spallation. State-of-the-art experiment stations provide a variety of capabilities for researchers across a broad range of disciplines, such as physics, chemistry, materials science, and biology

THE EARTHSCOPE

Participants: Many Universities and also data analysis groups. Timeline: Began in 2003. Budget: About 200 million US dollars. Location: National office located at Arizona State University. Website: http://www.earthscope.org/


Information: EarthScope is a program of the National Science Foundation (NSF) that deploys thousands of seismic, GPS, and other geophysical instruments to study the structure and evolution of the North American continent and the processes the cause earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. It involves collaboration between scientists, educators, policy makers, and the public to learn about and utilize exciting scientific discoveries as they are being made.

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