The Industrial Revolution

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What was the Industrial Revolution?

Great Britain, 1780sCauses

• 1. Agrarian Revolution• New farming technology (seed

drill, fertilizers)

• Increased food supply

• Population explosion

• Enclosure movement - consolidation of many small farms into one large farm

• 2. Ready supply of money and markets

• $ to invest in new machines and factories

• Places to sell products

• Entrepreneurs

• 3. Plentiful natural resources

• Iron ore

• Coal

• Navigable rivers

• Natural harbors

• 4. Energy and Technology• Water power

• Steam power

Factory System and Mass Production

• New labor system• Longer hours to meet higher demands

• Child labor• Harsh treatment, bad working conditions

Textile Industry• Production of clothing or fabric• Technologies:• Flying Shuttle (1733) • Hand-operated machine which

increased the speed of weaving

• Spinning Jenny (1765) • Home-based machine that spun

thread 8 times faster than when spun by hand

• Power Loom (1785) • Water-powered device that

automatically and quickly wove thread into cloth

Year Lbs. of imported raw cotton

1760 2.5 million

1787 22 million

1840 366 million

Coal and Iron• Coal

• Steam engines replace water wheels and wood burning (1800s)

• Fueled by coal (abundant resource)

• Iron Ore• high quality iron

• Industry booms

• 1740 – 17,000 tons

• 1780 – 70,000 tons

• 1852 – 3 million tons

• Used for machines (trains)

Railroads• 1804, steam locomotive (train) makes

transportation easier

• Railroad expansion leads to:• New jobs

• Lower priced goods and larger markets

• More factories and machinery

Riding the Liverpool-Manchester Railway, 1830

Spread of Industrialization• Spread to Europe

• Belgium, France, Germany

• Government funded roads, canals,

railroads

Social Impacts• Urbanization

• Enclosure movement, attraction of work

• Crowded, dirty cities (eventual reform)

• Population growth• People live longer, more

resistant to disease (increase life expectancy)

• Growth of middle class• Industrial middle class (upper)

• Business people and professionals such as doctors, lawyers

• Industrial working class (lower)

• Other professionals such as shop owners, office workers, teachers

Romanticism• Emotion, rather than reason

• Rebelled against middle class conventions

• Interest in medieval era; exotic and unfamiliar

• Art, Music• Reflection of artist’s inner feelings

• Ludwig van Beethoven

• Literature• Gothic

• Frankenstein

• Edgar Allan Poe

Realism• Rejected romanticism

• Examination of real social issues

• Literature• Charles Dickens – Oliver Twist

• Art• Everyday life, ordinary people

• Factor workers, peasants

The 2nd Industrial RevolutionNew Products and Patterns

• Steel

• Replaces iron

• Railways, ships, weapons

• Electricity

• Electric lights - Thomas Edison

• Telephone -Alexander Graham Bell

• Guglielmo Marconi – first to send radio waves across Atlantic

• Subways

• Conveyor belts, machines

• Internal combustion engine

• Automobiles

• Airplane

• Mass production

• Assembly line

• World economy

Calls for Reform

• Karl Marx and Frederich Engels• 1848, wrote The Communist Manifest

• Blamed industrial capitalism for the terrible factory working conditions

• Marx said all of world history was a “history of class struggles”

• Oppressors (Bourgeoisie - owners of the means of production, middle class)

• vs.

• the Oppressed (Proletariat - owned nothing, working class)

• Class struggle would lead to revolution proletariat would overthrow the bourgeoisie establish a classless society

Early Socialism

• Economic system where government owns and controls means of production (factories, utilities)

• People work in cooperation, not competition

• More even distribution of wealth

• Utopian society

• Workers and Factories• Fought to improve working

conditions, hours, wages

• Collective bargaining

• Union strikes

• City Reforms• Boards of health created to improve

housing

• Building inspectors

• Running water and internal drainage systems

Society• Another (lower) Middle Class

• Traveling salespeople, telephone operators, department sales people, secretaries

• Women’s Experiences• Took jobs as clerks, typists, secretaries, teachers,

nurses

• Fight for suffrage

• Education• Mass society = compulsory education

Effects of the Revolution

• Mass Production

• Factories

• Machines

• Cheap labor – poor working conditions eventually sought reform

• Rise of Big Business

• Factories – mass production

• Selling of stock

• Growth of companies

• Laissez-faire Economics

• Capitalism

• Supply and demand

• New Class Structure

• Upper – very rich industrial and business families

• Middle – (upper, middle, lover) growth; Higher standard of living!

• Lower - factory workers and peasants

• Urbanization

• Growth of cities (population)

• Unsanitary conditions eventually sought reform

• Improved transportation

• Roads, canals, railroads, steam locomotives, steam-engine ships