The Indian MutinyThe Indian MutinyThe Indian MutinyThe Indian Mutiny

By Tanya AnejaBy Tanya AnejaBy Tanya AnejaBy Tanya Aneja

IndexIndexS. no. Title Page

1) Introduction

2) Sources for Studying Modern Indian History

3) Sources for Studying the Revolt

4) Institutions of the Mutiny in Delhi

5) History

6) Oral History

7) My Understanding...

8) Historians

9) The Development into a Movie

10) Importance of Multiple Resources

11) Synopsis

12) Acknowledgement

13) Bibliography

Sources for Studying Modern Indian Sources for Studying Modern Indian HistoryHistory

Sources for Studying Modern Indian Sources for Studying Modern Indian HistoryHistory

Literary Sources

Biography AutobiographyNewspapersLettersCharters/FarmersPoemsDocumentsReportsNotingsMemos

Literary Sources

Biography AutobiographyNewspapersLettersCharters/FarmersPoemsDocumentsReportsNotingsMemos

Archaeological Sources

Victory Towers

MemorialsUtensilsMonumentsToolsWeaponsPaintingsCoins and NotesTombsOrnaments

Archaeological Sources

Victory Towers

MemorialsUtensilsMonumentsToolsWeaponsPaintingsCoins and NotesTombsOrnaments

Sources for studying the Sources for studying the RevoltRevolt

Sources for studying the Sources for studying the RevoltRevolt

Archaeological Sources:

Kashmere Gate

Badle ki Serai

Northern Ridge

Lucknow Residency

Red Fort, Delhi

Khooni Darwaza

Archaeological Sources:

Kashmere Gate

Badle ki Serai

Northern Ridge

Lucknow Residency

Red Fort, Delhi

Khooni Darwaza

*Includes secondary Archaeological Sources

Literary Sources

The Last Mughal by William Dalrymple*

1857 edited by Mrinal Pande

History Textbooks

The Defence of Lucknow

Rani of Jhansi(ACK)*

Literary Sources

The Last Mughal by William Dalrymple*

1857 edited by Mrinal Pande

History Textbooks

The Defence of Lucknow

Rani of Jhansi(ACK)*

Institutions of the Mutiny in Institutions of the Mutiny in Delhi...Delhi...

Institutions of the Mutiny in Institutions of the Mutiny in Delhi...Delhi...

Archaeological Sources

Literary Sources

1) Red Fort2) Northern Ridge3)Mutiny Memorial

1) Mutiny Papers Press List

Red FortRed FortRed FortRed Fort

• Fort served as the palace for the Mughals until 1857, when Bahadur Shah Zafar was caught revolting against the British and was exiled to Rangoon, Burma(known as Myanmar today). Despite being the seat of Mughal power and its defensive capabilities, Red Fort was not defended during the rebellion.

• It also has a museum which shows the people who had taken an important place in the uprising. It also has some of the beautiful poems by Bahadur Shah Zafar.

• Fort served as the palace for the Mughals until 1857, when Bahadur Shah Zafar was caught revolting against the British and was exiled to Rangoon, Burma(known as Myanmar today). Despite being the seat of Mughal power and its defensive capabilities, Red Fort was not defended during the rebellion.

• It also has a museum which shows the people who had taken an important place in the uprising. It also has some of the beautiful poems by Bahadur Shah Zafar.

Khooni DarwazaKhooni DarwazaKhooni DarwazaKhooni Darwaza

• Kabuli or Khooni Darwaza also held significance in the Revolt of 1857. It was here where Bahadur Shah Zafar’s three sons, his only heirs, were shot down to death.

• I believe, they were shot as to satisfy the Britishers that they had no threat from the Mughal Dynasty, one of the greatest Dynasties in history.

• Also, Bahadur Shah by that time was very old(some say he was 82!) which made him no threat to the British Empire.

• Kabuli or Khooni Darwaza also held significance in the Revolt of 1857. It was here where Bahadur Shah Zafar’s three sons, his only heirs, were shot down to death.

• I believe, they were shot as to satisfy the Britishers that they had no threat from the Mughal Dynasty, one of the greatest Dynasties in history.

• Also, Bahadur Shah by that time was very old(some say he was 82!) which made him no threat to the British Empire.

Northern RidgeNorthern RidgeNorthern RidgeNorthern Ridge• Northern Ridge is one of the main points in

Delhi where most of the battle took place. It has a place called ‘Flag Staff’ where many British women and their children hid to avoid getting killed from the revolutionaries who only saw them as Britishers who had come to rule their land and not as people who had nothing but their husbands and their fathers. However, it is said that they were found and killed by the mutineers. It also had a lake known as ‘Khooni Khan Jheel’. This lake is said to be bloody because it might have got blood red during a fight between the mutineers and their opposition. The Northern Ridge had hunter lodges which were made and used by Feroz Shah Tughlaq.

•

• Northern Ridge is one of the main points in Delhi where most of the battle took place. It has a place called ‘Flag Staff’ where many British women and their children hid to avoid getting killed from the revolutionaries who only saw them as Britishers who had come to rule their land and not as people who had nothing but their husbands and their fathers. However, it is said that they were found and killed by the mutineers. It also had a lake known as ‘Khooni Khan Jheel’. This lake is said to be bloody because it might have got blood red during a fight between the mutineers and their opposition. The Northern Ridge had hunter lodges which were made and used by Feroz Shah Tughlaq.

•

Mutiny MemorialMutiny MemorialMutiny MemorialMutiny Memorial

• The Mutiny Memorial is a structure initially made as a memorial of the people who died while fighting the revolutionaries. Now, this gothic structure symbolises ALL the people, whether revolutionaries or their oppositions.

• It says, “In memory of the officers and soldiers, british and native of the Delhi Field Force who were killed in action or died of wounds or disease between the 30th May and 20th September 1857. This monument had been erected by the comrades lament their loss and by the contonement they served so well.

• The Mutiny Memorial is a structure initially made as a memorial of the people who died while fighting the revolutionaries. Now, this gothic structure symbolises ALL the people, whether revolutionaries or their oppositions.

• It says, “In memory of the officers and soldiers, british and native of the Delhi Field Force who were killed in action or died of wounds or disease between the 30th May and 20th September 1857. This monument had been erected by the comrades lament their loss and by the contonement they served so well.

Abstract

N.C. Officers and Soldiers

British Native

Killed 543 426

Wounded

1426 1180

Missing 13 17

Total 1982 1623

Officers

British Native

Killed 46 14

Wounded

140 49

Total 186 63

List of actions fought at or near Delhi by Delhi Field Force from 30 May-20

September 1857Battle of Hindu and Badle ki

SeraiMay 30

Attack on Flag Staff June 12

Attack on British Campb/w June 12 and Sep.

14

The Siegeb/w June 12 and Sep.

14

Storming of Delhi September 14

City finally evacuated by the enemy

September 20

Capture of the Palace September 20

• One of the writings on the structure also showed that the people who fought this revolt weren’t just peasants and soldiers but were from contrary occupations, from richest to the poorest and from engineers to the blacksmiths, everyone had contributed and were affected in this revolt.

• One of the writings on the structure also showed that the people who fought this revolt weren’t just peasants and soldiers but were from contrary occupations, from richest to the poorest and from engineers to the blacksmiths, everyone had contributed and were affected in this revolt.

HistoryHistoryHistoryHistory

S. no. Topics in History

1) Causes

2) Important Leaders

3) Course

4) Suppression

5) Weaknesses

6) Result

CausesPolitical Causes:

Resentment at the Westernising Policies such as Subsidiary Alliance and Doctrine of Lapse which led to annexation of the states

Economic Causes:

Created Unemployment

Ruined Indian Handcrafts

Affected Trade and Agriculture

Socio-religious Causes:

Social Discrimination against the Indians in all types of jobs

Social Reforms such as Ban of Sati, granting right to inherit property even after turning Christian and legalizing widow remarriage weren’t acceptable to Hindus

Could not travel in first-class compartments with the Britishers

Fear for Indian Religions because they were condemned by the British

Poor people offered jobs, marriage, money and other temptations to embrace Christianity.

Socio-religious Causes:

Social Discrimination against the Indians in all types of jobs

Social Reforms such as Ban of Sati, granting right to inherit property even after turning Christian and legalizing widow remarriage weren’t acceptable to Hindus

Could not travel in first-class compartments with the Britishers

Fear for Indian Religions because they were condemned by the British

Poor people offered jobs, marriage, money and other temptations to embrace Christianity.

Military Cause:

The Indian Soldiers were in a melancholic condition. They were paid salaries lower than the britishers and would be promoted till ‘Havaldar only.

Immediate Cause:

The Indian Sepoys were given rifles with cartridges smeared with the fat of cows and pigs. To reload the rifles, the cartridges were to be bitten off. This infuriated the sepoys as Hindus accept the cow as ‘holy symbol’ while the Muslims consider the pig as ‘impure’.

Military Cause:

The Indian Soldiers were in a melancholic condition. They were paid salaries lower than the britishers and would be promoted till ‘Havaldar only.

Immediate Cause:

The Indian Sepoys were given rifles with cartridges smeared with the fat of cows and pigs. To reload the rifles, the cartridges were to be bitten off. This infuriated the sepoys as Hindus accept the cow as ‘holy symbol’ while the Muslims consider the pig as ‘impure’.

Other Causes:

Sympathy for 1000’s of landlords deprived of the land to which they could not legally prove ownership of

Dislike of the superior attitudes of the British in India

Hatred for the recent annexation during Lord Dalhousie’s Government General-ship

Other Causes:

Sympathy for 1000’s of landlords deprived of the land to which they could not legally prove ownership of

Dislike of the superior attitudes of the British in India

Hatred for the recent annexation during Lord Dalhousie’s Government General-ship

Important Important LeadersLeaders

Important Important LeadersLeaders

Mangal PandeyMangal PandeyMangal PandeyMangal Pandey

• This man was once a sepoy in the Barrack-pore regiment of the Britishers. He was totally against the use of greased cartridges in the rifles. He was the first martyr of this mighty revolt.

• This man was once a sepoy in the Barrack-pore regiment of the Britishers. He was totally against the use of greased cartridges in the rifles. He was the first martyr of this mighty revolt.

• The Queen of Jhansi was fairly against the British Policy of ‘Doctrine of Lapse’ as her adopted son was not recognized as the rightful heir to the throne and the British had annexed her territory.

• The Queen of Jhansi was fairly against the British Policy of ‘Doctrine of Lapse’ as her adopted son was not recognized as the rightful heir to the throne and the British had annexed her territory.

Rani Lakshmibai

Bahadur Shah ZafarBahadur Shah ZafarBahadur Shah ZafarBahadur Shah Zafar

• The Last Emperor of the Mughal dynasty, also known as Bahadur Shah II, was given the role of leading the Rebellion in Delhi. He was a beautiful poet. His poetry mostly dealt with love and mysticism. He even write of the pain and sorrow he suufered by the Britishers.

• The Last Emperor of the Mughal dynasty, also known as Bahadur Shah II, was given the role of leading the Rebellion in Delhi. He was a beautiful poet. His poetry mostly dealt with love and mysticism. He even write of the pain and sorrow he suufered by the Britishers.

Bahadur shah zafar the poet

Bahadur shah zafar the poet

• लगता� नहीं� हीं� जी मे�रा� उजीड़े� दया�रा मे�

• कि�स �� बन हीं� आलमे-ए- न�पा�या�द�रा मे�

• �हीं द� इन हींसराता� स� �हीं� औरा जी� बस�

• इतान जीगहीं �हीं�� हीं� दिदल-ए- द�ग़द�रा मे�

• उम्र-ए- दरा�ज़ मे��ग �रा ल�या� थे� चा�रा दिदन

• द� आराज़& मे� �ट गया� द� इन्ताज़�रा मे�

• कि�तान� हीं� बदनसब "ज़फ़रा" दफ़्न �� लिलया�

• द� गज़ ज़मेन भी न मिमेल �& -ए- या�रा मे�

• Lagta Nahin hai jee mera

Begum Hazrat MahalBegum Hazrat MahalBegum Hazrat MahalBegum Hazrat Mahal

• The wife of Wajid Ali Shah and the Queen of Awadh (Oudh) though charming and affable in nature, was a strong leader and an adroit strategist. She bravely led her army in one of the central places of the revolt, Lucknow. Even after being a gallant woman she is lost in the pages of history.

• The wife of Wajid Ali Shah and the Queen of Awadh (Oudh) though charming and affable in nature, was a strong leader and an adroit strategist. She bravely led her army in one of the central places of the revolt, Lucknow. Even after being a gallant woman she is lost in the pages of history.

Nana SahibNana SahibNana SahibNana Sahib

• He was another victim of the British Policy, Doctrine of Lapse. For being the ‘adopted’ son of Peshwa Baji Rao II, he was not accepted as the heir of the throne. He fought hard against the Britishers in Kanpur.

• He was another victim of the British Policy, Doctrine of Lapse. For being the ‘adopted’ son of Peshwa Baji Rao II, he was not accepted as the heir of the throne. He fought hard against the Britishers in Kanpur.

Tatya TopeTatya TopeTatya TopeTatya Tope

• He was a strong adherent of Nana Saheb and a close acquaintance of Rani Lakshmibai. He fought bravely for the Marathas. He was a martyr of this revolt.

• He was a strong adherent of Nana Saheb and a close acquaintance of Rani Lakshmibai. He fought bravely for the Marathas. He was a martyr of this revolt.

CourseCourseCourseCourse• The revolt began on 10 May 1857 soon after the incident where

Mangal Pandey had refused to use the greased cartridges. He then shot his regiment officer. He was then caught, prosecuted and hanged. Some of his companions too refused, and were sentenced 10 years imprisonment at Meerut cantonment. The revolt broke out at Meerut as the public were furious to see the cruelty towards the officers. British officers were killed and their houses were set on fire. The mutineers killed anyone related to the whites, even the woman and children. The revolutionaries marched to Delhi and with the leadership of Bahadur Shah II, captured Delhi.

• The news spread to other parts of the country and some of them slowly joined them. In Lucknow, Ahamadullah Shah and Begum Hazrat Mahal with Kunwar Singh of Jagdishpur revolted in Bihar. In Kanpur, Nana Sahib and Azimullah Khan commanded the troops while Rani Lakshmibai in Jhansi and Khan Bahadur Khan in Ruhelkhand led the revolt.

• Many other states, mostly from North-East India followed...

• The revolt began on 10 May 1857 soon after the incident where Mangal Pandey had refused to use the greased cartridges. He then shot his regiment officer. He was then caught, prosecuted and hanged. Some of his companions too refused, and were sentenced 10 years imprisonment at Meerut cantonment. The revolt broke out at Meerut as the public were furious to see the cruelty towards the officers. British officers were killed and their houses were set on fire. The mutineers killed anyone related to the whites, even the woman and children. The revolutionaries marched to Delhi and with the leadership of Bahadur Shah II, captured Delhi.

• The news spread to other parts of the country and some of them slowly joined them. In Lucknow, Ahamadullah Shah and Begum Hazrat Mahal with Kunwar Singh of Jagdishpur revolted in Bihar. In Kanpur, Nana Sahib and Azimullah Khan commanded the troops while Rani Lakshmibai in Jhansi and Khan Bahadur Khan in Ruhelkhand led the revolt.

• Many other states, mostly from North-East India followed...

SuppressionSuppressionSuppressionSuppression

• The revolt was relentlessly suppressed.

Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar was captivated and exiled to Rangoon, Burma(Myanmar) while his three sons were shot dead at Khooni Darwaza, near Delhi Gate.

Lucknow, Jhansi, Gwalior and Delhi were recaptured by the British.

Begum Hazrat Mahal and Nana Sahib had to flee of to Nepal.

Rani Lakshmibai was killed in action whereas, Tatya Tope was caught and hanged in the gallows.

• The revolt was relentlessly suppressed.

Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar was captivated and exiled to Rangoon, Burma(Myanmar) while his three sons were shot dead at Khooni Darwaza, near Delhi Gate.

Lucknow, Jhansi, Gwalior and Delhi were recaptured by the British.

Begum Hazrat Mahal and Nana Sahib had to flee of to Nepal.

Rani Lakshmibai was killed in action whereas, Tatya Tope was caught and hanged in the gallows.

“Mutineers were given, at best, short military trials. Mostly they were shot down, bayonetted or hanged, sometimes in pig’s skins to defile Muslims, or in cow’s skin to mortify hindus. In many cases, mutinous sepoys were tied to the mouths of cannons and blown into fragments of flesh and intestine.”

Jhansi was ruthlessly sacked by the victorious Britishers:

“Fires were blazing everywhere, and although it was night I could see far enough. In the lanes and streets people were crying pitifully, hugging the corpses of their dears ones. Others were wondering, searching for food while the cattle were running mad with thirst...How cruel and ruthless were these white soldiers, I thought; they were killing people for the crimes they had not committed...”

~The British Raj by Denis Judd

“Mutineers were given, at best, short military trials. Mostly they were shot down, bayonetted or hanged, sometimes in pig’s skins to defile Muslims, or in cow’s skin to mortify hindus. In many cases, mutinous sepoys were tied to the mouths of cannons and blown into fragments of flesh and intestine.”

Jhansi was ruthlessly sacked by the victorious Britishers:

“Fires were blazing everywhere, and although it was night I could see far enough. In the lanes and streets people were crying pitifully, hugging the corpses of their dears ones. Others were wondering, searching for food while the cattle were running mad with thirst...How cruel and ruthless were these white soldiers, I thought; they were killing people for the crimes they had not committed...”

~The British Raj by Denis Judd

WeaknessesWeaknessesWeaknessesWeaknesses

There was no unified command.

Many states either remained neutral or fought for the British.

Inspite of great courage, gallantry and readiness to sacrifice for the noble cause, the Indians lacked modern and advance weapons, experience commanders, organization and disciplined.

The revolt had not started on a fixed date, rather, it spread from one place to another, which made it possible for the British to suppress it one by one.

There was no unified command.

Many states either remained neutral or fought for the British.

Inspite of great courage, gallantry and readiness to sacrifice for the noble cause, the Indians lacked modern and advance weapons, experience commanders, organization and disciplined.

The revolt had not started on a fixed date, rather, it spread from one place to another, which made it possible for the British to suppress it one by one.

ResultResultResultResult• The defeat of Indians wasn’t the only aftermath of this

destruction, it had more consequences, some good as well as bad.

Firstly, two of the most strong dynasties which had ever ruled India declined, the Marathas and the Mughals.

Secondly, the rule of the English East India Company came to an end.

However the administration of India had passed to greater hands, into the hands of the British Crown. It assured jobs without any distinction.

Right of adoption for state princes restored.

It united the Nation, to fight against the British as one.

• The defeat of Indians wasn’t the only aftermath of this destruction, it had more consequences, some good as well as bad.

Firstly, two of the most strong dynasties which had ever ruled India declined, the Marathas and the Mughals.

Secondly, the rule of the English East India Company came to an end.

However the administration of India had passed to greater hands, into the hands of the British Crown. It assured jobs without any distinction.

Right of adoption for state princes restored.

It united the Nation, to fight against the British as one.

Oral HistoryOral HistoryOral HistoryOral History• Public:• My research has shown that the public is not very

familiar with the Revolt of 1857. They only know things like Rani Lakshmi Bai was a brave woman who fought this revolt.

• Students:• They have their own sayings and they more or less

believe that India did very well in replying the British with the revolt, Aurangzeb’s different action with respect to granting trading rights to British might not have led to this revolt. They too only know about Jhansi Ki Rani but not of other woman like Begum Hazrat Mahal who participated in his revolt. And they agree with the fact that Mangal Pandey was right in protesting against the greased cartridges.

• Public:• My research has shown that the public is not very

familiar with the Revolt of 1857. They only know things like Rani Lakshmi Bai was a brave woman who fought this revolt.

• Students:• They have their own sayings and they more or less

believe that India did very well in replying the British with the revolt, Aurangzeb’s different action with respect to granting trading rights to British might not have led to this revolt. They too only know about Jhansi Ki Rani but not of other woman like Begum Hazrat Mahal who participated in his revolt. And they agree with the fact that Mangal Pandey was right in protesting against the greased cartridges.

My Understanding...My Understanding...My Understanding...My Understanding...

After wandering and researching a lot I’ve found out that people had, have and would always have different mentallities in every society, even today.

I think people might not have seen themselves as being ruled as the word ‘colonialism’ was not there in their dictionaries at that time.

Others, might have thought it safe and secure for them to collaborate with the British side or to remain neutral.

After wandering and researching a lot I’ve found out that people had, have and would always have different mentallities in every society, even today.

I think people might not have seen themselves as being ruled as the word ‘colonialism’ was not there in their dictionaries at that time.

Others, might have thought it safe and secure for them to collaborate with the British side or to remain neutral.

HistoriansHistoriansHistoriansHistorians

Vinayak Damodar Savarkar:

• He was a modern historian who named this revolt as ‘The First War of Independence’ in his book, The History of the War of the Indian Independence. He also struggled for freedom like the other freedom fighters, he has said,

• “We must stop complaining about this British officer or that officer, this law or that law. There would be no end to that. Our movement must not be limited to being against any particular law, but it must be for acquiring the authority to make laws itself. In other words, we want absolute independence.”

Vinayak Damodar Savarkar:

• He was a modern historian who named this revolt as ‘The First War of Independence’ in his book, The History of the War of the Indian Independence. He also struggled for freedom like the other freedom fighters, he has said,

• “We must stop complaining about this British officer or that officer, this law or that law. There would be no end to that. Our movement must not be limited to being against any particular law, but it must be for acquiring the authority to make laws itself. In other words, we want absolute independence.”

Amaresh Misra:

He is a modern historian and a writer. He has written two books on 1857 called, War of Civilisations: India AD 1857. He argues their was an ‘untold holocaust’ which caused the deaths of almost 10 million people over 10 years beginning with 1857.

Amaresh Misra:

He is a modern historian and a writer. He has written two books on 1857 called, War of Civilisations: India AD 1857. He argues their was an ‘untold holocaust’ which caused the deaths of almost 10 million people over 10 years beginning with 1857.

The Development into a The Development into a MovieMovie

The Development into a The Development into a MovieMovie

• Mangal Pandey: The Rising is a movie with Aamir Khan as the protagonist, Mangal Pandey who is a sepoy in the Barrackpore regiment who was first fairly treated by the British. However, as the days went, he and his country was treated poorly. British were unjust to the locals, all they wanted from India was wealth and money. And soon they tried to distraught people by asking them to change their religions. They started coming out with greased cartridges which were given to their soldiers which was just the start of the revolt.Mangal Pandey-The Rising tells the tale of friends, lovers and enemies, exploiters and exploited, and growth plus awareness of a man and a nation.

• Mangal Pandey: The Rising is a movie with Aamir Khan as the protagonist, Mangal Pandey who is a sepoy in the Barrackpore regiment who was first fairly treated by the British. However, as the days went, he and his country was treated poorly. British were unjust to the locals, all they wanted from India was wealth and money. And soon they tried to distraught people by asking them to change their religions. They started coming out with greased cartridges which were given to their soldiers which was just the start of the revolt.Mangal Pandey-The Rising tells the tale of friends, lovers and enemies, exploiters and exploited, and growth plus awareness of a man and a nation.

Importance of Multiple Importance of Multiple ResourcesResources

Importance of Multiple Importance of Multiple ResourcesResources

★ Multiple Resources are very important while making a project as they give different opinions and aspects for a single event or person. For example, Revolt of 1857 was an unacceptable mutiny by the British, whereas, the opposition believed it was right to protest and rebel against the East India Company’s rule.

★ Though, many aspects make it difficult as what aspect to trust and accept, it gives new reasons.

★ Also, different people having different occupations, mind sets and feelings and will act differently in the society.

★ Multiple Resources are very important while making a project as they give different opinions and aspects for a single event or person. For example, Revolt of 1857 was an unacceptable mutiny by the British, whereas, the opposition believed it was right to protest and rebel against the East India Company’s rule.

★ Though, many aspects make it difficult as what aspect to trust and accept, it gives new reasons.

★ Also, different people having different occupations, mind sets and feelings and will act differently in the society.

Synopsis...Synopsis...• My Project is an initiative to understand more than

what we learn in class, from our teachers. Revolt of 1857 is a huge topic which displays many a thing.

• It shows Strength, Braveness, Action, Betrayal and Revolution.

• People from many parts of India were troubled with this and had revolted against the British.

• However, there were people who backed the side of the Britishers.

• If only they had fought for their country, maybe, just maybe, the Britisher’s rule would not have lasted long and we probably would have got our freedom 90 years before...

• And maybe the Mughal and the Maratha Dynasty would have lasted long than they really did...

• My Project is an initiative to understand more than what we learn in class, from our teachers. Revolt of 1857 is a huge topic which displays many a thing.

• It shows Strength, Braveness, Action, Betrayal and Revolution.

• People from many parts of India were troubled with this and had revolted against the British.

• However, there were people who backed the side of the Britishers.

• If only they had fought for their country, maybe, just maybe, the Britisher’s rule would not have lasted long and we probably would have got our freedom 90 years before...

• And maybe the Mughal and the Maratha Dynasty would have lasted long than they really did...

AcknowledgementAcknowledgement• I’m sincerely thankful to the following

people, whose help and support made this project possible:

My Teachers: Ms. Aparajita, Ms. Paridhi and Ms. Isha who were always there to answer my queries

My friends: Kanav Gupta, Jacinda Kundal, Bani Narula, Shaurya Gupta, Vani Gogia, Raghav Bahry, Raunaq Singh Sur, Arnav Garg

My parents and my sister, Sanya for their never-ending support

Bibliography...Bibliography...• World Wide Web:

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/modsbook34.asp#India Under the British

http://www.csas.ed.ac.uk/mutiny/texts.html

http://www.mapsofindia.com/who-is-who/history/begum-hazrat-mahal.html

www.delhimetrowalks.com

http://manaskriti.com/kaavyaalaya/jhansi.shtml

http://ramprasadbismil.blogspot.in/2011/01/lagta-nahin-hai-ji-mera-bahadur-shah.html

http://www.williamdalrymple.uk.com/books/the_last_mughal

http://www.imdb.com/

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/aug/24/india.randeepramesh

• Books

The British Raj by Denis Judd(Chapter-4)

Textbook-We and our World Class-8(Pg 120-125)

Textbook Class XII- Themes in Indian History: Part III(Theme 11)

Images

www.123rf.com

www.bsgp.org

en.wikipedia.org

www.trivia.serendip.in