The Importance Of Groundwater In Urban India: S. Vishwanath
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Transcript of The Importance Of Groundwater In Urban India: S. Vishwanath
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The importance of groundwater in urban India
S.VishwanathAdvisor
Arghyam
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Urban India 2001
• 285 million (27.8%) of 1.02 billion
• 5161 cities• 35 metros - million plus• 388 large towns• 4738 small and medium < 10 lakhs
• Projected 368 million by 2012
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Photo : Norma Angelica Hernandez Bernal
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Groundwater.....provides for the poor , since the poor are usually not connected to the piped water supply
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Water from a recharge well
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What does urbanization do to urban groundwater?
•Increase it in the core area through leaking pipes (50%) and uncollected sewage
•Impair quality through point/non-point pollution•75% of surface water is polluted by untreated
municipal waste water
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Typology
• Lithology determines typology
• Coastal• Hilly• Hard Rock• Alluvial• Arid
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Groundwater dependence
• 75 % of urban areas in alluvial areas depend on groundwater
• 80 % of cities in hard rock areas depend on external surface sources of water
• - Ankit Patel,S. Krishnan
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But water is a state subject..
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Karnataka
• 223 towns• 46 completely dependant on groundwater• 137 partially dependant on groundwater
• Bangalore (pop- 6.6million) for example has 20 to 40 % dependence on groundwater but is counted as non groundwater dependant
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The issue in cities
• Exploding water demand in cities
• Problems of urbanization : water shortage and flooding
• Need to manage water in cities holistically
Case study of a city as an example
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• New paradigm required• Multiple sourcing of water• Source control for flood management• Institutional coordination• People’s participation in solution’s• More space for ‘softer’ solutions like education
Realities
Water tanker Bore well
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Water in the city
Lakes and tanks :261 in 196081 in 199755 in 2000
Lake development authority created to preserve and enhance surface water bodies in city
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The Cauvery river basin Bangalore
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Groundwater use
• Impacts surface flows – The Arkavathyriver, 4000 sq km catchment, is now dry.
• 150 MLD supply source is now finished• This water now must come from
groundwater within the city or from another surface source
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Surface water
• 800 mld is pumped 300 meter high• 80 MW of energy is used• 200,000 bore wells pump groundwater
from 100 to 300 metre depths• ? MW of energy
• The gw energy nexus
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Local hydrologic cycle
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The change
• Before construction After construction
• Runoff 15 90 (75)• Percolation 10 5 (-5)• Evapo-transpiration 75 5 (-70)
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Rain barrel : Does storing water from rain reduce pumping of water?
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What should be the quality of recharge water?
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Sub-optimization is inevitable
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Price will determine use
• Bangalore – Rs 72/ KL for industrial water• Resulted in resource substitution – about
100 mld less demand on BWSSB , which presumably came from groundwater
• Open well Rs 3/per KL• Bore well Rs 15-18 / kl• Cauvery iv stage Rs 48 per KL
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The monitoring..
• Each connection is metered• Each bore well pays Rs 50 /- a month as
sanitary cess . Can bore wells be metered and volumetrically priced?
• Will people manage groundwater better if it is cheaper than piped supply?
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The construct of the problem determines the solution
• Mulbagal town : 70,000 population• Arghyam initiative for IUWM• Grey area according to the CGWB• Mines and Geology suggests 600 feet as
g.w. depth• Studies indicate g.w. at 20 feet depthBGL
in a well defined shallow aquifer enough for Mulbagal’s needs
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Energy cost
• Approx 60 % of the muncipality’s budget goes for energy charges towards pumping costs annually
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Sustainability
• Socially-• Technically• Institutionally- Where are the urban gwi’s?• Legally- Where is the law? • Economically- What is the incentive?• Ecologically- How do we protect aquifers
and base flows?
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