The Individual in Context. Pressures? External: Associations Internal: Books Self-Concept.
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Transcript of The Individual in Context. Pressures? External: Associations Internal: Books Self-Concept.
Determinants of Moral Behavior
Characteristics(Moral Intensity) of the
IssueSocial Characteristi
cs
Relationships with “others”
Type of Relationships
Structure of Relationships
IndividualCharacteristic
s
SituationalCharacteristic
sLevel of Cognitive Moral
Development
Cognitive
Dissonance
Recognize
the moralIssue
Make aMoral
Judgment(establis
hIntent)
Engage in
MoralBehavior
Steps towards moral behavior
Ethics ExerciseAdopted with permission from http://www.Businessballs.com, copyright Alan Chapman, 2003
If you knew a woman who was pregnant, who had eight children already; three of whom were deaf, two who were blind, one mentally retarded, and she herself had syphilis, would you recommend that she have an abortion?
Using the P.L.U.S. Metric
P = Policies• Is it consistent with my organization's policies,
procedures and guidelines?
L= Legal• Is it acceptable under the applicable laws and
regulations?
U = Universal• Does it conform to the universal principles/values
my organization has adopted?
S= Self • Does it satisfy my personal definition of right, good
and fair?
It is time to elect the world leader, and yours is the deciding vote. Here are the facts on
the three candidates: He associates with crooked politicians and consults with
astrologers. He’s had two mistresses. He also chain smokes and drinks up to ten Martinis a day
He was ejected from office twice, sleeps until noon, used opium in college and drinks a large amounts of whiskey every evening.
He is a decorated war hero. He's a vegetarian, doesn't smoke, drinks an occasional beer and hasn't had any extra-marital affairs.
Which of these candidates would be your choice?
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Winston Churchill
Adolph Hitler
A student asked me if she could use my name for an employment reference. She has been in two of my classes and she’s been a student aid worker with us for a rather long time and I know her well – we’re friends. She's a good person and a dependable person. But, I am very uncomfortable about giving a job reference. I do not feel she has the skills or ability to tackle the job she is seeking. I would personally never hire her for that job. That's not to say she wouldn't be great in a lot of other things. But this position is not where her strengths lie. So what do I do?
Adapted From Mary V. Merrill, “Leadership and Ethics in Volunteer Management, April, 2002
What kind of friend and mentor would I be if I refused to give a reference? Besides, what harm is there. All I have to do is answer a few questions and keep my personal opinions to myself. But if she gets the job and fails, have I really been a friend? Do I give a reference based on the value of loyalty?
A student asked me if she could use my name for an employment reference. She has been in two of my classes and she’s been a student aid worker with us for a rather long time and I know her well – we’re friends. She's a good person and a dependable person. But, I am very uncomfortable about giving a job reference. I do not feel she has the skills or ability to tackle the job she is seeking. I would personally never hire her for that job. That's not to say she wouldn't be great in a lot of other things. But this position is not where her strengths lie. So what do I do?
Adapted From Mary V. Merrill, “Leadership and Ethics in Volunteer Management, April, 2002
What kind of friend and mentor would I be if I refused to give a reference? Besides, what harm is there. All I have to do is answer a few questions and keep my personal opinions to myself. But if she gets the job and fails, have I really been a friend? Do I give a reference based on the value of loyalty?
She is not a good match for this job, no matter how much she wants it. She has great strengths, but not in the areas required in this position. If I give her a recommendation and she doesn't make it on the job that reflects on me as well. If she doesn't get the job because of me she will be disappointed and discouraged. Do I not give a reference based on the value of honesty?
A student asked me if she could use my name for an employment reference. She has been in two of my classes and she’s been a student aid worker with us for a rather long time and I know her well. She's a good person and a dependable person. But, I am very uncomfortable about giving a job reference. I do not feel she has the skills or ability to tackle the job she is seeking. I would personally never hire her for that job. That's not to say she wouldn't be great in a lot of other things. But this position is not where her strengths lie. So what do I do?
Adapted From Mary V. Merrill, “Leadership and Ethics in Volunteer Management, April, 2002
Adapted From Mary V. Merrill, “Leadership and Ethics in Volunteer Management, April, 2002
What kind of friend and mentor would I be if I refused to give a reference? Besides, what harm is there. All I have to do is answer a few questions and keep my personal opinions to myself. But if she gets the job and fails, have I really been a friend? Do I give a reference based on the value of loyalty?
She is not a good match for this job, no matter how much she wants it. She has great strengths, but not in the areas required in this position. If I give her a recommendation and she doesn't make it on the job that reflects on me as well. If she doesn't get the job because of me she will be disappointed and discouraged. Do I not give a reference based on the value of honesty? There is no "correct" answer to this dilemma. If I place a high value on honesty, the ethical response is not to give the reference and to explain my reasons fully. If I value loyalty, I may write a letter of reference carefully choosing my words to highlight her actual skills.
A student asked me if she could use my name for an employment reference. She has been in two of my classes and she’s been a student aid worker with us for a rather long time and I know her well. She's a good person and a dependable person. But, I am very uncomfortable about giving a job reference. I do not feel she has the skills or ability to tackle the job she is seeking. I would personally never hire her for that job. That's not to say she wouldn't be great in a lot of other things. But this position is not where her strengths lie. So what do I do?
Evidence Of Ethical Leadership
Sure signs that my boss (organization’s leader) exhibits ethical leadership are:1. __________________________2. __________________________3. __________________________
What do you use to measure ethicity?
The Surest Sign …
That Intelligent life exists elsewhere in the universe is..
That it has never tried to contact us! (Cartoonist Bill Watterson – “Calvin & Hobbes”)
What is / are: Management Ethics Critical Thinking (Decision-Making)
Is there such a thing as the “right” view?
YOU’RE BETTER OUGH
A ploughman with a face like dough and hands rough as
sandpaper, thoughtfully listened to the song "Scarborough Fair."
Soon, though, he slipped into a slough of reverie, in which he
coughed, hiccoughed, and then fell gently asleep.
Susan Atkins worked on the assembly line at an automotive parts factory. Although she occasionally found the job tedious, she liked it nonetheless, especially the benefits and good wages guaranteed by her union contract. One day her boss of 12 years, Anthony Trotto, called her in and said he was planning to reclassify her job to one that was not covered by the contract. In the next few weeks, Susan met several times with Mr. Trotto and each time asked about job security. She was repeatedly assured that her job was secure and as long as she continued to work well, she wouldn't have a problem. Unfortunately, Susan's performance evaluations began moving toward the 'unacceptable" range and she was ultimately fired.
If you had been Susan, would you have sued? If so, on what grounds?
If you were the automotive company, what would your defense have been? Can an oral assurance be considered
a contract? If so, what assurances have you
made lately? How would they hold up in court?
How do you think the court would rule in such cases?
Actual Judgement in Similar Situation
Mullins v. Pfizer Inc. Supreme Court held for the plaintiff
(employee) Having announced an early retirement
package, and denying the benefits to retiring employees, the company treated employees unfairly.
The company was found to have misrepresented its intentions
The Surest Signa Of My Ethical Leadership
The surest signs of that my own leadership is ethical include:1. __________________________
and2. __________________________
and3. __________________________
Demonstrating Ethical Leadership
Make no advance announcements. Wait until your policy has been clearly defined.
If possible, have an attorney review the policy to ensure there is no ethical or legal breach.
Avoid using phrases such as 'seriously considering' that may hold false promise for employees.
Meet face-to-face with employees to lay out the final policy and to answer questions they have.
Form a rumor-quashing committee to dispel possible misunderstandings.
Issue policy reminders and policy restatements several different times in several different ways.
If your organization does not have specific policies in effect for various HR issues, assume a leadership position and begin to codify the consequences of changes so that fair and ethical treatment will ensue.
Critical Thinking Awareness (Discernment)
Information Gathering Using all senses
Verbal and written reflection, observation, experience and Reasoning
Critical Thinking Evaluation
intellectual criteria (beyond subject-matter divisions)
clarity, credibility, accuracy, precision, relevance, depth, breadth, logic, Significance, and fairness.
Critical Thinking Based on skepticism
Seeks justification While based on intellectual
processes, goes beyond informal logic and includes the assessment (likelihood of);
maintained beliefs prejudice, bias, propaganda, self-deception, distortion, misinformation, etc.
Critical Thinking Evaluation (judgement)
Systematic Determination
Significance Merit Value Worth
Goal is to provide feedback (guidance)
Individual
Utility
Rights
Justice
Care
Personal Characteristics
Culture
Social Networks
Economic Environment
Foreseeable Consequences
Perceptions&
Behavioral Intentions
Situational Framing
Recognition Analysis &
Evaluation
Action
What do we expect of: Leaders (Management) Subordinates Colleagues Acquaintances Friends
Close friends Very close friends
Business persons Customers Suppliers
Standards of Conduct WIU’s Student Code of Conduct
http://www.wiu.edu/policies/stucode.php DoD’s Standards of Conduct
http://www.dod.mil/dodgc/defense_ethics/ AITP’s Standards of Conduct
http://www.aitp.org/organization/about/conduct/conduct.jsp
ASCE’s Standards of Conduct https://www.asce.org/pdf/ethics_manual.pdf
Engineers Ireland http://www.iei.ie/ethics/conduct.pasp
Engineers teaching ethics (interesting article)
http://www.onlineethics.org/CMS/edu/instructessays/davis.aspx
Washington’s code of civility http://www.foundationsmag.com/civility.html
Social Responsibility Maintains that businesses should not
function amorally, but should contribute to the welfare of their communities.
Recognizes multiple objectives: economic, social, and environmental
dimensions from each and all activities Related to:
sustainability, Citizenship
If not “amoral,” then has ethical dimensions